Putting Cities in the Framework of Sustainable Development; Evolution, Evaluation and Features of SDG 11
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze in first basis, how the International Community, reached the adoption of the SDG’s goals, and to discuss the assets and the problems, the omissions of these goals. Then, this text will give emphasis to the inclusiveness, resilience, safety and sustainability of the cities, and will indicate the extent that those goals were well – promoted and protected under the Millennium Sustainable Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, this assignment, will trace the upgrade and integration of these goals into an entrenched and united goal (Goal 11 of Sustainable Development) and the current developments and problems that seem to emerge, mostly regarding the sustainability of the cities. Furthermore, this paper will try to prove the strong linkage between SDG 3 (Good Health – Well Being) and SDG 11.
References
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[2] Bac, D. P. 2008. A History of the Concept of Sustainable Development: Literature Review, Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 17(2): 581-585
[3] Bebbington, J. and Unerman, J. 2020. Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; An enabling role for accounting research. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 31(1): 2-24. DOI:10.1108/AAAJ-05-2017-2929
[4] de Villiers, C., Hsiao, P-C K. and Maroun, W. 2020. The Routledge Handbook of Integrated Reporting, Routledge eds, New York
[5] Cohen, M. 2014. The City is missing in the Millennium Development Goals, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 15 (2-3): 261-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2014.899564
[6] Croese, S., Cirolia, L.R. and Graham, N. 2015. Towards Habitat III: Confronting the disjuncture between global policy and local practice on Africa's “challenge of slums”. Habitat International, 53: 237-242 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.037
[7] Elder, M., Bengtson, M. and Akenji, L. 2016. An Optimistic Analysis of the Means of Implementation for Sustainable Development Goals; Thinking about Goals as Means. Sustainability, 8(9): 962, DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090962
[8] Gonzalo Braulio, M., Bovea Dolores, M. and Jose Rua, M. 2015. Sustainability on the urban scale: proposal of a structure of indicators for the Spanish context. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 53: 16-30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2015.03.002
[9] Harcourt, W. 2005. The millennium development goals: a missed opportunity. Development, 48(1): 1-4, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100117
[10] Hoy, C. 2015. Can the SDGs Be achieved by 2030?, DevPolicy Blog. Available at: https://devpolicy.org/can-the-sdgs-be-achieved-by-2030-20150924/
[11] Kuhkman, T. and Farrington, J. 2010. What is Sustainability?, Sustainability, 2: 3436-3448. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su2113436
[12] Lim, M. M. L., Jorgensen, P. S., and Wyborn, C. 2018. Reframing the sustainable development goals to achieve sustainable development in the Anthropocene—a systems approach, Ecology and Society, 23(3): 22. DOI:10.5751/ES-10182-230322
[13] Linton, N. 2020. Monitoring & Evaluating the Urban Sustainable Development Target 11.1 ‘Safe and Affordable Housing’ – Progress & Problems. Available at: https://nlinton.net/urban-sustainable-development-safe-affordable-housing/
[14] Matthews, C.E., et al. 2007. Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall non-exercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women in American. Journal of Epidemiology, 165(12): 1343-50, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm088
[15] McCollum, D. L. 2018. Connecting the sustainable development goals by their energy interlinkages. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 033006. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaafe3
[16] Nanda, V. 2020. The Journey from the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 44(3).
[17] Obure, J., Al Ahmed, M. and Al Dawsari, B. 2020. UN Habitat – CPI Profile TAIF
[18] Fukunda-Parr S. and Hulme D. 2011. International norm dynamics and the ‘end of poverty’; understanding the millennium development goals, Global Governance, 17 (1): 17- 36. Available at: http://www.atypon-link.com/LRP/doi/pdf/10.5555/ggov.2011.17.1.17
[19] Fukunda-Parr S. 2016. From the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals: shifts in purpose, concept, and politics of global goal setting for development. Gender and Development, 24(1): 43-52
[20] Sacks, J.D. 2012. From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet, 379(9832): 2206–2211. DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2016.1145895
[21] Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom, 1st Edition, Anchor Books, New York.
[22] Sharifi, A. and Murayama, A. 2013. A critical review of seven selected neighborhood sustainability assessment tools. The Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 38(1): 73-87. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2012.06.006
[23] Stafford – Smith M. et al. 2017. Integration: the key to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable Science, 12: 911–919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0383-3
[24] Starrs, M. and Burrows, K. 2010. BREEAM versus LEED, White Paper first published February 2010, Available at: https://educnet.enpc.fr/pluginfile.php/15200/mod_resource/content/0/breeamvsleed.pdf
[25] Van der Berg, A. 2018. The Pursuit of SDG 11, Through the Lens of Integrated Development Planning; legal perspectives on SDG11, The Globalization of Urban Governance, Chapter 11
[26] Wakely, P. 1988. The Development of Housing through the Withdrawal from Construction Changes in Third World Housing Policies and Programmes. Habitat International, 12(3): DOI: 10.1016/0197-3975(88)90067-7
[27] *** Center of Economy and Social Rights, (2014). The post-2015 agenda won't deliver without human rights at the core. Available at: https://www.cesr.org/post-2015-agenda-wont-deliver-without-human-rights-core/
[28] *** International Council of Science 2020. A Guide to SDG Interactions: From Science to Implementation, United Nations Development Programme. Available at: https://sdgintegration.undp.org/guide-sdg-interactions-science
[29] *** Sustainable Development Solutions Network. 2013. An Action Agenda for Sustainable Development; Report for the UN Secretary-General
[30] *** The Global Youth Call; Prioritizing Youth in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. 2014.
[31] *** U.N. Development Group .2013. A Million Voices: The World We Want
[32] *** U.N. Secretary-General 2013. A life of dignity for all: accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015
[33] *** U.N. Security-General 2014. Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General on the post-2015 sustainable development agenda, entitled the road to dignity by 2030: ending poverty, transforming all lives and protecting the planet
[34] *** UN Millennium Declaration 2000.
[35] *** UN Review of SDGs implementation: SDG 11 – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable in High Level Political Forum of Sustainable Development. 2018
[36] *** UN The Millennium Development Goals Report. 2012.
[37] *** UN The Sustainable Development Goals Report. 2019.
[38] *** UN The Sustainable Development Goals Report. 2020.
Published
2023-06-30
How to Cite
METAXAS, Ioannis; METAXAS, Theodore.
Putting Cities in the Framework of Sustainable Development; Evolution, Evaluation and Features of SDG 11.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 4, p. 2039 - 2045, june 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7900>. Date accessed: 08 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.14.4(68).15.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.