Integrating Marine Tourism into the Blue Economy Framework

Abstract

Marine tourism is an integral part of the blue economy, contributing significantly to economic development and environmental sustainability. This paper explores the various dimensions of marine tourism within the blue economy framework, emphasizing its economic, social, and environmental impacts. The conceptual framework defines marine tourism activities and highlights their importance. Current trends and practices in marine tourism are analyzed, along with their economic implications and the resulting environmental and social impacts. The paper also delves into governance models, focusing on public-private partnerships and the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in promoting sustainable tourism practices. National and regional policies are examined through case studies and comparative analysis. The economic integration of marine tourism with other blue economy sectors, such as fisheries and coastal infrastructure, is discussed, highlighting the revenue generation and economic diversification benefits. The findings underscore the need for effective governance, stakeholder engagement, and adaptive management to achieve sustainable marine tourism development.


 

References

[1] Akhtar, R. 2023. Importance of the Blue Economy. Business Today. Retrieved from http://www.businesstoday.com/articles/importance-of-the-blue-economy
[2] Alavi, H., Mendoza, A., and Zeadally, S. 2021. Artificial intelligence and machine learning for sustainable development of smart tourism cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 74, 103193. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103193
[3] Apostolopoulos, Y., Chirumo, F., and Monteiro, M. M. 2021. The impact of souvenirs on tourism destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 60(6): 1273-1290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521992617
[4] Baker, J. R., McIvor, A., and Street, G. M. 2001. Cruise ship impacts on marine resources: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12): 1141-1152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00161-5
[5] Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., and Hughes, K. 2020. Environmental education and interpretation: Understanding and enabling change. Routledge.
[6] Biedenweg, K., Monroe, M. C., Oxarart, A., and Broadbent, E. 2021. Visitor education at national parks and protected areas: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(3): 394-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1761413
[7] Bosworth, R., and Haider, W. 2020. Crowdfunding as a vehicle for sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(5): 739-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1712540
[8] Cater, C. 2020. Scuba diving tourism. In B. Garrod, and S. Gössling (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Tourism Impacts: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives (pp. 234-248). Routledge.
[9] Cesar, H., Burke, L., and Pet-Soede, L. 2003. The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 51(1-2): 23-32.
[10] Chang, H. H., Shen, H. B., and Wang, T. H. 2020. The influence of online travel community involvement on travel intention: The mediation and moderation effects. Journal of Travel Research, 59(7): 1309-1324. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520920983
[11] Cochrane, J., and Dolan, H. 2010. Tourism and transport: Issues and agendas for the new millennium. Journal of Transport Geography, 8(4): 267-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(00)00016-0
[12] Cohen, E. 2014. The evolution of spa and wellness tourism: From traditional to alternative therapies. Tourism Recreation Research, 39(2): 131-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2014.11081712
[13] Coles, T., Dinica, V., and Hall, C. M. 2021. Marine tourism entrepreneurship: A conceptual framework. Tourism Management, 82: 104184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104184
[14] Costanza, R., et al. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387(6630): 253-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
[15] Curtin, S., and Walker, R. 2021. Valuing ecosystem services from marine protected areas: A review of case studies and methodologies. Marine Policy, 124: 104402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104402
[16] Dredge, D., and Jenkins, J. 2021. Sustainable tourism governance in a world disrupted. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1): 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1774586
[17] Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., and Dwyer, W. 2005. Tourism economics and policy. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
[18] Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., and Spurr, R. 2021. Sustainable finance for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103164
[19] Egan, D., Chuenpagdee, R., and Hynes, S. 2021. The role of recreational fishing tourism in coastal communities: A review. Marine Policy, 131, 104634.
[20] Fletcher, R., Williams, P. W., and Thakuriah, P. 2021. Conservation and sustainable tourism in marine protected areas. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103167. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103167
[21] Gattuso, J. P., and Magnan, A. 2015. Ocean acidification and its impacts: An expert survey. Climate Change, 133(2): 225-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1523-6
[22] Gill, D. A., et al. 2020. Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally. Nature, 580(7801): 516-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2125-4
[23] Gossling, S., and Hall, C. M. 2020. Tourism and global environmental change: Ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships. Global Environmental Change, 62, 102065. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102065
[24] Gössling, S., and Hall, C. M. 2020. Tourism and regional development: New pathways. Tourism Geographies, 22(5): 753-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1805746
[25] Gössling, S., and Higham, J. 2018. Tourism and global environmental change: Ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships. Global Environmental Change, 62, 102065. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102065
[26] Gössling, S., et al. 2020. Marine tourism in Southeast Asia: A comparative analysis of policies and practices in Thailand and Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(4): 565-584. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1628445
[27] Gretzel, U., et al. 2021. Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Journal of Travel Research, 60(5): 1083-1099. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520950766
[28] Gutierrez, N. L., Hilborn, R., and Defeo, O. 2011. Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries. Nature, 470(7334): 386-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09689
[29] Hall, C. M., and Higham, J. E. 2005. Tourism, recreation and sustainability: Linking culture and the environment. CABI Publishing.
[30] Hall, C. M., and Higham, J. E. S. 2020. Marine tourism and climate change impacts: A meta-synthesis of global research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7): 999-1016. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1723706
[31] Hall, C. M., and Higham, J. E. S. 2020. Marine tourism: Development, impacts and management. Routledge.
[32] Hall, C. M., and Weiler, B. 2021. Nautical tourism: Recreational boating and the water-based economy. In J. Saarinen, D. Hall, and B. Müller (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Geography (pp. 293-306). Routledge.
[33] Hall, C. M., et al. 2019. Climate change, tourist air travel and radical emissions reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(1): 1-20. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1543266
[34] Hall, C. M., et al. 2019. The IMO Polar Code and tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Geography, 42(2): 134-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1628187
[35] Hassan, A., and Olfat, M. 2021. Artificial intelligence in smart tourism: Opportunities and challenges. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106648
[36] Hassan, A., Benlamri, R., and Olfat, M. 2020. Augmented reality and virtual reality in tourism and hospitality: A review of benefits, challenges, and issues. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 11(3): 471-493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-12-2019-0221
[37] Haven, J., and Amacher, G. S. 2020. Public-private partnerships for sustainable tourism development in the Caribbean. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100614
[38] Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., and Clark, V. 2018. The imperative to strengthen and expand marine protected areas: A global review. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 28(2): 252-263.
[39] Hawkins, R., Scott, D., and Barr, P. 2020. The role of culinary events in destination development. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 15, 100401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100401
[40] Hays, S., Page, S. J., and Buhalis, D. 2021. Social media as a destination marketing tool: Its use by national tourism organisations. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(9): 1219-1236. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1626186
[41] Hearn, A. R., and Bjork, S. 2019. Sustainable marine tourism in the Galápagos Islands: Balancing economic development and conservation. Ocean and Coastal Management, 180, 104908. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104908
[42] Higham, J. E. S., and Lück, M. (Eds.). 2021. Marine Tourism: Development, Impacts and Management. Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.routledge.com/Marine-Tourism-Development-Impacts-and-Management/Higham-Luck/p/book/9780367138817
[43] Higham, J., and Lück, M. 2021. Marine wildlife tourism: Understanding and managing the benefits and impacts of interactions with marine animals. CABI. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240255.0000
[44] Higham, J., et al. 2020. Climate change, tourist air travel and radical emissions reduction: A call for tourism degrowth transition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1): 1-19. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1573106
[45] Hughes, T. P., et al. 2003. Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science, 301(5635): 929-933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085046
[46] Hughes, T. P., et al. 2018. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature, 543(7645): 373-377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21707
[47] Jones, A., and Phillips, M. R. 2021. The economics of marine tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 90, 103222.
[48] Jones, P. J. S., and Macfadyen, G. 2020. Governing the oceans in the Anthropocene: A new era for marine policy. Marine Policy, 111, 103694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103694
[49] Jones, P. J. S., and Phillips, M. R. 2018. NGOs, governance, and sustainable tourism in the Maldives. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6): 865-880. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1413591
[50] Jones, P. J., De Santo, E. M., and Monaco, M. E. 2020. Assessing progress in marine protected area governance and management. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 45: 263-290. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-094411
[51] Kang, M., and Morrison, A. M. 2020. Social media and tourism: A review of theory and research. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100724
[52] Kounoudes, A., Georgiou, A., and Giannakoudi, C. 2020. Internet of things in tourism: A review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 101971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101971
[53] Laist, D. W. 1997. Impacts of marine debris: Entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In J. M. Coe and D. B. Rogers (Eds.), Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions (pp. 99-139). Springer.
[54] Lester, S. E., et al. 2020. Evaluating trade-offs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 118, 103956. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103956
[55] Lew, A. A., Hall, C. M., and Williams, A. 2020. Sustainable tourism and local community development in the developing world: A case study of Oceania. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(4), 554-572. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1624961
[56] Lovelock, B., and Fennell, D. A. 2020. Managing tourism and sustainability: Issues and applications. Routledge.
[57] Mason, A., and Pomering, A. 2019. Marine tourism economic impact assessment: A case study of the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management Perspectives, 30: 255-264.
[58] McCool, S. F., and Bosak, K. 2021. Public-private partnerships in tourism and protected areas: Synergies and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(3): 377-393. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1699212
[59] McFadden, L., Curnock, M., and Hockings, M. 2021. Integrated coastal zone management: A review. Ocean and Coastal Management, 210, 105688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105688
[60] Meffre, S., Bonnefoy, F., and Manica, A. 2020. Developing sustainable whale watching tourism: A review. Tourism Management, 81, 104142.
[61] Mora, C., et al. 2018. Sustainable marine tourism in the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of management strategies. Ocean and Coastal Management, 157: 138-146. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.02.012
[62] Moscardo, G., Ballantyne, R., and Hughes, K. 2020. An analysis of marine tourism research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(12): 1885-1905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1767629
[63] Nicholls, R. J., et al. 2020. Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a 'beyond 4°C world' in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2119): 20160448. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0448
[64] Nienhueser, W., Valiente, N., and Watson, S. 2020. Local communities, tourism, and the sharing economy: Local tourism experiences in a globalized world. Journal of Travel Research, 59(6): 1087-1102.
[65] Papathanassis, A., and Gössling, S. 2020. Sustainable cruise tourism: Development and management strategies. Routledge.
[66] Papatheodorou, A., and Jones, A. 2020. Cruise tourism. In B. Garrod, and S. Gössling (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Tourism Impacts: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives (pp. 267-280). Routledge.
[67] Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C., and Slack, B. 2019. The Geography of Transport Systems (5th ed.). Routledge.
[68] Ruhanen, L., and Scott, N. 2020. Payments for ecosystem services in tourism: A review and exploration of opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(12): 1906-1926. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1765782
[69] Scheyvens, R., Banks, G., Hughes, E., and Jenks, G. 2020. Community tourism governance: A reflection on the past and pathways to the future. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10): 1449-1467. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1796015
[70] Scott, D., and Becken, S. 2020. Government funding for climate change adaptation in tourism: An analysis of policy and budget. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(4): 573-593. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1624962
[71] Scott, D., Gössling, S., and Hall, C. M. 2019. International tourist perceptions of climate change and air travel. Journal of Travel Research, 58(1): 71-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517723723
[72] Simpson, M. C., and Gössling, S. 2021. The role of private investment in tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 89, 103208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103208
[73] Simpson, M. C., Gössling, S., and Scott, D. 2019. Tourism and climate change: Impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Routledge.
[74] Snyder, J., Boley, B. B., and Raybourn, J. 2021. Evaluating the economic impact of marine tourism on coastal communities. Ocean and Coastal Management, 210, 105576. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105576
[75] Song, H., Dwyer, L., and Li, G. 2012. Tourism economics research: A review and assessment. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3): 1653-1682. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.005
[76] Stamboulis, Y., and Skayannis, P. 2020. Sustainable tourism development and its impact on the coastal environment: The case of the Mediterranean islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(8): 1125-1144. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1721289
[77] Yang, Z., Luo, J., Wang, Y., and Choo, K. R. 2021. Autonomous marine vehicle: Trends and challenges. Future Generation Computer Systems, 115: 54-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.07.038
[78] Cabo Pulmo Divers. 2021. Cabo Pulmo National Park. Retrieved from https://cabopulmodivers.com/
[79] Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO). 2021. Economic Impact of Marine Tourism in the Caribbean. Retrieved from https://www.onecaribbean.org/wp-content/uploads/Economic-Importance-of-Coastal-and-Marine-Resources-to-Tourism-in-Barbados.pdf
[80] Caribbean Tourism Organization. 2021. Public-Private Partnerships in Sustainable Tourism Development. Retrieved from https://www.onecaribbean.org/wp-content/uploads/2020-CSTPF-Final-for-Design-and-Translation-July-31-2020.pdf
[81] CONAF (Corporación Nacional Forestal). 2021. Punta de Choros-Damas Island National Reserve. Retrieved from https://www.conaf.cl/parques/reserva-nacional-punta-de-choros-isla-damas/
[82] Costa Rica Tourism Board. 2021. Certification for Sustainable Tourism (CST). Retrieved from https://www.visitcostarica.com/en/costa-rica/cst
[83] Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change. 2021. Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas: Sustainable Tourism and Governance Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.cmcc.it/
[84] European Commission. 2021. Clean maritime agenda for the Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, and Atlantic Ocean. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/blue_growth/ports_shipping_en
[85] European Commission. 2021. Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Retrieved from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/marine-environment_
[86] Foundation for Environmental Education. 2021. Blue Flag Programme. https://www.blueflag.global/
[87] Galápagos National Park Directorate. 2021. Galápagos Marine Reserve. Retrieved from https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/conservation/marine-reserve/
[88] Global Sustainable Tourism Council. 2020. GSTC Criteria. https://www.gstcouncil.org/gstc-criteria/
[89] Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA). 2021. Managing tourism. Retrieved from https://www2.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-work/managing-activities-and-use/tourism/tourism-management-action-strategy
[90] Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 2021. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. htps://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/
[91] Green Key International. 2021. Green Key Eco-label. Retrieved from https://www.greenkey.global/
[92] IISD. 2024. Economic impacts of marine tourism in small island developing states. International Institute for Sustainable Development.
[93] International Finance Corporation. 2023. Sustaining the Future of our Blue Economy. Retrieved from http://www.ifc.org/en/our-impact/development-outcomes/sustainable-development-goals/sdgs-blue-economy
[94] International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2021. Guidelines and Recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Default.aspx
[95] Maldives Ministry of Tourism. 2020. Sustainable Tourism Initiatives. Retrieved from https://www.tourism.gov.mv/dms/document/1faaf2b096cca9b5b8141c0094b54d55.pdf
[96] Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). 2021. MSC Fisheries Standard. Retrieved from https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/our-standards
[97] OECD. (2019). The Ocean Economy in 2030. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/
[98] STINAPA Bonaire. 2021. Bonaire National Marine Park. Retrieved from https://stinapabonaire.org/
[99] Tubbataha Management Office. 2021. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. Retrieved from https://tubbatahareef.org/
[100] UNEP 2019. Global tourism plastics initiative. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-tourism-plastics-initiative
[101] UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2020. Global Marine Tourism Report. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-marine-tourism-report
[102] UNEP. 2020. Sustainable Tourism in the Caribbean: A Comparative Analysis of Best Practices. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/
[103] UNESCO. 2019. Sustainable Tourism. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/
[104] UNESCO. 2021. Baa Atoll Biosphere Reserve. https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/baa
[105] UNESCO. 2021. World Heritage Marine Programme. https://whc.unesco.org/en/marine-programme/
[106] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2020. Reframing tourism to address plastic pollution. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/reframing-tourism-address-plastic-pollution
[107] United Nations. 2020. Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14
[108] UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2019. Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals: Good Practices in the Tourism Sector. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-sustainable-development-goals-good-practices
[109] UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2021. Global Report on Marine Tourism: Supporting Sustainable Coastal Tourism Development. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/global-report-on-marine-tourism
[110] UNWTO. 2020. Global Report on Adventure Tourism. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/
[111] UNWTO. 2021. World Tourism Barometer. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/
[112] UNWTO. 2024. Marine tourism: Current trends and future outlook. World Tourism Organization.
[113] Visit Norway. 2021. Sustainable Tourism in Norway. Retrieved from https://www.visitnorway.com/
[114] Visit Svalbard. 2021. Wildlife Tracking and IoT Integration. Retrieved from https://www.visitsvalbard.com/
[115] Whale Watch Kaikoura. 2021. Virtual Reality Experience. Retrieved from https://www.whalewatch.co.nz/
[116] World Bank. 2024. Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Economies. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/brief/oceans
[117] World Wildlife Fund (WWF). 2022. Vision Setting: A Sustainable Coastal and Marine Tourism Sector. Retrieved from https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/sustainability-works/posts/vision-setting-a-sustainable-coastal-and-marine-tourism-sector-part-one
[118] WTTC (World Travel and Tourism Council). 2022. Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism. Retrieved from WTTC. https://www.wttc.org/research/economic-impact-research/economic-impact-travel-tourism/
Published
2024-08-30
How to Cite
REDDY, Kiran; SAILESH, Bhaskar. Integrating Marine Tourism into the Blue Economy Framework. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 15, n. 3, p. 501 - 520, aug. 2024. ISSN 2068-7729. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8557>. Date accessed: 25 oct. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v15.3(75).07.