Examining the Contribution of Protected Area-Based Tourism to Sustainable Development Goals
Abstract
This paper examines the contribution of protected area-based tourism to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at Lake Malawi National Park in Malawi, focusing on environmental, economic, and social sustainability. Adopting a qualitative exploratory cross-sectional design within an interpretive paradigm, the research engaged diverse stakeholders to explore tourism’s contribution to SDGs 1 (No Poverty), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), 14 (Life Below Water), and 15 (Life on Land). The findings reveal that protected area-based tourism enhances local livelihoods by creating employment and entrepreneurship opportunities, facilitates biodiversity conservation through tourism operators and community-led initiatives, and supports the ecological health of Lake Malawi through sustainable tourism practices. Moreover, the study underscores the critical role of local community participation in tourism development and conservation, reinforcing the interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental sustainability. By integrating these dimensions, Lake Malawi National Park serves as a model for leveraging tourism as a tool for sustainable development. The study calls for sustained investment in protected area-based tourism to maximize its benefits and ensure equitable distribution of tourism-generated resources, ultimately driving progress towards the SDGs and fostering long-term conservation and community resilience.
References
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[2] Anaya, F. C. & Espírito-Santo, M. M. (2018). Protected Areas and Territorial Exclusion of Traditional Communities. Ecology And Society, 23(1). DOI: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799038
[3] Attri, R.K. & Ganesh, A. (2023). The Craft of Business Research: How Practitioners Conduct High Value Corporate and Doctoral Studies. Singapore: Speed to Proficiency Research.
[4] Bello, F. G., Lovelock, B. & Carr, N. (2016). Constraints of Community Participation in Protected Area-Based Tourism Planning: The Case of Malawi. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(2): 131–151. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1251444
[5] Bello, F.G. (2021). Community Participation in Tourism Planning at Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi. Quaestiones Geographicae, 40(4): 85-100.
[6] Bello, F.G., and Lambulira, M. (2024). Pursuing Sustainable Tourism Development through Wildlife Tourism: Local Residents’ Perceptions. In: Stone, L.S., Stone, M.T. (Eds) Wildlife Tourism Dynamics in Southern Africa. Geographies of Tourism and Global Change. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57252-4_9
[7] Bhardwaj, P. (2019). Types of Sampling in Research. Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences, 5(3): 157-163.
[8] Boluk, K.A. and Rasoolimanesh, S.M. (2022). Introduction to the Special Issue on “Deepening our Understandings of the Roles and Responsibilities of the Tourism Industry towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, P.100944. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2022.100944
[9] Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D. and Walker, K. (2020). Purposive Sampling: Complex or Simple? Research Case Examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8): 652-661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
[10] Campos-Silva, J. V., Peres, C. A., Hawes, J. E., Haugaasen, T., Freitas, C. T., Ladle, R. J. and Lopes, P. F. (2021). Sustainable-Use Protected Areas Catalyze Enhanced Livelihoods in Rural Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(40): E2105480118.
[11] Castro, C. (2024). The Contribution of Africa’s Tourism to Sustainable Development Goals: A Cluster Analysis on Employment, Decent Work, and Gender Equality. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 13(3): 567-577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.541
[12] Chardonnet, B. (2019). Africa is Changing: Should its Protected Areas Evolve? Reconfiguring the Protected Areas in Africa (IUCN, 2019).
[13] Dobrea, R.C., Marin, A., Dima, C. and Moncea, M.I. (2023). The Relationship between the Tourism Industry and Sustainable Development Goals – Word Cloud Analysis. Amfiteatru Economic, 25(17): 1131-1148.
[14] Dube, K., Nhamo, G. and Swart, M.P. (Eds.) (2023). COVID-19, Tourist Destinations and Prospects for Recovery: Volume One: A Global Perspective. Springer.
[15] Estifanos, T., Polyakov, M., Pandit, R., Hailu, A. and Burton, M. (2021). What Are Tourists Willing to Pay for Securing the Survival of a Flagship Species? The Case of Protection of the Ethiopian Wolf. Tourism Economics, 27(1): 45-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816619880430
[16] Fletcher, R. (2023). Tourism and Neoliberalism. Tourism Geographies, 1–10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2023.2269882
[17] Gidebo, H.B. (2023). Linking Livelihood and Biodiversity Conservation in Protected Areas: Community Based Tourism Development Perspective from Developing Country. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 23(3): 361-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584221102699
[18] Gupta, A., Zhu, H., Bhammar, H., Earley, E., Filipski, M., Narain, U. and Spencer, P. (2023). Economic Impact of Nature-Based Tourism. PLOS ONE, 18(1), E0282912. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282912
[19] Hutchison, B., Movono, A. and Scheyvens, R. (2021). Resetting Tourism Post COVID-19: Why Indigenous Peoples must be Central to the Conversation. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2): 261-275. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1905343
[20] Imboma, T.S. (2022). A Great Service to African Conservation Science. Conservation Biology. e13879. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13879
[21] KC, B., and Kusi, R. (2025). Social capital approach to promote sustainable ecotourism in protected areas. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2025.2466038
[22] Khizar, H.M.U., Younas, A., Kumar, S., Akbar, A. and Poulova, P. (2023). The Progression of Sustainable Development Goals in Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review of Past Achievements and Future Promises. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(4): 100442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100442
[23] Kupika, O.L. and Dube, K. (2023). A Resilient Tourism Future for Developing Countries: Conclusions and Recommendations. In COVID-19, Tourist Destinations and Prospects for Recovery: Volume Three: A South African and Zimbabwean Perspective (Pp. 293-310). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
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[25] Lambulira, M. and Bello, F.G. (2022). Challenges to Tourism Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case of Malawi. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 2(58): 391-402.
[26] Lekaota, L. and Ngidi, K.M.L. (2024). Stakeholders’ Perceptions on the Economic Impacts of Vredefort World Heritage Site. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 13(4): 808-814. DOI:https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.567
[27] Liu, Y., Lü, Y., Fu, B. and Zhang, X. (2023). Landscape Pattern and Ecosystem Services are Critical for Protected Areas' Contributions to Sustainable Development Goals at Regional Scale. Science of the Total Environment, 881, 163535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163535
[28] Loos, J. (2021). Reconciling Conservation and Development in Protected Areas of the Global South. Basic and Applied Ecology, 54: 108-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.04.005
[29] Mbanaso, U.M., Abrahams, L. and Okafor, K.C. (2023). Research Techniques for Computer Science, Information Systems and Cybersecurity. Springer: Switzerland.
[30] Movono, A. and Hughes, E. (2022). Tourism Partnerships: Localizing the SDG Agenda in Fiji. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(10): 2318-2332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1811291
[31] Moyo, I., and Cele, H. M. S. (2021). Protected Areas and Environmental Conservation in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: On HEIs, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 22(7): 1536-1551.
[32] Newell, S. L., Nagabhatla, N., Doubleday, N. C. and Bloecker, A. (2019). The Potential for Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) as a Participatory Strategy for Coastal and Marine Ecosystems - The Global Commons. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(04): 47-62.
[33] Nyikana, S. and Bama, H.K. (2023). Domestic Tourism as a Recovery Strategy in the Face of COVID-19: Insights from South Africa. Acta Commercii-Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, 23(1): 1066. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-acom_v23_n1_a1066
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[35] Parker, C., Scott, S. and Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball Sampling. SAGE Research Methods Foundations. Available at:http://Methods.Sagepub.Com/Foundations/Snowball-Sampling
[36] Pratt, S. (2022). Can Tourism Contribute to The Sustainable Development Goals? Evidence from Pacific Island Countries & Territories. International Marketing Journal of Culture and Tourism, 1(1): 45-61.
[37] Rasoolimanesh, S.M., Ramakrishna, S., Hall, C.M., Esfandiar, K. and Seyfi, S. (2023). A Systematic Scoping Review of Sustainable Tourism Indicators in Relation to the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(7): 1497-1517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1775621
[38] Scheyvens, R. and Laeis, G. (2021). Linkages between Tourist Resorts, Local Food Production and the Sustainable Development Goals. Tourism Geographies, 23(4), 787809. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1674369
[39] Shi, L., Han, L., Yang, F. and Gao, L. (2019). The Evolution of Sustainable Development Theory: Types, Goals, and Research Prospects. Sustainability, 11(24), 7158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247158
[40] Singh, S., Bhat, J. A., Shah, S. and Pala, N. A. (2021). Coastal Resource Management and Tourism Development in Fiji Islands: A Conservation Challenge. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(3): 3009-3027.
[41] Steer, A. and Wade-Grey, W. (1993). Sustainable Development: Theory and Practice for a Sustainable Future. Sustainable Development, 1(3): 23-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3460010306
[42] Thanh, N.C. and Thanh, T.T. (2015). The Interconnection between Interpretivist Paradigm and Qualitative Methods in Education. American Journal of Educational Science, 1(2): 24-27.
[43] Tolkach, D. and Pratt, S. (2022). Globalisation and Cultural Change in Pacific Island Countries: The Role of Tourism. In Island Tourism Sustainability and Resiliency (pp. 10-35). Routledge.
[44] Trupp, A. and Dolezal, C. (2020). Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia. ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 13(1): 1-16. DOI: 10.14764/10.ASEAS-0026
[45] Wearing, S., Mcdonald, M., Taylor, G. and Ronen, T. (2019). Neoliberalism and Global Tourism. In Handbook of Globalisation and Tourism (pp. 27-43). Edward Elgar Publishing.
[46] Wondirad, A. and Ewnetu, B. (2019). Community Participation in Tourism Development as a Tool to Foster Sustainable Land and Resource Use Practices in a National Park Milieu. Land Use Policy, 88, 104155. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104155
[47] Statista (2024). Travel & Tourism - Worldwide. Available at: https://www.Statista.Com/Outlook/Mmo/Travel-Tourism/Worldwide
[48] United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2023). Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Through Tourism – Toolkit of Indicators for Projects (Tips). UNWTO, Madrid.
Published
2025-05-30
How to Cite
PHIRI, Mercy et al.
Examining the Contribution of Protected Area-Based Tourism to Sustainable Development Goals.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 2, p. 139 - 152, may 2025.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8876>. Date accessed: 05 june 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v16.2(78).05.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2025 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2025. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.