Demand for Water Tourism by Rafting in the Upper Northeastern Region 1 of Thailand
Abstract
This research aimed to 1) study the components for the demand for water tourism by rafting among tourists in the New Normal, and 2) study the factors of water tourism by rafting among tourists in the New Normal in the Upper Northeastern Region 1, Thailand. The data was collected from 400 samples from five Northeastern provinces, i.e., Udon Thani, Nong Khai, Loei, Nong Bua Lam Phu, and Bueng Kan; obtained by provincial quota sampling with 80 samples per province. Convenience sampling was also used. Exploration factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted by using ADANCO ver.2.3 as per the objectives. It was found that 1) the components for the demand for water tourism by rafting could be categorized into one group with five factors, i.e., rafting duration, previous rafting experience, demand for rafting, product cost, and service cost. 2) The factors influencing the demand for water tourism by rafting included the factors of water transportation and the factors of tourism, respectively. From the results of the study, it was found that the involved agencies and rafting entrepreneurs should pay attention to the standards of water transportation by rafting. To clarify, there should be a law identifying the characteristics of the rafts or tourist/passenger boats in terms of suitability and safety for both the tourists and service providers.
References
[2] Chanissara, K. 2019. Factors that Influence Travel Decision-Making of Thai Generation Y Tourists after Covid-19 Pandemic. Master of Business Administration, Graduate School, Bangkok University.
[3] Chebli, A. and Ben said, F. 2020. The impact of Covis-19 on tourist consumption behaviour: a perspective article. Journal of Tourism Management Research 7(2). Available at: https://archive.conscientiabeam.com/index.Php/31/article/view/2876 .
[4] Chin, W. W. 1998. The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (295–336). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[5] Davis, L. 1992. Instrument review: Getting the most from your panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wynne-Chin/publication/311766005_The_Partial_Least_Squares_Approach_to_Structural_Equation_Modeling/links/0deec533e0f7c00f59000000/The-Partial-Least-Squares-Approach-to-Structural-Equation-Modeling.pdf
[6] Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with Unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
[7] Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L. 2010. Multivariate Data analysis: a global perspective. New Jersey: Pearson Education.
[8] Henseler, J., Hubona, G. and Ray, P. A. 2016. Using PLS Path Modeling in New Technology Research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382
[9] Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. 2014. A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007 /s11747-014-0403-8
[10] Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., and Sinkovics, R.R. 2009. The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, Available at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014/full/html
[11] Nonthapot, S. 2017. Causality between capital investment in the tourism sector and tourist arrivals in ASEAN. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 8(8). DOI: 10.14 505/jarle.v8.8(30).22
[12] Nonthapot, S. 2019. Thai Tourists Choice of Accommodation based on Marketing Behaviors in Vang Vieng Town, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 4(36). DOI:10.14505/jemt.v10.4(36).03
[13] Polit, D.F., and Beck, C.T. 2006. The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s beingreported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health 29(5). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6815851_The_Content_Validity_Index_Are_you_sure_you_know_what's_being_reported_Critique_and_recommendations
[14] Uiprasert, Chutima. 2013. Structural Equation Model of Foreign Tourism Demand in Northern Thailand. Master of Economics, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University.
[15] Waltz, C., Strickland, O., and Lenz, E. 2005. Measurement in nursing and health research. (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
[16] *** Bank of Thailand, 2019: Tourism and Role of Thai Economy. Available at: https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/ResearchAndPublications/articles/Pages/Article_29Oct2019.aspx?fbclid=IwAR38klWbuaJq5LWFCDwBUwIjjoRyZCke_Rx1INRgSpwHjeoeougr-3tc3E8
[17] *** Economics Tourism and Sports Division. 2021. Conclusions of Survey on Confidence of Tourists towards National Tourism 2021 (January-March) under COVID-19. Available at: https://secretary.mots.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/policy/do wnload/article/article_20210222113518.pdf
[18] *** Ministry of Tourism and Sports, 2019: National Tourism Situation 2018. Available at: https://www.mots.go.th/download/art icle/article_20190819123309.pdf
[19] *** Wanrak Mingmaninakhin. 2005. Introduction to International Economics. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
[20] *** WIKIMEDIA COMMONS 2022. Thailand Provinces en.svg. https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thailand_provinces_en.svg?fbclid=IwAR23NSRnSBA12OILUthXVq1g9xH9czlVWFUQHkTUnnwyto_o3MkZW_k2ZM
[21] *** Wong, K.K.K. 2014. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353452600_Partial_Least_Squares_Structural_Equation_Modeling
[22] *** World Health Organization - WHO 2005. Khaosod. Available at: https://www.khaosod.co.th/lifestyle/news_3752028
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.