How Well Has the Romanian Higher Education Prepared Graduates for the Labor Market Changes in the Last Decade? A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Outcomes and Demand Trends
Abstract
Persistent skills mismatches and overqualification among Romanian graduates highlight a gap between higher education outcomes and labor market needs. Technological transitions have amplified the demand for transversal, digital, and green competences, yet Romanian universities remain largely theoretical and slow to adapt. Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthetize evidence on the evolution of employability skills in Romania (2015-2025) and assess the alignment between higher education and labor market requirements. Eligibility criteria: Peer-reviewed empirical and theoretical studies from 2015 to 2025, addressing employability, skills mismatch, higher education, and digital competencies in Romania were included. Information sources: Data were retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and relevant EU institutional repositories. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 36 studies were selected through a multi-stage screening (identification, eligibility, inclusion). Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies were synthetized thematically. Results: The findings show persistent skill mismatches, limited internship opportunities, and weak university – industry collaboration. Limitations: The review excludes non-English and grey literature and relies on cross-sectional data, limiting generalization and longitudinal insight. Conclusions: Romania’s higher education system shows gradual progress toward skill alignment, but needs structural reform to meet technological, digital, and sustainability challenges.
References
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Arellano-Bover, J. (2022). The effect of labor market conditions at entry on workers’ long-term skills. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 104(5), 1028–1045. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_A_01008
Barth, M., & Burandt, S. (2013). Adding the “e-” to learning for sustainable development: Challenges and innovation. Sustainability, 5(6), 2609–2622. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU5062609
Bordean, O. N., & Sonea, A. (2018). Student satisfaction and perceived skills: Any link to employability? Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(1), 356–370. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.1(22)
Botezat, A., Incaltarau, C., Diac, S. A., & Grosu, A. C. (2024). Having your career path decided too early: The effects of high school track on education-occupation mismatch. International Journal of Manpower, 45(6), 1171–1190. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03-2023-0123
Bratianu, C., & Vatamanescu, E. M. (2017). Students’ perception on developing conceptual generic skills for business: A knowledge-based approach. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 47(4), 490–505. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-11-2016-0065
Brezuleanu, C.-O., Mihalache, R., Brezuleanu, M.-M., Ungureanu, E., & Sirghea, A. (2024). Adaptation of entrepreneurial education and training in economics for the students of “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences (IULS) Iași, Romania, in the context of changing labour market needs. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 24.
Butum, L. C. (2017). The role of international competences in increasing graduates’ access to the labor market. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 11(1), 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1515/PICBE-2017-0055
Butum, L. C., Nicolescu, L., Stan, S. O., & Gaitănăru, A. (2020). Providing sustainable knowledge for the young graduates of economic and social sciences: Case study comparative analysis of required global competences in two Romanian universities. Sustainability, 12(13), 5364. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12135364
Camelia, S., & Nastase Richiteanu, R. E. (2018). University dropout: Causes and solution. Mental Health Global Challenges XXI Century, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.32437/mhgcj.v1i1.29
Caragea, I., Țiţan, E., & Tănase, A. (2025). Fostering leadership through education: Analysis of the Romanian higher education system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 19(1), 2575–2586. https://doi.org/10.2478/PICBE-2025-0199
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Cojan, M., Verzea, I., & Gaiginschi, L. (2018). Closing the competency gaps through e-learning: A case study for automotive industry. Conference Proceedings of eLearning and Software for Education, 14(1), 380–387.
Constantin, A., & Iacob, S.-E. (2025). Higher education in the age of AI: ChatGPT’s impact on students’ academic activities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 19(1), 3360–3376. https://doi.org/10.2478/PICBE-2025-0256
Dartanto, T., Susanti, H., Augustin, E., & Fitriani, K. (2023). Reemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia: What kinds of skill sets are needed? Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2210382
Deaconu, A., & Nistor, C. S. (2017). Competences in Romanian higher education – An empirical investigation for the business sector. Studies in Higher Education, 42(11), 1917–1940. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1119108
Echevarria-Cruz, S., Neagoie, D., Fotea, I., & Vaduva, S. (2015). Factors affecting university student self-assessment and industry expectations in Romania: A values mismatch analysis. INTED Proceedings.
Epure, M., & Mihaeș, L.-C. (2015). Adapting teaching and learning to the labour market requirements: A Romanian case study. EDULEARN Proceedings.
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FABIZ. (2025). Bachelor programmes. https://www.fabiz.ase.ro/programs/bachelor/
Fleacă, E., Marin, A., & Fleacă, B. (2016). The challenges of Romanian higher education – A review on the key enablers for modernization. Procedia Technology, 22, 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROTCY.2016.01.158
Gabor, M. R., Blaga, P., & Matis, C. (2019). Supporting employability by a skills assessment innovative tool—Sustainable transnational insights from employers. Sustainability, 11(12), 3360. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11123360
Gavriluță, N. (2020). The labor market, employability and entrepreneurship in the Romanian public sector. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 16(61), 46–69. https://doi.org/10.24193/tras.61E.3
Goia Agoston, S. I., Igret, R. S., & Marinas, C. V. (2017). Internship programmes – Bridge between school and professional life. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 11(1), 418–426. https://doi.org/10.1515/PICBE-2017-0045
Gora, A. A., Ştefan, S. C., Popa, Ş. C., & Albu, C. F. (2019). Students’ perspective on quality assurance in higher education in the context of sustainability: A PLS-SEM approach. Sustainability, 11(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174793
Grama, B., & Todericiu, R. (2025). The evolution of skill dynamics in the context of the future of work. Studies in Business and Economics, 20(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2025-0028
Grosseck, G., Malița, L., & Bran, R. (2019). Digital university – Issues and trends in Romanian higher education. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 10(1), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.70594/BRAIN/V10.I1/11
Humburg, M., & van der Velden, R. (2015). Skills and the graduate recruitment process: Evidence from two discrete choice experiments. Economics of Education Review, 49, 24–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONEDUREV.2015.07.001
Kralj, L. (2024). Romania: A snapshot of digital skills. https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/latest/briefs/romania-snapshot-digital-skills
Lovin, D., & Savu, C. V. (2025). The impact of skills, competences, knowledge and personal traits acquired by students on standard of living and job satisfaction. Sustainability, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104598
Maer Matei, M. M., Zamfir, A. M., & Mocanu, C. (2023). Criteria weights in hiring decisions—A conjoint approach. Mathematics, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/math11030728
Marr, B. (2023). A short history of ChatGPT: How we got to where we are today. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/05/19/a-short-history-of-chatgpt-how-we-got-to-where-we-are-today/
Mohanu, F., Dima, V., & Lazar, V. (2020). Developing economics students’ research skills – A step towards increasing employability chances. Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, 454–469. https://doi.org/10.2478/9788395815072-047
Monteiro, S., Almeida, L., & García-Aracil, A. (2021). “It’s a very different world”: Work transition and employability of higher education graduates. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 11(1), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-10-2019-0141
Nastase, C. E., Butnariu, A.-R., & Lucaci, A. (2019). Assessment of entrepreneurship and innovation in newcoming Romanian entrepreneurial universities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 13(1), 969–982. https://doi.org/10.2478/PICBE-2019-0085
Nicolau, C., & Lache, S. (2017). Academic study programmes instructed in foreign languages: Implementing internationalization strategies in multicultural environments. ICERI Proceedings, 8252–8262. https://doi.org/10.21125/ICERI.2017.2220
OECD. (2022). Skills for the digital transition: Assessing recent trends using big data. https://doi.org/10.1787/38c36777-en
Oproiu, C. G., & Ianoș, M. G. (2019). A study on employability skills of engineering graduates. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 605–614. https://doi.org/10.15405/EPSBS.2019.08.03.72
Pantea, M. C. (2025). Degrees of doubt: Overqualification as a blind spot at the base of the knowledge economy. Minerva, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11024-024-09564-W
Pastore, F., & Choudhry, M. T. (2022). Determinants of school-to-work transition and COVID-19. International Journal of Manpower, 43(7), 1487–1501. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2022-711
Păunescu, C., Acatrinei, C., Argatu, R., McGuire, S. J. J., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Employability, proactiveness and workplace behaviors: Is socioeconomic status a mediator? Journal of Business Economics and Management, 25(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.3846/JBEM.2024.20745
Pavaloiu, I. B., Vasilateanu, A., Dascalu, M. I., Dragoi, G., & Carutasu, G. (2015). Interactive learning methods using a simulated enterprise. eLearning and Software for Education Conference, 210–216. https://doi.org/10.12753/2066-026X-15-213
Pricina, G. N. (2020). Effects of leader approach in the reconfiguration of socio-economic structures in the rural area. Journal of Community Positive Practices, 20(2), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.35782/jcpp.2020.2.01
Rebelo, H., Christodoulou, P., Payan-Carreira, R., Dumitru, D., Mäkiö, E., Mäkiö, J., & Pnevmatikos, D. (2023). University–business collaboration for the design, development, and delivery of critical thinking blended apprenticeships curricula. Education Sciences, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13101041
Roman, C., Delgado, M. Á., Lemos, F., Lemos, M. A., Ramírez, J., Danila, A., & García-Morales, M. (2020). Effective integration of computational tools into chemical engineering studies at an international level. Higher Education Advances Proceedings, 265–273. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd20.2020.11031
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Published
2026-03-30
How to Cite
VUC, Daria Elisa; STROE, Viorela-Denisa.
How Well Has the Romanian Higher Education Prepared Graduates for the Labor Market Changes in the Last Decade? A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Outcomes and Demand Trends.
Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields, [S.l.], v. 17, n. 1, p. 148 - 165, mar. 2026.
ISSN 2068-7710.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/tpref/article/view/9391>. Date accessed: 05 apr. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v17.1(37).11.
Section
Articles
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