Tourism Development and Local Community Welfare: A Case Study of the Mandalika Special Economic Zone
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impact of tourism development on the welfare of local communities in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Indonesia. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with key informants, as well as a review of secondary sources. The results indicate that the development of tourism in Mandalika has had a positive impact on the welfare of the local community, specifically in the areas of education, economy, and health. The increase in the number of schools and training programs for entrepreneurship has equipped individuals with the necessary knowledge and skills to become self-sufficient entrepreneurs, which has fostered an entrepreneurial mindset. Additionally, there has been an increase in income and employment opportunities for the local community, with the opening of various types of jobs both informally and formally. Finally, tourism has contributed to improving health facilities such as hospitals, health centers, and clinics. However, this study is limited by the small sample size and the focus on a specific area, which may not be generalizable to other contexts. Future research should explore the impact of tourism development on other aspects of local community welfare and consider the potential negative impacts of tourism development on the environment and cultural heritage.
References
[1] Abuhay, T., Abiew, D., and Leulseged, T. 2019. Challenges and opportunities of the tourism industry in Amhara Regional State: The World Heritage sites in focus. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(5): 1–11. Available at: https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_72_vol_8_5__2019_ethiopia.pdf
[2] Aguiló, E., Rosselló, J., and Vila, M. 2017. Length of stay and daily tourist expenditure: A joint analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 21: 10–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.10.008
[3] Alshareef, F. M., and AlGassim, A. A. 2021. Women empowerment in tourism and hospitality sector in Saudi Arabia. International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism, 5(4): 11–20. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31674/ijrtbt.2021.v05i04.003
[4] Amalu, T. E., Otop, O. O., Duluora, E. I., Omeje, V. U., and Emeana, S. K. 2018. Socio-economic impacts of ecotourism attractions in Enugu state, Nigeria. Geo Journal, 83(6): 1257–1269. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9830-7
[5] Amir, S., Osman, M.M., Bachok, S., and Ibrahim, M. 2016. Local economic benefit in shopping and transportation: A study on tourists’ expenditure in Melaka, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222: 374–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.186
[6] Badulescu, A., Badulescu, D., Simut, R., and Dzitac, S. 2020. Tourism – economic growth nexus. The case of Romania. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 26(4): 867–884. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2020.12532
[7] Butler, G. 2017. Fostering community empowerment and capacity building through tourism: perspectives from Dullstroom, South Africa. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 15(3): 199–212. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2015.1133631
[8] Cozma, A.C., and Coros, M. M. 2017. Tourism development in Rodna Mountains National Park: the public administration, a key stakeholder. Journal of Tourism - Studies and Research in Tourism, 24(24): 89–94. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322147103_Tourism_Development_in_Rodna_Mountains_National_Park_the_Public_Administration_a_Key_Stakeholder
[9] Dangi, T. B., and Jamal, T. 2016. An integrated approach to “sustainable community-based tourism.” Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(5): 1–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475
[10] Dileep, M. R. 2019. Tourism, transport and travel management. In Tourism, Transport and Travel Management (1st Edition). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315151069
[11] Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., and Dwyer, W. 2010. Tourism economics and policy. In Tourism Economics and Policy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15291/lib.993
[12] El Badriati, B., Saleh, M., Nahar, F. H., Aprilia, T. L., and Azizurrohman, M. 2022. The work ethics of muslim woman Songket weavers in increasing family income: Sukarare tourism village, Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(11): 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11604
[13] Estriani, H. N. 2019. Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK) Mandalika Dalam implementasi konsep Pariwisata Berbasis ecotourism: Peluang Dan Tantangan. MANDALA: Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 2(1). (Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Mandalika in implementing the concept of Ecotourism-Based Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges. MANDALA: Journal of International Relations, 2(1). (in Indonesian)
[14] Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., and Tadasse, B. 2008. Impact of tourism on economic growth and development in Africa. Tourism Economics, 14(4): 807–818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000008786440229
[15] Felicia, O.M., Deku, O.M., Columbus, B., and Okechukwu, O.A. 2016. Contributions of tourism to community development. Review of European Studies, 8(4): 121–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n4p121
[16] Fotuhinia, A. 2014. A review on factors effecting on tourism policy implementation: A tool on the development of the tourism industry in Islamic Republic of Iran. Developing Country Studies, 4(22): 53–63. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234682043.pdf
[17] Gohori, O., and Van der Merwe, P. 2022. Tourism and community empowerment: The perspectives of local people in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe. Tourism Planning and Development, 19(2): 81–99. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2021.1873838
[18] Habibi, P., Azizurrohman, M., and Novita, D. 2021. Whale shark tourism and well-being: A case study of Labuan Jambu. Jurnal Ilmiah Hospitality, 10(1): 63–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47492/jih.v10i1.670
[19] Karsam, K., Widiana, M., Widyastuty, A., and Hidayati, K. 2022. Preservation, Standardization and Information Technology 4.0 of Traditional Gedog Tuban Batik to be Competitive in Marketing during COVID-19. Theoretical and Practical Research in The Economic Fields, 13(1), 72 - 85. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505/Tpref.V13.1(25).06
[20] Khalid, S., Ahmad, M. S., Ramayah, T., Hwang, J., and Kim, I. 2019. Community empowerment and sustainable tourism development: The Mediating Role of Community Support for Tourism. Sustainability, 11(22): 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226248
[21] Klasen, S. 2018. Human development indices and indicators: A critical evaluation. 2018 UNDP Human Development Report Office Background Paper, 1–42. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/ documents/klasenfinalpdf.pdf
[22] Lee, T. H., and Jan, F.-H. 2019. Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70: 368–380. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
[23] Mercadé-Melé, P., and Barreal Pernas, J. 2021. Study of expenditure and stay in the segmentation of the international tourist with religious motivation in Galicia. Revista Galega de Economia, 30(3): 1–18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.30.3.7550
[24] Mihalič, T. 2014. Tourism and economic development issues. In Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues, 77–117. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845414740-005
[25] Miles, M., and Huberman, A. 2014. Miles and Huberman. In Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 1–408, pp. Available at: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-data-analysis/book246128
[26] Miswanto, M., and Safaat, M. 2018. Dampak Pembangunan industri Pariwisata Terhadap Alih Fungsi Lahan. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 20(1): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.25077/jantro.v20.n1.p45-55.2018 (Impact of tourism industry development on land conversion. Journal of Anthropology: Socio-Cultural Issues, 20(1): 45–55).
[27] Mbawgu, F., Deku, O., Columbus, B., and Okechukwu, O. A. (2016). Contributions of Tourism to Community Development. Review of European Studies, 8(4), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n4p121
[28] Palikhe, A. 2018. Women empowerment in tourism: special reference to Pokhara Metropolitan City. Journal of Nepalese Business Studies, 11(1): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v11i1.24199
[29] Putra, R. A. R. S., Ariyadi, B., Kurniawati, N., and Haryadi, F. T. 2017. Pengaruh Modal Sosial terhadap Tingkat Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Peternak: Studi Kasus pada Kelompok Peternak Ayam Kampung Ngudi Mulyo, Gunung Kidul. Buletin Peternakan, 41(3): 349–354. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i3.18135 (in Indonesian)
[30] Rahayu, S., Dewi, U., and Fitriana, K. N. 2016. Strategi Pengembangan Community Based Tourism sebagai Upaya Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kulon Progo. NATAPRAJA, 4(1): 65–80. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21831/jnp.v4i1.12615 (in Indonesian)
[31] Rizkikaddhuhani, A., and Bratayasa, I. W. (2023). Dampak Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Terhadap Pengembangan Pariwisata: Studi Kasus di Bali, Indonesia. PENTAHELIX: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Pariwisata, 1(1), 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47492/pentahelix.v1i1.1 (in Indonesian)
[32] Senthilnathan, S. 2012. Network analysis: Part 1 – An Introductory Note. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–19. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2143480
[33] Sharma, A., Kukreja, S., and Sharma, A. 2012. Role of tourism in social and economic development of society. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 1(3): 10–31. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/5450790/ROLE_OF_TOURISM_IN_SOCIAL_AND_ECONOMIC_DEVELOPMENT_OF_SOCIETY_INTRODUCTION
[34] Sinclair, M. T. 1998. Tourism and economic development: A survey. Journal of Development Studies, 34(5), 1–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422535
[35] Sofaer, S. 1999. Qualitative methods: what are they and why use them? Health Services Research, 34(5 Pt 2): 1101–1118. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089055/
[36] Spenceley, A., and Meyer, D. 2012. Tourism and poverty reduction: Theory and practice in less economically developed countries. In Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3): 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582. 2012.668909
[37] Stone, M. T., Stone, L. S. 2020. Challenges of community-based tourism in Botswana: A review of literature. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 75(2): 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X. 2020.1715510
[38] Weaver, D. 2010. Community-based tourism as strategic dead-end. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2): 206–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081635
[39] Wijaya, K., and Kunci, K. 2015. Masa Depan Pariwisata Bali (Perspektif Permasalahan dan Solusinya). Jurnal Riset Dan Ekonomi Manajemen, 15(1): 118–135. Available at: http://repo.unr.ac.id/629/ (in Indonesian)
[40] Windayani, I. A. R. S., and Marhaeni, A. A. I. N. 2019. The effect of tourism village development on community empowerment and welfare in tourism village of Panglipuran, Bangli District of Indonesia. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 94(10): 257–265. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-10.33
[41] Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Diaz Cano, M., and Kim, S. 2019. Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability, 11(9): 1–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092506
[42] *** UNDP. 2018. Human development indices and indicators. 2018 Statistical Update. United Nations Development Programme, 27(4). http://report2017.archive.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com
[2] Aguiló, E., Rosselló, J., and Vila, M. 2017. Length of stay and daily tourist expenditure: A joint analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 21: 10–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.10.008
[3] Alshareef, F. M., and AlGassim, A. A. 2021. Women empowerment in tourism and hospitality sector in Saudi Arabia. International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism, 5(4): 11–20. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31674/ijrtbt.2021.v05i04.003
[4] Amalu, T. E., Otop, O. O., Duluora, E. I., Omeje, V. U., and Emeana, S. K. 2018. Socio-economic impacts of ecotourism attractions in Enugu state, Nigeria. Geo Journal, 83(6): 1257–1269. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9830-7
[5] Amir, S., Osman, M.M., Bachok, S., and Ibrahim, M. 2016. Local economic benefit in shopping and transportation: A study on tourists’ expenditure in Melaka, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222: 374–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.186
[6] Badulescu, A., Badulescu, D., Simut, R., and Dzitac, S. 2020. Tourism – economic growth nexus. The case of Romania. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 26(4): 867–884. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2020.12532
[7] Butler, G. 2017. Fostering community empowerment and capacity building through tourism: perspectives from Dullstroom, South Africa. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 15(3): 199–212. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2015.1133631
[8] Cozma, A.C., and Coros, M. M. 2017. Tourism development in Rodna Mountains National Park: the public administration, a key stakeholder. Journal of Tourism - Studies and Research in Tourism, 24(24): 89–94. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322147103_Tourism_Development_in_Rodna_Mountains_National_Park_the_Public_Administration_a_Key_Stakeholder
[9] Dangi, T. B., and Jamal, T. 2016. An integrated approach to “sustainable community-based tourism.” Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(5): 1–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475
[10] Dileep, M. R. 2019. Tourism, transport and travel management. In Tourism, Transport and Travel Management (1st Edition). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315151069
[11] Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., and Dwyer, W. 2010. Tourism economics and policy. In Tourism Economics and Policy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15291/lib.993
[12] El Badriati, B., Saleh, M., Nahar, F. H., Aprilia, T. L., and Azizurrohman, M. 2022. The work ethics of muslim woman Songket weavers in increasing family income: Sukarare tourism village, Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(11): 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11604
[13] Estriani, H. N. 2019. Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK) Mandalika Dalam implementasi konsep Pariwisata Berbasis ecotourism: Peluang Dan Tantangan. MANDALA: Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 2(1). (Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Mandalika in implementing the concept of Ecotourism-Based Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges. MANDALA: Journal of International Relations, 2(1). (in Indonesian)
[14] Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., and Tadasse, B. 2008. Impact of tourism on economic growth and development in Africa. Tourism Economics, 14(4): 807–818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000008786440229
[15] Felicia, O.M., Deku, O.M., Columbus, B., and Okechukwu, O.A. 2016. Contributions of tourism to community development. Review of European Studies, 8(4): 121–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n4p121
[16] Fotuhinia, A. 2014. A review on factors effecting on tourism policy implementation: A tool on the development of the tourism industry in Islamic Republic of Iran. Developing Country Studies, 4(22): 53–63. Available at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234682043.pdf
[17] Gohori, O., and Van der Merwe, P. 2022. Tourism and community empowerment: The perspectives of local people in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe. Tourism Planning and Development, 19(2): 81–99. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2021.1873838
[18] Habibi, P., Azizurrohman, M., and Novita, D. 2021. Whale shark tourism and well-being: A case study of Labuan Jambu. Jurnal Ilmiah Hospitality, 10(1): 63–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47492/jih.v10i1.670
[19] Karsam, K., Widiana, M., Widyastuty, A., and Hidayati, K. 2022. Preservation, Standardization and Information Technology 4.0 of Traditional Gedog Tuban Batik to be Competitive in Marketing during COVID-19. Theoretical and Practical Research in The Economic Fields, 13(1), 72 - 85. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505/Tpref.V13.1(25).06
[20] Khalid, S., Ahmad, M. S., Ramayah, T., Hwang, J., and Kim, I. 2019. Community empowerment and sustainable tourism development: The Mediating Role of Community Support for Tourism. Sustainability, 11(22): 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226248
[21] Klasen, S. 2018. Human development indices and indicators: A critical evaluation. 2018 UNDP Human Development Report Office Background Paper, 1–42. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/ documents/klasenfinalpdf.pdf
[22] Lee, T. H., and Jan, F.-H. 2019. Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70: 368–380. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
[23] Mercadé-Melé, P., and Barreal Pernas, J. 2021. Study of expenditure and stay in the segmentation of the international tourist with religious motivation in Galicia. Revista Galega de Economia, 30(3): 1–18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15304/rge.30.3.7550
[24] Mihalič, T. 2014. Tourism and economic development issues. In Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues, 77–117. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845414740-005
[25] Miles, M., and Huberman, A. 2014. Miles and Huberman. In Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 1–408, pp. Available at: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-data-analysis/book246128
[26] Miswanto, M., and Safaat, M. 2018. Dampak Pembangunan industri Pariwisata Terhadap Alih Fungsi Lahan. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 20(1): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.25077/jantro.v20.n1.p45-55.2018 (Impact of tourism industry development on land conversion. Journal of Anthropology: Socio-Cultural Issues, 20(1): 45–55).
[27] Mbawgu, F., Deku, O., Columbus, B., and Okechukwu, O. A. (2016). Contributions of Tourism to Community Development. Review of European Studies, 8(4), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n4p121
[28] Palikhe, A. 2018. Women empowerment in tourism: special reference to Pokhara Metropolitan City. Journal of Nepalese Business Studies, 11(1): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v11i1.24199
[29] Putra, R. A. R. S., Ariyadi, B., Kurniawati, N., and Haryadi, F. T. 2017. Pengaruh Modal Sosial terhadap Tingkat Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Peternak: Studi Kasus pada Kelompok Peternak Ayam Kampung Ngudi Mulyo, Gunung Kidul. Buletin Peternakan, 41(3): 349–354. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i3.18135 (in Indonesian)
[30] Rahayu, S., Dewi, U., and Fitriana, K. N. 2016. Strategi Pengembangan Community Based Tourism sebagai Upaya Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kulon Progo. NATAPRAJA, 4(1): 65–80. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21831/jnp.v4i1.12615 (in Indonesian)
[31] Rizkikaddhuhani, A., and Bratayasa, I. W. (2023). Dampak Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Terhadap Pengembangan Pariwisata: Studi Kasus di Bali, Indonesia. PENTAHELIX: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Pariwisata, 1(1), 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47492/pentahelix.v1i1.1 (in Indonesian)
[32] Senthilnathan, S. 2012. Network analysis: Part 1 – An Introductory Note. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–19. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2143480
[33] Sharma, A., Kukreja, S., and Sharma, A. 2012. Role of tourism in social and economic development of society. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 1(3): 10–31. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/5450790/ROLE_OF_TOURISM_IN_SOCIAL_AND_ECONOMIC_DEVELOPMENT_OF_SOCIETY_INTRODUCTION
[34] Sinclair, M. T. 1998. Tourism and economic development: A survey. Journal of Development Studies, 34(5), 1–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422535
[35] Sofaer, S. 1999. Qualitative methods: what are they and why use them? Health Services Research, 34(5 Pt 2): 1101–1118. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1089055/
[36] Spenceley, A., and Meyer, D. 2012. Tourism and poverty reduction: Theory and practice in less economically developed countries. In Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3): 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582. 2012.668909
[37] Stone, M. T., Stone, L. S. 2020. Challenges of community-based tourism in Botswana: A review of literature. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 75(2): 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X. 2020.1715510
[38] Weaver, D. 2010. Community-based tourism as strategic dead-end. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2): 206–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081635
[39] Wijaya, K., and Kunci, K. 2015. Masa Depan Pariwisata Bali (Perspektif Permasalahan dan Solusinya). Jurnal Riset Dan Ekonomi Manajemen, 15(1): 118–135. Available at: http://repo.unr.ac.id/629/ (in Indonesian)
[40] Windayani, I. A. R. S., and Marhaeni, A. A. I. N. 2019. The effect of tourism village development on community empowerment and welfare in tourism village of Panglipuran, Bangli District of Indonesia. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 94(10): 257–265. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-10.33
[41] Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Diaz Cano, M., and Kim, S. 2019. Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability, 11(9): 1–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092506
[42] *** UNDP. 2018. Human development indices and indicators. 2018 Statistical Update. United Nations Development Programme, 27(4). http://report2017.archive.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com
Published
2023-06-30
How to Cite
YULI, Sri Budi Cantika et al.
Tourism Development and Local Community Welfare: A Case Study of the Mandalika Special Economic Zone.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 4, p. 2097 - 2106, june 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7906>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.4(68).21.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.