Kinetic Analysis of Solar-Dried Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Slices Via Thin-Layer Models
Abstract
Drying is an important technology for preserving crops and reducing post-harvest losses. Solar dryers play a significant role in drying some vegetable and fruit crops. They are economical, technically cost-effective, and energy-saving, as they rely on sunlight for drying. This study aimed to investigate the drying kinetics of thin mango slices in a multi-mode solar dryer. The experiment was conducted on three slice thicknesses (4, 6, and 8 mm) during drying. The results showed that several thin-layer drying models were fitted to the experimental data. Based on the highest R² (coefficient of determination) values and the lowest χ² (chi-square) and RMSE (root mean square error) values, the Page model was determined to be the most appropriate for describing the drying kinetics, with R² value was 0.9971. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient (Deff) was calculated using Fick's second law and ranged from 3.31 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 9.77 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s, increasing with increasing air velocity and decreasing slice thickness. A simulation model based on Page’s equation and empirical relationships for (Deff) was measured and successfully validated against experimental data, proving it to be an effective tool for predicting drying behavior and optimizing solar drying processes for mango slices.
References
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Chezanoglou, E., Martinos, I., & Athanasia, M. (2024). Sweet cherry and its by-products as sources of valuable phenolic compounds. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 145(12), 104367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104367
Chobot, M., Kozłowska, M., Ignaczak, A., & Kowalska, H. (2024). Development of drying and roasting processes for the production of plant-based pro-healthy snacks in the light of nutritional trends and sustainable techniques. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 149, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104553
Dasore, A., Konijeti, R., & Puppala, T. P. N. V. N. (2020). A novel empirical model for drying of root vegetables in thin-layers. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(1), 2639–2642.
De Paula, R. R., Vimercati, W. C., Araújo, C. da S., Macedo, L. L., Teixeira, L. J. Q., & Saraiva, S. H. (2020). Drying kinetics and physicochemical properties of whey dried by foam mat drying. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 44(10), e14796. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14796
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Gomez, R., Gomes, K., Gurgel, M., & Alves, L. (2023). The effect of air relative humidity on the drying process of sanitary ware at low temperature: An experimental study. Processes, 11(11), 3112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113112
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Kabeel, A. E., Durai, P., & Dharmadurai, L. (2021). Experimental studies on natural convection open and closed solar drying using external reflector. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15768-4
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Khaled, D., Das, K., Shamiul Alam, S., Saqib, N., Suman, M., Rahman Sweet, S., Naznin, N., Pallob Hossain, M., Sardar, S., Hossain, Z., Marzan, S., & Yesmin, A. (2024). Effect of different drying techniques on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of Moringa oleifera leaves powder and their application in bakery product. Applied Food Research, 4(8), 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2024.100599
Kusuma, H., Jaya, D. E. C., & Iliyanasafa, N. (2024). Effect of chitosan coating on basil (Ocimum sanctum) leaves dried by microwave-assisted drying method: Analysis of colour, effective moisture diffusivity, and drying kinetics. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 273(5), 133000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133000
Lamrani, B., Draoui, A., & Kuznik, F. (2021). Thermal performance and environmental assessment of a hybrid solar-electrical wood dryer integrated with photovoltaic/thermal air collector and heat recovery system. Solar Energy, 221, 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.04.035
Lingayat, A., Chandramohan, V. P., Raju, V. R. K., & Meda, V. (2020). A review on indirect type solar dryers for agricultural crops. Applied Energy, 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114005
López, L., & Hincapié-Llanos, G. (2024). Comparison of mango (Mangifera indica) dehydration technologies: A systematic review. AgriEngineering, 6(3), 2694–2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030157
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Matouk, A., El-Kholy, M., Tharwat, A., & Elfar, S. (2021). Drying of onion slices using hybrid solar dryer. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 12(7), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2021.193581
Mbaye, B. C., Bideau, P. L., & Sambou, V. (2026). Theoretical and experimental study of the chamber of an indirect solar dryer for drying mangoes. Renewable Energy, 259, 125027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.125027
Ndukwu, M. C., Akpan, G., Okeahialam, A. N., Umoh, J. D., & Ubuoh, E. A. (2023). A comparison of the drying kinetics, energy consumption and colour quality of drying medicinal leaves in direct-solar dryer with different colours of collector cover. Renewable Energy, 216(1), 119076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119076
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Ntsowe, K., Workneh, T., Laurie, S., & Emmambux, N. (2025). Different drying techniques and their impact on physicochemical properties of sweet potato: A review. Journal of Food Science, 90(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.70458
Nwakuba, N., Ezeanya, N., Taiwo, H., Okafor, V., Ononogbo, C., Ndukwu, M., Simo-Tagnee, M., & Asoegwu, S. (2025). Heat and moisture transport in okra cylinders with shrinkage effects under solar drying: A multiphysics-based simulation approach. Sustainable Food Technology, 3, 520. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4fb00343h
Owoh, I., Okonkwom, W., Anyanwu, C., Ojike, O., & Nwagugu, N. A. (2025). Review on modeling the drying kinetics of agricultural biomaterials and wastes. Architecture, X(V), 954–966. https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100500085
Parmar, R., Baladhiya, S., Dobaria, J., & Agricul, A. (2025). A comparative study on drying of guava leaves. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research, 9(6), 577–580. https://doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2025.v9.i6g.4578
Pham, H. (2019). A new criterion for model selection. Mathematics, 7(12), 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/math7121215
Popescu, M., Iancu, P., Plesu, V., Bildea, C., & Manolache, E. (2023). Mathematical modeling of thin-layer drying kinetics of tomato peels: Influence of drying temperature on the energy requirements and extracts quality. Foods, 12(20), 3883. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203883
Raaf, A., Putra, T. W., Mulana, F., Syamsuddin, Y., & Supardan, M. D. (2022). Investigation of kinetics of amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit drying process. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 41, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2022.03.011
Rizki, Z., Judith, C. A., Remko, M., Maarten, A. I., & Schutyser, S. (2025). Material property changes during electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying: A closer look into the falling rate period. Current Research in Food Science, 11, 101181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2025.101181
Sadaka, S. (2022). Impact of grain layer thickness on rough rice drying kinetics parameters. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 35(102026), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102026
Sendhil, E., Elavarasan, E., Rajvikram, E., Anand, B., & Senthilarasu, S. (2022). Review on solar dryers for drying fish, fruits, and vegetables. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 40478–40506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19714-w
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Ambawat, S., Sharma, A., & Saini, K. (2022). Mathematical modeling of thin layer drying kinetics and moisture diffusivity study of pretreated Moringa oleifera leaves using fluidized bed dryer. Processes, 10(11), 2464. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10112464
Bozkir, H. (2020). Effects of hot air, vacuum infrared, and vacuum microwave dryers on the drying kinetics and quality characteristics of orange slices. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 43(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13485
Cheng, S., & Langrish, T. A. G. (2023). Fluidized bed drying of chickpeas: Developing a new drying schedule to reduce protein denaturation and remove trypsin inhibitors. Journal of Food Engineering, 351(1), 111515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2023.111515
Chezanoglou, E., Martinos, I., & Athanasia, M. (2024). Sweet cherry and its by-products as sources of valuable phenolic compounds. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 145(12), 104367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104367
Chobot, M., Kozłowska, M., Ignaczak, A., & Kowalska, H. (2024). Development of drying and roasting processes for the production of plant-based pro-healthy snacks in the light of nutritional trends and sustainable techniques. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 149, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104553
Dasore, A., Konijeti, R., & Puppala, T. P. N. V. N. (2020). A novel empirical model for drying of root vegetables in thin-layers. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(1), 2639–2642.
De Paula, R. R., Vimercati, W. C., Araújo, C. da S., Macedo, L. L., Teixeira, L. J. Q., & Saraiva, S. H. (2020). Drying kinetics and physicochemical properties of whey dried by foam mat drying. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 44(10), e14796. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14796
El-Mesery, H., Qenawy, M., Hu, Z., & Alshaer, W. (2021). Evaluation of infrared drying for okra: Mathematical modelling, moisture diffusivity, energy activity and quality attributes. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103451
Elmsaad, E., Omran, A., Emam, A., Elmahi, O., & Amer, B. (2025). Performance evaluation and analysis of different simple thermal modeling of greenhouse dryer. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8, 1304584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1304584
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021). Global food losses and food waste – Extent, causes and prevention. FAO. https://www.fao.org/4/mb060e/mb060e.pdf
Fung, F., Wang, H., & Menon, S. (2018). Food safety in the 21st century. Biomedical Journal, 41(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.003
Ganesh, R., Breaz, T. O., Al Mahrouqi, A. W. A., Al Zakwani, N. A., Al Fahdi, M. H., Al Shuraiqi, A. S., Al Awamri, S. A., Al Aamri, R. S., & Karthikeyan, K. R. (2024). A comparative management analysis on the performance of different solar drying methods for drying vegetables and fruits. Sustainability, 16(2), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020775
Gasa, S., Sibanda, S., Workneh, T. S., Laing, M., & Kassim, A. (2020). Thin-layer modelling of sweet potato slices drying under naturally ventilated warm air by solar-venturi dryer. Heliyon, 8(5), e08949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08949
Gebeyehu, S., Molla, A., Geremew, M., & Haile, A. (2025). Influence of temperature and mango pulp thickness on the performance of batch window reactance dryer. Applied Food Research, 5(2), 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.100939
Getachew, D., Yadessa, G., Shemelis, N., & Jorge, M. (2025). Drying kinetics of papaya (Carica papaya) seed waste at different temperatures and pretreatment conditions for use in biofuel production. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 17(1), 349–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03098-2
Getachew, D. G., Keneni, Y. G., Gebremariam, S. N., & Marchetti, J. M. (2024). Drying kinetics and mathematical modeling of seeds of two mango varieties at different temperatures and with different pretreatments. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 18, 899–926. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2611
Gomez, R., Gomes, K., Gurgel, M., & Alves, L. (2023). The effect of air relative humidity on the drying process of sanitary ware at low temperature: An experimental study. Processes, 11(11), 3112. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113112
Hartati, I., Kusumaningrum, M., & Kurniasari, L. (2018). Pengeringan busa terhadap ampas seduhan teh menurut model kinetika Lewis, Page dan Henderson-Pabis. Inovasi Teknik Kimia, 3, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.31942/inteka.v3i1.2127
Kabeel, A. E., Durai, P., & Dharmadurai, L. (2021). Experimental studies on natural convection open and closed solar drying using external reflector. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15768-4
Kamfa, I., Fluch, J., Bartali, R., & Baker, D. (2020). Solar thermal drying driven technologies for large scale industrial application: State of the arts, gaps and opportunity. International Journal of Energy Research, 44(5), 9864–9888. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5622
Khaled, D., Das, K., Shamiul Alam, S., Saqib, N., Suman, M., Rahman Sweet, S., Naznin, N., Pallob Hossain, M., Sardar, S., Hossain, Z., Marzan, S., & Yesmin, A. (2024). Effect of different drying techniques on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of Moringa oleifera leaves powder and their application in bakery product. Applied Food Research, 4(8), 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2024.100599
Kusuma, H., Jaya, D. E. C., & Iliyanasafa, N. (2024). Effect of chitosan coating on basil (Ocimum sanctum) leaves dried by microwave-assisted drying method: Analysis of colour, effective moisture diffusivity, and drying kinetics. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 273(5), 133000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133000
Lamrani, B., Draoui, A., & Kuznik, F. (2021). Thermal performance and environmental assessment of a hybrid solar-electrical wood dryer integrated with photovoltaic/thermal air collector and heat recovery system. Solar Energy, 221, 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.04.035
Lingayat, A., Chandramohan, V. P., Raju, V. R. K., & Meda, V. (2020). A review on indirect type solar dryers for agricultural crops. Applied Energy, 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114005
López, L., & Hincapié-Llanos, G. (2024). Comparison of mango (Mangifera indica) dehydration technologies: A systematic review. AgriEngineering, 6(3), 2694–2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030157
Luke, A., Aandahl, Z., Shane, A., & Barry, W. (2021). Cross validation for model selection: A review with examples from ecology. Ecological Monographs, 39(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1557
Ma, X., Zhao, D., Yao, C., & Zhao, J. (2022). An inner boundary condition of moisture diffusion model for simulating transient nonlinear moisture transport in Chinese fir. Heliyon, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10626
Macedo, L. L., Vimercati, W. C., da Silva Araújo, C., Saraiva, S. H., & Teixeira, L. J. Q. (2020). Effect of drying air temperature on drying kinetics and physicochemical characteristics of dried banana. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 43(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13451
Matouk, A., El-Kholy, M., Tharwat, A., & Elfar, S. (2021). Drying of onion slices using hybrid solar dryer. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 12(7), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2021.193581
Mbaye, B. C., Bideau, P. L., & Sambou, V. (2026). Theoretical and experimental study of the chamber of an indirect solar dryer for drying mangoes. Renewable Energy, 259, 125027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.125027
Ndukwu, M. C., Akpan, G., Okeahialam, A. N., Umoh, J. D., & Ubuoh, E. A. (2023). A comparison of the drying kinetics, energy consumption and colour quality of drying medicinal leaves in direct-solar dryer with different colours of collector cover. Renewable Energy, 216(1), 119076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119076
Nnamchi, O., Tom, C., Akpan, G., Umunna, M., Ubong, D., Ibeh, M., Linus-Chibuezeh, A., Nnamchi, S., Ben, A., & Ndukwu, M. (2025). Solar dryers: A review of mechanism, methods and critical analysis of transport models applicable in solar drying of product. Green Energy and Resources, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerr.2025.100118
Noguera, A. M. F., & Iturgaiz, I. A. (2023). Experimental determination of dynamic pseudo-equilibrium moisture content: A practical limit for the drying process. MethodsX, 11, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102410
Ntsowe, K., Workneh, T., Laurie, S., & Emmambux, N. (2025). Different drying techniques and their impact on physicochemical properties of sweet potato: A review. Journal of Food Science, 90(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.70458
Nwakuba, N., Ezeanya, N., Taiwo, H., Okafor, V., Ononogbo, C., Ndukwu, M., Simo-Tagnee, M., & Asoegwu, S. (2025). Heat and moisture transport in okra cylinders with shrinkage effects under solar drying: A multiphysics-based simulation approach. Sustainable Food Technology, 3, 520. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4fb00343h
Owoh, I., Okonkwom, W., Anyanwu, C., Ojike, O., & Nwagugu, N. A. (2025). Review on modeling the drying kinetics of agricultural biomaterials and wastes. Architecture, X(V), 954–966. https://doi.org/10.51584/IJRIAS.2025.100500085
Parmar, R., Baladhiya, S., Dobaria, J., & Agricul, A. (2025). A comparative study on drying of guava leaves. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research, 9(6), 577–580. https://doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2025.v9.i6g.4578
Pham, H. (2019). A new criterion for model selection. Mathematics, 7(12), 1215. https://doi.org/10.3390/math7121215
Popescu, M., Iancu, P., Plesu, V., Bildea, C., & Manolache, E. (2023). Mathematical modeling of thin-layer drying kinetics of tomato peels: Influence of drying temperature on the energy requirements and extracts quality. Foods, 12(20), 3883. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203883
Raaf, A., Putra, T. W., Mulana, F., Syamsuddin, Y., & Supardan, M. D. (2022). Investigation of kinetics of amla (Emblica officinalis) fruit drying process. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 41, 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2022.03.011
Rizki, Z., Judith, C. A., Remko, M., Maarten, A. I., & Schutyser, S. (2025). Material property changes during electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying: A closer look into the falling rate period. Current Research in Food Science, 11, 101181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2025.101181
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Published
2026-05-29
How to Cite
ELMSAAD, Egbal et al.
Kinetic Analysis of Solar-Dried Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Slices Via Thin-Layer Models.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 17, n. 2, p. 95 - 110, may 2026.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/9476>. Date accessed: 03 june 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v17.2(82).03.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2025 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2025. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.