Mental and Hedonistic Determinants Shaping Physical Activity Engagement among Generation Z
Abstract
Consumers may exhibit various attitudes toward specific products, services, or activities. Regarding physical activity, a distinction can be made between a passive attitude, characterized by a lack of interest in sports and recreation, and an active attitude, manifested by participation in various forms of physical activity. This attitude is reflected in certain consumer behaviors in the sports market. The research question in this article is whether an interest in sports and recreation among Generation Z representatives translates into their actual physical activity. Additionally, moderating factors affecting this relationship, particularly the level of knowledge about sports and the availability of sports infrastructure and events, are analyzed. The purpose of the article is to identify and determine the impact of selected determinants that incline Generation Z representatives to engage in physical activity. The study was conducted using a survey method with the CAWI technique on a sample of 433 respondents representing Generation Z. Data were collected in the fourth quarter of 2024 in three metropolitan areas in Poland. The analysis of the results indicates that an interest in sports is a factor that encourages young people to engage in physical activity, which is strengthened by knowledge about sports. However, the availability of sports infrastructure and sporting events does not have a significant impact on the actual level of physical activity among Gen Z. In promoting sports participation among members of Generation Z, disseminating knowledge about physical activity is crucial. Shaping awareness and consumer attitudes proves to be more effective than merely increasing the availability of sports infrastructure or organizing sporting events.
References
[1] Abdrassilov, A., Orynbassarova, Y., & Tvaronaviciene, M. (2023). Exploring Environmental Factors for the Sports Clusters Development. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 14(3), 799 - 810. DOI:10.14505/jemt.v14.3(67).19
[2] Aguilar, B. A. S., Tebar, W. R., Silva, S. C. B., Gomes, L. Q., Damato, T. M. M., Mota, J., Werneck, A. O., & Christofaro, D. G. D. (2022). Leisure-time exercise is associated with lower depressive symptoms in community dwelling adults. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(6), 916–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1895892
[3] Agustina, T., Susanti, E., & Rana, J. A. S. (2024). Sustainable consumption in Indonesia: Health awareness, lifestyle, and trust among Gen Z and Millennials. Environmental Economics, 15(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.07
[4] Amireault, S., Godin, G., & Vézina-Im, L.-A. (2013). Determinants of physical activity maintenance: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Health Psychology Review, 7(1), 55–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.701060
[5] Arora, R. (1982). Validation of an SOR model for situation, enduring, and response components of involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151723
[6] Atkinson, J.L., Sallis, J.F., Saelens, B.E., Cain, K.L., & Black, J.B. (2005). The association of neighbourhood design and recreational environments with physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(4), 304‐309. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.304
[7] Axcell, S., & Ellis, D. (2023). Exploring the attitudes and behaviour of Gen Z students towards branded mobile apps in an emerging market: UTAUT2 model extension. Young Consumers, 24(2), 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2022-1491
[8] Bang, H., Won, D., & Park, S. (2020). School engagement, self-esteem, and depression of adolescents: The role of sport participation and volunteering activity and gender differences. Children and Youth Services Review, 113, 105012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105012
[9] Bedimo-Rung, A.L., Mowen, A.J., & Cohen, D.A. (2005). The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: A conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024
[10] Calderwood, C., Gabriel, A.S., Rosen, C.C., Simon, L.S., & Koopman, J. (2016). 100 years running: The need to understand why employee physical activity benefits organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7), 1104–1109. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2064
[11] Chaturvedi, P., Kulshreshtha, K., & Tripathi, V. (2020). Investigating the determinants of behavioral intentions of generation Z for recycled clothing: Evidence from a developing economy. Young Consumers, 21(4), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2020-1110
[12] Cheah, I., & Phau, I. (2011). Attitudes towards environmentally friendly products: The influence of ecoliteracy, interpersonal influence and value orientation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 29(5), 452–472. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501111153674
[13] Chiu, S.-Y. (2020). Does Participating in Physical Activities Raise Starting Salaries of Female College Graduates? Evidence from an Asian Society. In C.F. Lee & M.-T. Yu (Eds.), Advances in Pacific Basin Business, Economics and Finance (Vol. 8, pp. 177–200). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2514-465020200000008009
[14] Cho, W.-C., Lee, K.Y., & Yang, S.-B. (2019). What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) perspectives. Information Technology & People, 32(2), 319–343. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152
[15] Clavel San Emeterío, I., García-Unanue, J., Iglesias-Soler, E., Luis Felipe, J., & Gallardo, L. (2019). Prediction of abandonment in Spanish fitness centres. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(2), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1510036
[16] Craggs, C., Corder, K., van Sluijs, E.M.F., & Griffin, S.J. (2011). Determinants of change in physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(6), 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.025
[17] Djafarova, E., & Foots, S. (2022). Exploring ethical consumption of generation Z: Theory of planned behaviour. Young Consumers, 23(3), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-10-2021-1405
[18] Duman, S., & Kuru, E. (2010). Social integration levels of Turkish students doing sports, not doing sports and living in Germany. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4991–4995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.808
[19] Fang, J., Zhao, Z., Wen, C., & Wang, R. (2017). Design and performance attributes driving mobile travel application engagement. International Journal of Information Management, 37(4), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.03.003
[20] Habachi, S., Matute, J., & Palau-Saumell, R. (2024). Gamify, engage, build loyalty: Exploring the benefits of gameful experience for branded sports apps. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 33(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-07-2022-4070
[21] Jacoby, J. (2002). Stimulus-organism-response reconsidered: An evolutionary step in modeling (consumer) behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1201_05
[22] Kenebayeva, A. (2020). Consumer behaviour towards sustainable business practices: Insights from baby boomers and X, Y, Z generational segments. The Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration, 134(4). https://doi.org/10.26577/be.2020.v134.i4.04
[23] Kiráľová, A., & Hamarneh, I. (2019). Marketing Challenges of Sports Tourism Development in Destinations with Focus on Generation Y and Z. In D. Sakas & D. Nasiopoulos (Eds.), Strategic Innovative Marketing (pp. 123–134). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16099-9_10
[24] Krumsvik, R. J. (2024). Generation Z, social media, AI, and mental (ill)health and education. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 19(2), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.18261/njdl.19.2.5
[25] Kärmeniemi, M., Lankila, T., Ikäheimo, T., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., & Korpelainen, R. (2018). The built environment as a determinant of physical activity: A systematic review of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(3), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kax043
[26] Lera-López, F., Ollo-López, A., & Rapún-Gárate, M. (2012). Sports spectatorship in Spain: Attendance and consumption. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(3), 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.680897
[27] Li, M., Dong, Z. Y., & Chen, X. (2012). Factors influencing consumption experience of mobile commerce: A study from experiential view. Internet Research, 22(2), 120–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211214539
[28] Lundgren, O., Tigerstrand, H., Lebeña, A., Löf, M., & Ludvigsson, J. (2025). Impact of physical activity on the incidence of psychiatric conditions during childhood: A longitudinal Swedish birth cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 59(14), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108148
[29] McNeill, L. H., Wyrwich, K. W., Brownson, R. C., Clark, E. M., & Kreuter, M. W. (2006). Individual, social environmental, and physical environmental influences on physical activity among Black and White adults: A structural equation analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3101_7
[30] Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. MIT Press.
[31] Mezgaile, A., Grinberga, K., Singh, N., & Livina, A. (2021). A Study on Youth Behavior towards the North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve in Latvia. Journal Of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(5), 1171-1178. DOI:10.14505//jemt.v12.5(53).02
[32] Muñoz-Bullón, F., Sanchez-Bueno, M. J., & Vos-Saz, A. (2017). The influence of sports participation on academic performance among students in higher education. Sport Management Review, 20(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.006
[33] Ozili, P. K. (2023). The acceptable R-square in empirical modelling for social science research. MPRA Paper No. 115769. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/115769/
[34] Peleias, M., Tempski, P., Paro, H. B., et al. (2017). Leisure time physical activity and quality of life in medical students: Results from a multicentre study. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 3, e000213. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000213
[35] Prieto-González, P., Rivera-Villafuerte, A. & Canli, U. (2025). Motivation to practice health-oriented physical activity: a comparative study among university students from three countries with different cultures. BMC Public Health, 25, 2626. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23781-2
[36] Powell, L. M., Slater, S., Chaloupka, F. J., & Harper, D. (2006). Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: A national study. American Journal of Public Health, 96(9), 1676–1680. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065573
[37] Rahman, M. M., Rosenberger, P. J., Yun, J. H., de Oliveira, M. J., & Köcher, S. (2024). Keeping the ball rolling: Using the S-O-R framework to investigate the determinants of football fan loyalty. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 36(1), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2022-0126
[38] Ramchandani, G., Coleman, R., & Bingham, J. (2017). Sport participation behaviours of spectators attending major sports events and event-induced attitudinal changes towards sport. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 8(2), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-02-2016-0014
[39] Rey, R. T., Cranmer, G. A., Sanderson, J., & Browning, B. (2022). Sport Knowledge: The Effects of Division I Coach Communication on Student-Athlete Learning Indicators. International Journal of Sport Communication, 15(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2021-0062
[40] Roblek, V., Mesko, M., & Peterlin, J. (2019). Smart technologies as social innovation and complex social issues of the Z generation. Kybernetes, 48(1), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2017-0356
[41] Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., et al. (2016). Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet, 387(10034), 2207–2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2
[42] Snelling, A., Belson, S. I., Beard, J., & Young, K. (2015). Associations between grades and physical activity and food choices: Results from YRBS from a large urban school district. Health Education, 115(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-03-2014-0028
[43] Tcymbal, A., Demetriou, Y., Kelso, A., Wolbring, L., Wunsch, K., Wäsche, H., et al. (2020). Effects of the built environment on physical activity: a systematic review of longitudinal studies taking sex/gender into account. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 25(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00915-z
[44] Teng, X., & Bao, Z. (2022). Factors affecting users’ stickiness of fitness apps: An empirical study based on the S-O-R perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 23(4), 823–840. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-06-2021-0123
[45] Wahyuningsih, N., Nasution, H., Yeni, Y. H., & Roostika, R. (2022). A comparative study of generations X, Y, Z in food purchasing behavior: The relationships among customer value, satisfaction, and Ewom. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2105585
[46] Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2012). Micro and macro level determinants of sport participation. Sport, Business and Management, 2(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426781211207665
[47] Williams, M., & Davids, M. (1995). Declarative Knowledge in Sport: A By-Product of Experience or a Characteristic of Expertise? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.3.259
[48] Williams-Burnett, N. J., & Kearns, P. (2018). A new perspective: consumer values and the consumption of physical activity. Education + Training, 60(9), 930–952. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2018-0004
[49] Woessner, M. N., Tacey, A., Levinger-Limor, A., Parker, A. G., Levinger, P., & Levinger, I. (2021). The evolution of technology and physical inactivity: The good, the bad, and the way forward. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 655491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.655491
[50] Yamagishi, K., Canayong, D., Domingo, M., Maneja, K. N., Montolo, A., & Siton, A. (2023). User-generated content on Gen Z tourist visit intention: A stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-02-2023-0091
[51] Ye, Z., & Zhang, H. (2024). Research on digital informal learning of sports knowledge of Chinese undergraduates. The Journal of Chinese Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-024-00215-x
[52] Zhou, P., Zhao, S., Ma, Y., Liang, C., & Zhu, J. (2023). What influences user participation in an online health community? The stimulus-organism-response model perspective. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 75(2), 364–389. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-12-2021-0383
[53] Zhu, L., Li, H., Wang, F.-K., He, W., & Tian, Z. (2020). How online reviews affect purchase intention: a new model based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 72(4), 463–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-11-2019-0308
[54] https://www.sportengland.org/news-and-inspiration/new-figures-illustrate-impact-investing-physical-activity
[55] https://ncez.pzh.gov.pl/ruch_i_zywienie/nowe-zalecenia-who-dotyczace-aktywnosci-fizycznej/
[2] Aguilar, B. A. S., Tebar, W. R., Silva, S. C. B., Gomes, L. Q., Damato, T. M. M., Mota, J., Werneck, A. O., & Christofaro, D. G. D. (2022). Leisure-time exercise is associated with lower depressive symptoms in community dwelling adults. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(6), 916–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1895892
[3] Agustina, T., Susanti, E., & Rana, J. A. S. (2024). Sustainable consumption in Indonesia: Health awareness, lifestyle, and trust among Gen Z and Millennials. Environmental Economics, 15(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.21511/ee.15(1).2024.07
[4] Amireault, S., Godin, G., & Vézina-Im, L.-A. (2013). Determinants of physical activity maintenance: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Health Psychology Review, 7(1), 55–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.701060
[5] Arora, R. (1982). Validation of an SOR model for situation, enduring, and response components of involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151723
[6] Atkinson, J.L., Sallis, J.F., Saelens, B.E., Cain, K.L., & Black, J.B. (2005). The association of neighbourhood design and recreational environments with physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(4), 304‐309. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.304
[7] Axcell, S., & Ellis, D. (2023). Exploring the attitudes and behaviour of Gen Z students towards branded mobile apps in an emerging market: UTAUT2 model extension. Young Consumers, 24(2), 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2022-1491
[8] Bang, H., Won, D., & Park, S. (2020). School engagement, self-esteem, and depression of adolescents: The role of sport participation and volunteering activity and gender differences. Children and Youth Services Review, 113, 105012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105012
[9] Bedimo-Rung, A.L., Mowen, A.J., & Cohen, D.A. (2005). The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: A conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024
[10] Calderwood, C., Gabriel, A.S., Rosen, C.C., Simon, L.S., & Koopman, J. (2016). 100 years running: The need to understand why employee physical activity benefits organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7), 1104–1109. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2064
[11] Chaturvedi, P., Kulshreshtha, K., & Tripathi, V. (2020). Investigating the determinants of behavioral intentions of generation Z for recycled clothing: Evidence from a developing economy. Young Consumers, 21(4), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2020-1110
[12] Cheah, I., & Phau, I. (2011). Attitudes towards environmentally friendly products: The influence of ecoliteracy, interpersonal influence and value orientation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 29(5), 452–472. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501111153674
[13] Chiu, S.-Y. (2020). Does Participating in Physical Activities Raise Starting Salaries of Female College Graduates? Evidence from an Asian Society. In C.F. Lee & M.-T. Yu (Eds.), Advances in Pacific Basin Business, Economics and Finance (Vol. 8, pp. 177–200). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2514-465020200000008009
[14] Cho, W.-C., Lee, K.Y., & Yang, S.-B. (2019). What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) perspectives. Information Technology & People, 32(2), 319–343. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152
[15] Clavel San Emeterío, I., García-Unanue, J., Iglesias-Soler, E., Luis Felipe, J., & Gallardo, L. (2019). Prediction of abandonment in Spanish fitness centres. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(2), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1510036
[16] Craggs, C., Corder, K., van Sluijs, E.M.F., & Griffin, S.J. (2011). Determinants of change in physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(6), 645–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.025
[17] Djafarova, E., & Foots, S. (2022). Exploring ethical consumption of generation Z: Theory of planned behaviour. Young Consumers, 23(3), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-10-2021-1405
[18] Duman, S., & Kuru, E. (2010). Social integration levels of Turkish students doing sports, not doing sports and living in Germany. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4991–4995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.808
[19] Fang, J., Zhao, Z., Wen, C., & Wang, R. (2017). Design and performance attributes driving mobile travel application engagement. International Journal of Information Management, 37(4), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.03.003
[20] Habachi, S., Matute, J., & Palau-Saumell, R. (2024). Gamify, engage, build loyalty: Exploring the benefits of gameful experience for branded sports apps. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 33(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-07-2022-4070
[21] Jacoby, J. (2002). Stimulus-organism-response reconsidered: An evolutionary step in modeling (consumer) behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1201_05
[22] Kenebayeva, A. (2020). Consumer behaviour towards sustainable business practices: Insights from baby boomers and X, Y, Z generational segments. The Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration, 134(4). https://doi.org/10.26577/be.2020.v134.i4.04
[23] Kiráľová, A., & Hamarneh, I. (2019). Marketing Challenges of Sports Tourism Development in Destinations with Focus on Generation Y and Z. In D. Sakas & D. Nasiopoulos (Eds.), Strategic Innovative Marketing (pp. 123–134). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16099-9_10
[24] Krumsvik, R. J. (2024). Generation Z, social media, AI, and mental (ill)health and education. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 19(2), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.18261/njdl.19.2.5
[25] Kärmeniemi, M., Lankila, T., Ikäheimo, T., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., & Korpelainen, R. (2018). The built environment as a determinant of physical activity: A systematic review of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(3), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kax043
[26] Lera-López, F., Ollo-López, A., & Rapún-Gárate, M. (2012). Sports spectatorship in Spain: Attendance and consumption. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(3), 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.680897
[27] Li, M., Dong, Z. Y., & Chen, X. (2012). Factors influencing consumption experience of mobile commerce: A study from experiential view. Internet Research, 22(2), 120–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211214539
[28] Lundgren, O., Tigerstrand, H., Lebeña, A., Löf, M., & Ludvigsson, J. (2025). Impact of physical activity on the incidence of psychiatric conditions during childhood: A longitudinal Swedish birth cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 59(14), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108148
[29] McNeill, L. H., Wyrwich, K. W., Brownson, R. C., Clark, E. M., & Kreuter, M. W. (2006). Individual, social environmental, and physical environmental influences on physical activity among Black and White adults: A structural equation analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3101_7
[30] Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. MIT Press.
[31] Mezgaile, A., Grinberga, K., Singh, N., & Livina, A. (2021). A Study on Youth Behavior towards the North Vidzeme Biosphere Reserve in Latvia. Journal Of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(5), 1171-1178. DOI:10.14505//jemt.v12.5(53).02
[32] Muñoz-Bullón, F., Sanchez-Bueno, M. J., & Vos-Saz, A. (2017). The influence of sports participation on academic performance among students in higher education. Sport Management Review, 20(4), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.006
[33] Ozili, P. K. (2023). The acceptable R-square in empirical modelling for social science research. MPRA Paper No. 115769. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/115769/
[34] Peleias, M., Tempski, P., Paro, H. B., et al. (2017). Leisure time physical activity and quality of life in medical students: Results from a multicentre study. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 3, e000213. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000213
[35] Prieto-González, P., Rivera-Villafuerte, A. & Canli, U. (2025). Motivation to practice health-oriented physical activity: a comparative study among university students from three countries with different cultures. BMC Public Health, 25, 2626. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23781-2
[36] Powell, L. M., Slater, S., Chaloupka, F. J., & Harper, D. (2006). Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: A national study. American Journal of Public Health, 96(9), 1676–1680. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065573
[37] Rahman, M. M., Rosenberger, P. J., Yun, J. H., de Oliveira, M. J., & Köcher, S. (2024). Keeping the ball rolling: Using the S-O-R framework to investigate the determinants of football fan loyalty. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 36(1), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2022-0126
[38] Ramchandani, G., Coleman, R., & Bingham, J. (2017). Sport participation behaviours of spectators attending major sports events and event-induced attitudinal changes towards sport. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 8(2), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-02-2016-0014
[39] Rey, R. T., Cranmer, G. A., Sanderson, J., & Browning, B. (2022). Sport Knowledge: The Effects of Division I Coach Communication on Student-Athlete Learning Indicators. International Journal of Sport Communication, 15(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2021-0062
[40] Roblek, V., Mesko, M., & Peterlin, J. (2019). Smart technologies as social innovation and complex social issues of the Z generation. Kybernetes, 48(1), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2017-0356
[41] Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., et al. (2016). Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet, 387(10034), 2207–2217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2
[42] Snelling, A., Belson, S. I., Beard, J., & Young, K. (2015). Associations between grades and physical activity and food choices: Results from YRBS from a large urban school district. Health Education, 115(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-03-2014-0028
[43] Tcymbal, A., Demetriou, Y., Kelso, A., Wolbring, L., Wunsch, K., Wäsche, H., et al. (2020). Effects of the built environment on physical activity: a systematic review of longitudinal studies taking sex/gender into account. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 25(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00915-z
[44] Teng, X., & Bao, Z. (2022). Factors affecting users’ stickiness of fitness apps: An empirical study based on the S-O-R perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 23(4), 823–840. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-06-2021-0123
[45] Wahyuningsih, N., Nasution, H., Yeni, Y. H., & Roostika, R. (2022). A comparative study of generations X, Y, Z in food purchasing behavior: The relationships among customer value, satisfaction, and Ewom. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2105585
[46] Wicker, P., Hallmann, K., & Breuer, C. (2012). Micro and macro level determinants of sport participation. Sport, Business and Management, 2(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/20426781211207665
[47] Williams, M., & Davids, M. (1995). Declarative Knowledge in Sport: A By-Product of Experience or a Characteristic of Expertise? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.3.259
[48] Williams-Burnett, N. J., & Kearns, P. (2018). A new perspective: consumer values and the consumption of physical activity. Education + Training, 60(9), 930–952. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2018-0004
[49] Woessner, M. N., Tacey, A., Levinger-Limor, A., Parker, A. G., Levinger, P., & Levinger, I. (2021). The evolution of technology and physical inactivity: The good, the bad, and the way forward. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 655491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.655491
[50] Yamagishi, K., Canayong, D., Domingo, M., Maneja, K. N., Montolo, A., & Siton, A. (2023). User-generated content on Gen Z tourist visit intention: A stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-02-2023-0091
[51] Ye, Z., & Zhang, H. (2024). Research on digital informal learning of sports knowledge of Chinese undergraduates. The Journal of Chinese Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-024-00215-x
[52] Zhou, P., Zhao, S., Ma, Y., Liang, C., & Zhu, J. (2023). What influences user participation in an online health community? The stimulus-organism-response model perspective. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 75(2), 364–389. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-12-2021-0383
[53] Zhu, L., Li, H., Wang, F.-K., He, W., & Tian, Z. (2020). How online reviews affect purchase intention: a new model based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 72(4), 463–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-11-2019-0308
[54] https://www.sportengland.org/news-and-inspiration/new-figures-illustrate-impact-investing-physical-activity
[55] https://ncez.pzh.gov.pl/ruch_i_zywienie/nowe-zalecenia-who-dotyczace-aktywnosci-fizycznej/
Published
2025-09-02
How to Cite
WAŚKOWSKI, Zygmunt; DELIŃSKA, Liwia; WANAT, Tomasz.
Mental and Hedonistic Determinants Shaping Physical Activity Engagement among Generation Z.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 3, p. 323 - 334, sep. 2025.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/9069>. Date accessed: 07 sep. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v16.3(79).11.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2025 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2025. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.