Tourism in Sri Lanka during Political, Economic, and Environmental Crises: A Qualitative Analysis
Abstract
This article examines the impact of interconnected political, economic, and environmental crises on Sri Lanka's tourism sector, analyzing their effects on tourism strategies.
Employing a qualitative research design, this study uses framework analysis to analyze data collected from semi-structured interviews with tourism stakeholders (for example, hotel managers, tour guides, and government officials) and secondary sources (for example, government reports and policy documents).
The study highlights Sri Lanka's tourism industry's vulnerability to political instability, economic downturns, and environmental issues. It emphasizes the need for adaptive strategies like diversifying offerings and targeting new markets. The study underscores the importance of resilience and flexibility in the sector to mitigate future crises.
This study fills a gap in literature by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the interconnected challenges confronting Sri Lanka's tourism sector, as well as providing context-specific resilience-building measures tailored to a multifaceted crisis environment.
The findings indicate that policymakers should enact specific policies to promote sustainable tourist development, encompassing crisis management, infrastructure enhancement, and environmental preservation. Emphasizing legal systems and advancing sustainable practices will reinstate global confidence in the business.
References
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[27] Lepp, Andrew, and Heather Gibson. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of tourism research, 30 (3):606-624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(03)00024-0
[28] Liu-Lastres, Bingjie. (2022). Beyond simple messaging: a review of crisis communication research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34 (5): 1959-1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-11-2021-1404
[29] Pathirana, M.T., B.C. Bigby, N. Scott, and S. Gardiner. (2024). Tourism Development Opportunities in Post War: A Case of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Tourism Cases: tourism202400069. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1079/tourism.2024.0069
[30] Pekdemir, Tunahan, and Ebru Günlü Küçükaltan. (2024). Organizational Resilience & Crisis Management Relationship on Hospitality Businesses. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16 (1): 206-222. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2024.1786
[31] Perles-Ribes, Jose Francisco, Ana Belén Ramón-Rodríguez, Antonio Rubia-Serrano, and Luis Moreno-Izquierdo. (2016). Economic crisis and tourism competitiveness in Spain: permanent effects or transitory shocks? Current Issues in Tourism, 19 (12): 1210-1234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.849666
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[37] Ritchie, Brent W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism management. 25 (6): 669-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.004
[38] Santana, Gui. (2004). Crisis management and tourism: Beyond the rhetoric. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 (4): 299-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v15n04_05
[39] Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. J Bus Res, 117: 312-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
[40] Song, Haiyan, Gang Li, and Zheng Cao. (2018). Tourism and economic Globalization: An emerging research agenda. Journal of Travel Research, 57 (8): 999-1011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517734943
[41] Sönmez, Sevil F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. Annals of tourism research, 25 (2): 416-456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00093-5
[42] Vašíčková, Veronika. (2019). Crisis management process-a literature review and a conceptual integration. Acta Oeconomica Pragensia, 27 (3-4): 61-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.628
[43] Wettimuny, Shamara. (2021). Sri Lanka 2019-2020: Extremism, elections and economic uncertainty at the time of COVID-19. Asia Maior, 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52056/9788833138282/16
[44] Wickramasinghe, Govinnage K. (2024). Economy-wide Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism: A case study of Sri Lanka. In Handbook on Crisis and Disaster Management in Tourism, 204-220.
[45] Wickramasinghe, Kanchana, and Athula Naranpanawa. (2023). Tourism and COVID-19: An economy-wide assessment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55: 131-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.03.013
[46] Withers, Matt. (2024). Are remittances “resilient?” Evidence from Sri Lanka between COVID-19 and the crisis. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 33(2): 231-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968241266333
[47] Zhang, Fengting, Yang Lv, and Md Nazirul Islam Sarker. (2024). Resilience and recovery: A systematic review of tourism governance strategies in disaster-affected regions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103:104350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104350
[2] Ali, Sharafat, Abu Bakar Bin Abdul Hamid, Noor Inayah Binti Ya’akub, and Shahid Iqbal. 2024. "Environmental impacts of international tourism: examining the role of policy uncertainty, renewable energy, and service sector output. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(34): 46221-46234. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28377-0
[3] Aydogan, Merve, Javier de Esteban Curiel, Arta Antonovica, and Gurel Cetin. (2024). Characteristics of crises resilient organizations in the hospitality and tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36 (4): 1432-1453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2022-1630
[4] Ayyam, Velmurugan, Swarnam Palanivel, and Sivaperuman Chandrakasan. (2019). Coastal ecosystems of the Tropics-adaptive management: Springer.
[5] Baloch, Qadar Bakhsh, Syed Naseeb Shah, Nadeem Iqbal, Muhammad Sheeraz, Muhammad Asadullah, Sourath Mahar, and Asia Umar Khan. (2023). Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30 (3): 5917-5930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w
[6] Beirman, David. (2006). A travel industry perspective on government travel advisories. In Tourism in turbulent times, 309-320. Routledge.
[7] Chau, Ka Yin, Chen-Hsien Lin, Bushra Tufail, Trung Kien Tran, Le Van, and Tran Thai Ha Nguyen. (2023). Impact of eco-innovation and sustainable tourism growth on the environmental degradation: The case of China. Economic research - Ekonomska istraživanja, 36(3). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2022.2150258
[8] Duan, Jiahui, Chaowu Xie, and Alastair M Morrison. (2022). Tourism crises and impacts on destinations: A systematic review of the tourism and hospitality literature. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46 (4): 667-695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348021994194
[9] Dwyer, Larry, and Chulwon Kim. 2003. Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current issues in tourism, 6 (5): 369-414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962
[10] Eugenio-Martin, Juan L, and Juan A Campos-Soria. (2014). Economic crisis and tourism expenditure cutback decision. Annals of tourism Research, 44: 53-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.08.013
[11] Fernando, R Lalitha S, Manjitha Kavindi Siriwardhana, E Achini Indrachapa Kularathna, and HDM Kaushalya Geethamali. (2023). Disaster, Displacement and Resilient Livelihoods in Sri Lanka: Policy Imperatives. In Disaster, Displacement and Resilient Livelihoods: Perspectives from South Asia, 163-191. Emerald Publishing Limited.
[12] Fernando, Shameena, and Neil Carr. (2024). A History of Tourism in Sri Lanka: A Story of Disasters and Opportunities. Tourism Cases. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/tourism.2024.0060
[13] Galdolage, B.S., Ekanayake, E.A., Khaleel Ibrahim Al-Daoud, Vasudevan, A., Chen Wenchang, Mohammad Faleh Ahmmad Hunitie, and Suleiman Ibrahim Shelash Mohammad. (2024). Sustainable Marine and Coastal Tourism: A Catalyst for Blue Economic Expansion in Sri Lanka. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3 (6): 1214-1228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i6.4098
[14] Gani, Abdul, and Ramjit Singh. (2019). Managing disaster and crisis in tourism: A critique of research and a fresh research agenda. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(4): 1-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18778/0867
[15] Gössling, Stefan. (2002). Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global environmental change, 12 (4): 283-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-3780(02)00044-4
[16] Hall, C Michael. 2010. "Crisis events in tourism: Subjects of crisis in tourism. Current issues in Tourism, 13 (5): 401-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2010.491900
[17] Henderson, Joan C. 2007. Tourism crises: causes, consequences and management: Routledge.
[18] Ivanov, Stanislav, Margarita Gavrilina, Craig Webster, and Vladyslav Ralko. (2020). Impacts of political instability on the tourism industry in Ukraine. In Instability and Tourism, 100-127. Routledge.
[19] Jayasinghe, Naduni, Shiran Fernando, Richard Haigh, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Nishara Fernando, Chandrarathna Vithanage, Jayani Ratnayake, and Chamathya Ranawana. (2022). Economic resilience in an era of ‘systemic risk’: insights from four key economic sectors in Sri Lanka. Progress in Disaster Science 14: 100231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2022.100231
[20] Jayasinghe, PP, GWJS Fernando, and HAKNS Surangi. (2023). Post-crisis recovery management of tourism: Lesson Learnt from the Easter Sunday attack in Sri Lanka. Journal of Business Research and Insights (former Vidyodaya Journal of Management), 9 (I). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31357/vjm.v9ii.6371
[21] Jiang, Yawei, Brent W Ritchie, and Martie‐Louise Verreynne. (2019). Building tourism organizational resilience to crises and disasters: Dynamic capabilities view. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21 (6): 882-900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2312
[22] Kaar, Manuel. (2009). A critical analysis of the 2007-2009 global financial and economic crisis and its implications for the travel industry and associated businesses: diplom. de.
[23] Kandampully, Jay, and David Solnet. (2024). "Leveraging technology." In Service Management and Marketing Principles, 184-206. Routledge India.
[24] Komasi, Hossein, Davood Jamini, Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani, Hojatollah Sadeghi, and Fausto Cavallaro. (2025). Evaluating the impacts of humanitarian crises on sustainable tourism with a futures studies approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, pages 1-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-025-06109-3
[25] Kumar, Ankur, Subhas Chandra Misra, and Felix TS Chan. (2022). Leveraging AI for advanced analytics to forecast altered tourism industry parameters: A COVID-19 motivated study. Expert Systems with Applications 210: 118628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.118628
[26] Kumar, Suneel, Naina Hasija, Varinder Kumar, and Geetanjali Sageena. (2023). Ecotourism: a holistic assessment of environmental and socioeconomic effects towards sustainable development. Current World Environment, 18 (2): 589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.18.2.14
[27] Lepp, Andrew, and Heather Gibson. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of tourism research, 30 (3):606-624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(03)00024-0
[28] Liu-Lastres, Bingjie. (2022). Beyond simple messaging: a review of crisis communication research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34 (5): 1959-1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-11-2021-1404
[29] Pathirana, M.T., B.C. Bigby, N. Scott, and S. Gardiner. (2024). Tourism Development Opportunities in Post War: A Case of Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Tourism Cases: tourism202400069. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1079/tourism.2024.0069
[30] Pekdemir, Tunahan, and Ebru Günlü Küçükaltan. (2024). Organizational Resilience & Crisis Management Relationship on Hospitality Businesses. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16 (1): 206-222. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2024.1786
[31] Perles-Ribes, Jose Francisco, Ana Belén Ramón-Rodríguez, Antonio Rubia-Serrano, and Luis Moreno-Izquierdo. (2016). Economic crisis and tourism competitiveness in Spain: permanent effects or transitory shocks? Current Issues in Tourism, 19 (12): 1210-1234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.849666
[32] Perles-Ribes, José Francisco, Ana Belén Ramón-Rodríguez, Martín Sevilla-Jiménez, and Luis Moreno-Izquierdo. (2016). Unemployment effects of economic crises on hotel and residential tourism destinations: The case of Spain. Tourism management, 54: 356-368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.12.002
[33] Pforr, Christof, and Peter J Hosie. (2008). Crisis management in tourism: Preparing for recovery. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 23 (2-4): 249-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v23n02_19
[34] Praptika, I Putu Gede Eka, Mohamad Yusuf, and Jasper Hessel Heslinga. (2024). How can communities better prepare for future disasters? Learning from the tourism community resilience model from Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Tourism Futures, 10 (3):504-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-04-2023-0092
[35] Ranasinghe, Ruwan, Anupama Damunupola, Shamila Wijesundara, Chandi Karunarathna, Dhananjaya Nawarathna, Sammani Gamage, Amaya Ranaweera, and Ali Abdulla Idroos. (2020). Tourism after corona: Impacts of COVID 19 pandemic and way forward for tourism, hotel and mice industry in Sri Lanka. Hotel and mice industry in Sri Lanka (April 22, 2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3587170
[36] Rathnasiri, Mananage Shanika Hansini, Narayanage Jayantha Dewasiri, and A Arun Kumar. (2024). "Policy framework and implementation strategies for Sri Lanka’s transition to a net-zero economy." In Net Zero Economy, Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Value Creation: Exploring Strategies, Drivers, and Challenges, 43-60. Springer.
[37] Ritchie, Brent W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism management. 25 (6): 669-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.004
[38] Santana, Gui. (2004). Crisis management and tourism: Beyond the rhetoric. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 (4): 299-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v15n04_05
[39] Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. J Bus Res, 117: 312-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
[40] Song, Haiyan, Gang Li, and Zheng Cao. (2018). Tourism and economic Globalization: An emerging research agenda. Journal of Travel Research, 57 (8): 999-1011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517734943
[41] Sönmez, Sevil F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. Annals of tourism research, 25 (2): 416-456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00093-5
[42] Vašíčková, Veronika. (2019). Crisis management process-a literature review and a conceptual integration. Acta Oeconomica Pragensia, 27 (3-4): 61-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.628
[43] Wettimuny, Shamara. (2021). Sri Lanka 2019-2020: Extremism, elections and economic uncertainty at the time of COVID-19. Asia Maior, 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52056/9788833138282/16
[44] Wickramasinghe, Govinnage K. (2024). Economy-wide Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on tourism: A case study of Sri Lanka. In Handbook on Crisis and Disaster Management in Tourism, 204-220.
[45] Wickramasinghe, Kanchana, and Athula Naranpanawa. (2023). Tourism and COVID-19: An economy-wide assessment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55: 131-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.03.013
[46] Withers, Matt. (2024). Are remittances “resilient?” Evidence from Sri Lanka between COVID-19 and the crisis. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 33(2): 231-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968241266333
[47] Zhang, Fengting, Yang Lv, and Md Nazirul Islam Sarker. (2024). Resilience and recovery: A systematic review of tourism governance strategies in disaster-affected regions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103:104350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104350
Published
2025-05-30
How to Cite
LAKSIRI, W.M. Rohan.
Tourism in Sri Lanka during Political, Economic, and Environmental Crises: A Qualitative Analysis.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 2, p. 127 - 138, may 2025.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8875>. Date accessed: 06 june 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v16.2(78).04.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2025 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2025. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.