The Use of Deepfake-Powered Virtual Anchors in Live Commerce Influences Women’s Shopping Behaviour in the Southeast Asian E-Commerce Industry
Abstract
This study explores the introduction of deepfake technology in live commerce, particularly the effects of using virtual anchors (AI live streamers) to increase engagement and improve sales conversion rates. Realistic high-quality virtual anchors were enabled using DeepFaceLab that generates real-time facial animation, while Vizard Virtual Reality Software is developed for an interactive and engaging live streaming environment. Three hundred women aged 18-50 from Southeast Asia assessed the effectiveness of these technologies. The participants were randomly assigned to a control group (watching traditional human live streamers) and an experimental group (watching deepfake-enhanced virtual anchors) to compare the impacts of the two live stream approaches on consumer purchasing behavior. Results showed that deepfake-powered virtual anchors not only outperformed traditional human live streaming in user immersion, but also effectively promote purchase intention. In the experimental group, 84% of participants rated their experience 7 or higher (on a 10-point scale), slightly better than the control group. Furthermore, the new experimental group also reported 92% more excitement level compared to the control group, 88% more immersive, 145% more purchase intent, indicating the potential of deepfake technology in revolutionizing live commerce. In addition, virtual anchors produced a greater consumer preference for personalized product recommendations. Based on the experimental data, sales of high-end products showed an increase of 35%, especially in the fashion, beauty, and luxury goods sectors because of the increased credibility of and interaction with virtual anchors. Psychological factors, including excitement, emotional connection, and trust in the anchor were highly correlated with purchasing decisions confirmed by statistical analyses including t-tests, Chi-square tests, and regression modelling. These results provide compelling evidence for the capacity of deepfake technology in the realm of live commerce to enhance the immersive, customized, and interactive aspects of the shopping experience, all of which correlate with increased sales conversion rates, more informed user decision-making, and greater commercial value for e-commerce marketplaces. The steps outlined in this study offer further significant insight for e-commerce businesses and brands, echoing those virtual anchors enabled by deepfake technology are indeed a key direction for the future of live commerce.
References
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Chen, L., Chen, F., & Chen, D. (2023). Effect of social presence toward livestream e-commerce on consumers’ purchase intention. Sustainability, 15(4), 3571. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043571
Copeland, L., & Zhao, L. (2020). Instagram and theory of reasoned action: US consumers influence of peers online and purchase intention. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 13, 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2020.1783374
Daowd, A., Hasan, R., Eldabi, T., Rafi-ul-Shan, P., Cao, D., & Kasemsarn, N. (2020). Factors affecting eWOM credibility, information adoption and purchase intention on Generation Y: A case from Thailand. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34, 838–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-04-2019-0118
Delen, D., Dorokhov, O., Dorokhova, L., Dinçer, H., & Yüksel, S. (2020). Balanced scorecard-based analysis of customer expectations for cosmetology services: A hybrid decision modeling approach. Journal of Management Analytics, 7(4), 532–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2020.1818319
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Gashi, S., Imaralieva, T., Abdykadyrov, S., Lailieva, E., & Babayev, F. (2024). Research on the impact of artificial intelligence on financial security in the context of modern technological challenges. Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciencia Aplicada, 8(13). https://doi.org/10.18226/25253824.v8.n13.08
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Hlushko, O. (2024). Management of the diversification of a trading company’s activities. Development Management, 23(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.57111/devt/1.2024.19
Huang, Z., Zhu, Y., Hao, A., & Deng, J. (2022). How social presence influences consumer purchase intention in live video commerce: The mediating role of immersive experience and the moderating role of positive emotions. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(4), 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrim-01-2022-0009
Ibáñez-Sánchez, S., Flavián, M., Casaló, L., & Belanche, D. (2022). Influencers and brands successful collaborations: A mutual reinforcement to promote products and services on social media. Journal of Marketing Communications, 28(5), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2021.1929410
Jansom, A., & Pongsakornrungsilp, S. (2021). How Instagram influencers affect the value perception of Thai millennial followers and purchasing intention of luxury fashion for sustainable marketing. Sustainability, 13(15), 8572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158572
Kanwal, M., Burki, U., Ali, R., & Dahlstrom, R. (2022). Systematic review of gender differences and similarities in online consumers’ shopping behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 39(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcm-01-2021-4356
Khadzhiradieva, S., Bezverkhniuk, T., Nazarenko, O., Bazyka, S., & Dotsenko, T. (2024). Personal data protection: Between human rights protection and national security. Social and Legal Studios, 7(3), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals3.2024.245
Khan, M. W., Destek, M. A., & Khan, Z. (2025). Income inequality and artificial intelligence: Globalization and age dependency for developed countries. Social Indicators Research, 176(3), 1207–1233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-024-03493-7
Kondratenko, Y., Atamanyuk, I., Sidenko, I., Kondratenko, G., & Sichevskyi, S. (2022). Machine learning techniques for increasing efficiency of the robot’s sensor and control information processing. Sensors, 22(3), 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031062
Kopplin, C., & Rösch, S. (2021). Equifinal causes of sustainable clothing purchase behavior: An fsQCA analysis among generation Y. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63, 102692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102692
Koshchii, O. (2023). Activities of domestic organizations in the conditions of digitalization. Economic Forum, 13(4), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.36910/6775-2308-8559-2023-4-12
Kurtz, O., Wirtz, B., & Langer, P. (2021). An empirical analysis of location-based mobile advertising - determinants, success factors, and moderating effects. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 54(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.08.001
Leeraphong, A., & Sukrat, S. (2018). How Facebook live urge SNS users to buy impulsively on C2C social commerce? In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on E-Society, E-Education and E-Technology (pp. 68–72). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3268808.3268830
Li, M., & Hua, Y. (2022). Integrating social presence with social learning to promote purchase intention: Based on social cognitive theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 810181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810181
Liu, F., Wang, Y., Dong, X., & Zhao, H. (2022). Marketing by live streaming: How to interact with consumers to increase their purchase intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 933633. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933633
Ma, X., Jin, J., & Liu, Y. (2023). The influence of interpersonal interaction on consumers’ purchase intention under e-commerce live broadcasting mode: The moderating role of presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1097768. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097768
Mastana, A. (2023). Factors influencing consumer intentions to purchase groceries over the internet: An exploratory study during the pandemic. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(2), e0859. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i2.859
Masui, K., Okada, G., & Tsumura, N. (2020). Measurement of advertisement effect based on multimodal emotional responses considering personality. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 8, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.3169/mta.8.49
Naeem, M., & Ozuem, W. (2021). Customers' social interactions and panic buying behavior: Insights from social media practices. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(5), 1191–1203. https://doi.org/10.1002/CB.1925
Naruetharadhol, P., Wongsaichia, S., Zhang, S., Phonthanukitithaworn, C., & Ketkaew, C. (2022). Understanding consumer buying intention of e-commerce airfares based on multivariate demographic segmentation. Sustainability, 14(15), 8997. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158997
Oleksy-Gębczyk, A. (2024). The elasticity of demand and its role in consumer behaviour determination: A comparative analysis of Europe and the USA. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics,” 11(3), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ3.2024.100
Puriwat, W., & Tripopsakul, S. (2021). The impact of digital social responsibility on preference and purchase intentions: The implication for open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010024
Pyrog, O., & Horyachka, A. (2016). The development of e-commerce in terms of virtualization industry. Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management, 3(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.23939/eem2016.01.051
Romero, J., Ruiz-Equihua, D., Loureiro, S., & Casaló, L. (2021). Smart speaker recommendations: Impact of gender congruence and amount of information on users’ engagement and choice. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 659994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659994
Ruangkanjanases, A., Payakka, S., & Kim, D. (2021). Determinants of users’ intention to purchase legal video streaming services: A comparative study between Thai and American consumers. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 12(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.7903/IJECS.1895
Shtal, T. V., Bondarenko, L. M., Ukubassova, G. S., Amirbekuly, Y., & Toiboldinova, Z. G. (2018). The time factor during the formation of the company's entrance to the external market strategy. Espacios, 39(12), 23.
Shukla, M., Jain, V., & Misra, R. (2022). Factors influencing smartphone based online shopping: An empirical study of young women shoppers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 34(5), 1060–1077. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-01-2021-0042
Siregar, Y., Kent, A., Peirson-Smith, A., & Guan, C. (2023). Disrupting the fashion retail journey: Social media and GenZ’s fashion consumption. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 51(7), 862–875. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-01-2022-0002
Štefko, R., Bačík, R., Fedorko, R., & Oleárová, M. (2022). Gender-generation characteristic in relation to the customer behavior and purchasing process in terms of mobile marketing. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(1), 181–223. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.006
Teta, J., & Xhafka, E. (2023). Impact of total quality management in productivity. Economic Affairs, 68, 861–867. https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2s.2023.32
Tobon, S., & García-Madariaga, J. (2021). The influence of opinion leaders’ eWOM on online consumer decisions: A study on social influence. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(4), 748–767. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16040043
Yaremko, I., Kantsir, I., & Plekan, M. (2019). Financial management of the enterprise economic potential. Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management, 6(2), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.23939/eem2019.02.012
Yin, J., Huang, Y., & Ma, Z. (2023). Explore the feeling of presence and purchase intention in livestream shopping: A flow-based model. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 18(1), 237–256. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18010013
Zhivkova, S., Zhelev, C., & Petkov, V. (2024). Digital humanists in the modern international business world - Bulgarian context. Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development, 8(13), 9496. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i13.9496
Alshehri, M., Ali, N., Sidek, S., & Jun-Hwa, C. (2022). Intention to reuse online shopping sites among female shoppers in Saudi Arabia: Applying TAM model. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(10), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.910.13286
Arstanbekov, M., Seidakmatov, N., Tatenov, M., Kanybekova, B., & Kakeshov, B. (2024). Victimological aspects of countering internet crime: State and local government practices. Social and Legal Studios, 7(1), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals1.2024.221
Baula, O. (2020). Evolution of the economic content of innovation and its specifics at the current stage of socio-economic relations. Economic Forum, 10(4), 3–13.
Bisenovna, K. A., Ashatuly, S. A., Beibutovna, L. Z., Yesilbayuly, K. S., Zagievna, A. A., Galymbekovna, M. Z., & Oralkhanuly, O. B. (2024). Improving the efficiency of food supplies for a trading company based on an artificial neural network. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 14(4), 4407–4417. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp4407-4417
Chandrruangphen, E., Assarut, N., & Sinthupinyo, S. (2021). Shopping motivation in live streaming: A means-end chain approach. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Research in Management (pp. 27–40). Diamond Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrmanagement.2021.02.42
Chen, L., Chen, F., & Chen, D. (2023). Effect of social presence toward livestream e-commerce on consumers’ purchase intention. Sustainability, 15(4), 3571. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043571
Copeland, L., & Zhao, L. (2020). Instagram and theory of reasoned action: US consumers influence of peers online and purchase intention. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 13, 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2020.1783374
Daowd, A., Hasan, R., Eldabi, T., Rafi-ul-Shan, P., Cao, D., & Kasemsarn, N. (2020). Factors affecting eWOM credibility, information adoption and purchase intention on Generation Y: A case from Thailand. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34, 838–859. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-04-2019-0118
Delen, D., Dorokhov, O., Dorokhova, L., Dinçer, H., & Yüksel, S. (2020). Balanced scorecard-based analysis of customer expectations for cosmetology services: A hybrid decision modeling approach. Journal of Management Analytics, 7(4), 532–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2020.1818319
Destek, M. A., Hossain, M. R., Manga, M., & Destek, G. (2024). Can digital government reduce the resource dependency? Evidence from method of moments quantile technique. Resources Policy, 99, 105426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105426
Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Sadiq, M., Sakashita, M., & Kaur, P. (2021). Green apparel buying behaviour: A stimulus–organism–behaviour–consequence (SOBC) perspective on sustainability‐oriented consumption in Japan. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(8), 3589–3605. https://doi.org/10.1002/BSE.2821
Dias, E., Oliveira, L., & Isler, C. (2022). Assessing the effects of delivery attributes on e-shopping consumer behaviour. Sustainability, 14(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010013
Donnellan, J., McDonald, M., & Edmondson, M. (2020). Impact of social media on consumer buying patterns. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 12(3), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v12n3p71
Gashi, S., Imaralieva, T., Abdykadyrov, S., Lailieva, E., & Babayev, F. (2024). Research on the impact of artificial intelligence on financial security in the context of modern technological challenges. Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciencia Aplicada, 8(13). https://doi.org/10.18226/25253824.v8.n13.08
Guliyev, M., Muradova, H., Hajiyeva, L., & Huseynova, L. (2025). Comparative analysis of marketing strategies of global corporations in industrial and innovation clusters in Europe and China. Strategic Change. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2647
Gvozdytskyi, V. (2023). Transforming of traditional commerce into e-commerce: Trends in the world and in Ukraine. Development Management, 22(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.57111/devt/1.2023.36
Hlushko, O. (2024). Management of the diversification of a trading company’s activities. Development Management, 23(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.57111/devt/1.2024.19
Huang, Z., Zhu, Y., Hao, A., & Deng, J. (2022). How social presence influences consumer purchase intention in live video commerce: The mediating role of immersive experience and the moderating role of positive emotions. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(4), 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrim-01-2022-0009
Ibáñez-Sánchez, S., Flavián, M., Casaló, L., & Belanche, D. (2022). Influencers and brands successful collaborations: A mutual reinforcement to promote products and services on social media. Journal of Marketing Communications, 28(5), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2021.1929410
Jansom, A., & Pongsakornrungsilp, S. (2021). How Instagram influencers affect the value perception of Thai millennial followers and purchasing intention of luxury fashion for sustainable marketing. Sustainability, 13(15), 8572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158572
Kanwal, M., Burki, U., Ali, R., & Dahlstrom, R. (2022). Systematic review of gender differences and similarities in online consumers’ shopping behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 39(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcm-01-2021-4356
Khadzhiradieva, S., Bezverkhniuk, T., Nazarenko, O., Bazyka, S., & Dotsenko, T. (2024). Personal data protection: Between human rights protection and national security. Social and Legal Studios, 7(3), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals3.2024.245
Khan, M. W., Destek, M. A., & Khan, Z. (2025). Income inequality and artificial intelligence: Globalization and age dependency for developed countries. Social Indicators Research, 176(3), 1207–1233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-024-03493-7
Kondratenko, Y., Atamanyuk, I., Sidenko, I., Kondratenko, G., & Sichevskyi, S. (2022). Machine learning techniques for increasing efficiency of the robot’s sensor and control information processing. Sensors, 22(3), 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031062
Kopplin, C., & Rösch, S. (2021). Equifinal causes of sustainable clothing purchase behavior: An fsQCA analysis among generation Y. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63, 102692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102692
Koshchii, O. (2023). Activities of domestic organizations in the conditions of digitalization. Economic Forum, 13(4), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.36910/6775-2308-8559-2023-4-12
Kurtz, O., Wirtz, B., & Langer, P. (2021). An empirical analysis of location-based mobile advertising - determinants, success factors, and moderating effects. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 54(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2020.08.001
Leeraphong, A., & Sukrat, S. (2018). How Facebook live urge SNS users to buy impulsively on C2C social commerce? In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on E-Society, E-Education and E-Technology (pp. 68–72). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3268808.3268830
Li, M., & Hua, Y. (2022). Integrating social presence with social learning to promote purchase intention: Based on social cognitive theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 810181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810181
Liu, F., Wang, Y., Dong, X., & Zhao, H. (2022). Marketing by live streaming: How to interact with consumers to increase their purchase intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 933633. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933633
Ma, X., Jin, J., & Liu, Y. (2023). The influence of interpersonal interaction on consumers’ purchase intention under e-commerce live broadcasting mode: The moderating role of presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1097768. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097768
Mastana, A. (2023). Factors influencing consumer intentions to purchase groceries over the internet: An exploratory study during the pandemic. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(2), e0859. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i2.859
Masui, K., Okada, G., & Tsumura, N. (2020). Measurement of advertisement effect based on multimodal emotional responses considering personality. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 8, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.3169/mta.8.49
Naeem, M., & Ozuem, W. (2021). Customers' social interactions and panic buying behavior: Insights from social media practices. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(5), 1191–1203. https://doi.org/10.1002/CB.1925
Naruetharadhol, P., Wongsaichia, S., Zhang, S., Phonthanukitithaworn, C., & Ketkaew, C. (2022). Understanding consumer buying intention of e-commerce airfares based on multivariate demographic segmentation. Sustainability, 14(15), 8997. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14158997
Oleksy-Gębczyk, A. (2024). The elasticity of demand and its role in consumer behaviour determination: A comparative analysis of Europe and the USA. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics,” 11(3), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ3.2024.100
Puriwat, W., & Tripopsakul, S. (2021). The impact of digital social responsibility on preference and purchase intentions: The implication for open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010024
Pyrog, O., & Horyachka, A. (2016). The development of e-commerce in terms of virtualization industry. Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management, 3(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.23939/eem2016.01.051
Romero, J., Ruiz-Equihua, D., Loureiro, S., & Casaló, L. (2021). Smart speaker recommendations: Impact of gender congruence and amount of information on users’ engagement and choice. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 659994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659994
Ruangkanjanases, A., Payakka, S., & Kim, D. (2021). Determinants of users’ intention to purchase legal video streaming services: A comparative study between Thai and American consumers. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 12(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.7903/IJECS.1895
Shtal, T. V., Bondarenko, L. M., Ukubassova, G. S., Amirbekuly, Y., & Toiboldinova, Z. G. (2018). The time factor during the formation of the company's entrance to the external market strategy. Espacios, 39(12), 23.
Shukla, M., Jain, V., & Misra, R. (2022). Factors influencing smartphone based online shopping: An empirical study of young women shoppers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 34(5), 1060–1077. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-01-2021-0042
Siregar, Y., Kent, A., Peirson-Smith, A., & Guan, C. (2023). Disrupting the fashion retail journey: Social media and GenZ’s fashion consumption. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 51(7), 862–875. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-01-2022-0002
Štefko, R., Bačík, R., Fedorko, R., & Oleárová, M. (2022). Gender-generation characteristic in relation to the customer behavior and purchasing process in terms of mobile marketing. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(1), 181–223. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.006
Teta, J., & Xhafka, E. (2023). Impact of total quality management in productivity. Economic Affairs, 68, 861–867. https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2s.2023.32
Tobon, S., & García-Madariaga, J. (2021). The influence of opinion leaders’ eWOM on online consumer decisions: A study on social influence. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(4), 748–767. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16040043
Yaremko, I., Kantsir, I., & Plekan, M. (2019). Financial management of the enterprise economic potential. Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management, 6(2), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.23939/eem2019.02.012
Yin, J., Huang, Y., & Ma, Z. (2023). Explore the feeling of presence and purchase intention in livestream shopping: A flow-based model. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 18(1), 237–256. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18010013
Zhivkova, S., Zhelev, C., & Petkov, V. (2024). Digital humanists in the modern international business world - Bulgarian context. Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development, 8(13), 9496. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i13.9496
Published
2026-03-30
How to Cite
JIANG, Lifen; LOAHAVILAI, Piang-or; UDOMWONG, Piyachat.
The Use of Deepfake-Powered Virtual Anchors in Live Commerce Influences Women’s Shopping Behaviour in the Southeast Asian E-Commerce Industry.
Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields, [S.l.], v. 17, n. 1, p. 133 - 147, mar. 2026.
ISSN 2068-7710.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/tpref/article/view/9390>. Date accessed: 05 apr. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v17.1(37).10.
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Articles
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