Alternative Forms of Tourism: User Generate Content Promote Birdwatching Tourism in Kefalonia Island, Greece
Abstract
Kefalonia, an island in the western part of Greece, renowned for its unique geomorphology, lush vegetation, and Mediterranean climate, is an ideal habitat for diverse bird species, making it a prime destination for birdwatching tourism and intercultural communication. This paper harnesses the power of user-generated content (tourists) by systematically collating and analyzing 1,776 ornithological observations recorded online from 1981 to 2018 (human computers and new media). Organized initially using records and further processed with Geographic Information System (GIS) software, the data revealed the presence of 254 bird species across 54 families, with Scolopacidae being the most prevalent. The most frequently sighted species included Lanius senator and Buteo buteo. Notably, Livadi Marsh in Lixouri on the Paliki peninsula emerged as the hotspot with the highest number of observations. This research highlights the rich biodiversity and the critical habitats within Kefalonia Island. The richness of the data collected offers a unique opportunity to understand the dynamics of bird populations over time, examining trends in both common and rare species. The integration of these observations into conservation planning is crucial for targeting efforts that protect vulnerable species and their habitats. This approach not only aids in the preservation of biodiversity but also enriches the global birdwatching community by providing data that supports sustainable birdwatching practices that are sensitive to the ecological needs of observed species.
References
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[3] Becken, S., Jin, X., Zhang, C., and Gao, J. 2017. Urban air pollution in China: Destination image and risk perceptions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(1): 130-147. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1177067
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[6] Chaulagain, S., Wiitala, J., and Fu, X. 2019. The impact of country image and destination image on US tourists’ travel intention. Journal of destination marketing and management, 12:1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.01.005
[7] Christou, L. 2012. Is it possible to combine mass tourism with alternative forms of tourism: The case of Spain, Greece, Slovenia and Croatia. Journal of Business Administration Online, 11(1):1-8.
[8] Connell J. 2009. Birdwatching, twitching and tourism: Towards an Australian perspective, Australian Geographer. 40: 203–217. DOI: 10.1080/00049180902964942
[9] Cordell, H.K. and Herbert, N.G. 2002. The popularity of birding is still growing. Birding, p.54–61
[10] Davies, A., and Miller, R. 2010. The Biggest Twitch: Around the world in 4,000 birds: AandC Black, 320 pp.
[11] Dodds, R., and Kuehnel, J. 2010. CSR among Canadian mass tour operators: good awareness but little action. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(2): 221-244. DOI:10.1108/09596111011018205
[12] Dooley, S. 2005. The Big Twitch: One man, one continent, a race against time-a true story about birdwatching: Allen and Unwin.
[13] Huete-Alcocer, N., Martinez-Ruiz, M. P., López-Ruiz, V. R., and Izquiedo-Yusta, A. 2019. Archaeological tourist destination image formation: Influence of information sources on the cognitive, affective and unique image. Frontiers in psychology. 10:2382. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02382
[14] Hvenegaard, G. T. 2002. Birder specialization differences in conservation involvement, demographics, and motivations. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 7(1): 21-36. DOI: 10.1080/108712002753574765
[15] Hvenegaard G.T., Butler J.R., and Krystofiak D.K. 1989. Economic values of bird watching at point pelee national park. Canada, Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973-2006):17: 526–531.
[16] Jones, D. N., Buckley, R., and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism of Australia. 2001. Birdwatching tourism in Australia (Vol. 10). Brisbane: CRC for Sustainable Tourism.
[17] Karris, G., et al. 2020. Changing social awareness of the illegal killing of migratory birds in the Ionian Islands, western Greece. Journal of biological education, 54(2): 162-175. DOI: 10.1080/00219266.2018.1554597
[18] Kerlinger, P. 1993. Birding economics and birder demographics studies as conservation tools. Paper presented at Status and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds. September 21-25, in Colorado, USA.
[19] Ketter, E. 2016. Destination image restoration on facebook: The case study of Nepal's Gurkha Earthquake. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 28:66-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.02.003
[20] Kim, A. K., Keuning, J., Robertson, J., and Kleindorfer, S. 2010. Understanding the birdwatching tourism market in Queensland, Australia. Anatolia. 21(2):227-247. DOI: 10.1080/13032917.2010.9687101
[21] Kim, M. J., Jung, T., Kim, W. G., and Fountoulaki, P. 2015. Factors affecting British revisit intention to Crete, Greece: high vs. low spending tourists. Tourism Geographies, 17(5): 815-841. DOI:10.1080/14616688.2015.1062908
[22] Kim, S., Lehto, X., and Kandampully, J. 2019. The role of familiarity in consumer destination image formation. Tourism Review, 74(4): 885-901: DOI: 10.1108/TR-10-2018-0141
[23] Kim, S. E., Lee, K. Y., Shin, S. I., and Yang, S. B. 2017. Effects of tourism information quality in social media on destination image formation: The case of Sina Weibo. Information and management, 54(6): 687-702. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2017.02.009
[24] Koeppel, D. 2006. To see every bird on Earth: a father, a son, and a lifelong obsession. The Canadian field naturalist, 120: 498-499.
[25] Lee, C. K., Lee, J. H., Kim, T. K., and Mjelde, J. W. 2010. Preferences and willingness to pay for bird-watching tour and interpretive services using a choice experiment. Journal of sustainable tourism, 18(5): 695-708. DOI: 10.1080/09669581003602333
[26] Lee J.H. and Scott D. 2004. Measuring birding specialization: A confirmatory factor analysis. Leisure Sciences. 26: 245–260. DOI: 10.1080/01490400490461387
[27] Leung, D., Dickinger, A., and Nixon, L. 2017. Impact of destination promotion videos on perceived destination image and booking intention change. Paper presented at International Conference of Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism: January 24-26, in Rome, Italy.
[28] Lykoudi, D. M., Zouni, G., and Tsogas, M. M. 2023. Self-love emotion as a novel type of love for tourism destinations. Affect and Emotion in Tourism: Routledge. 233-254 pp. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1765009
[29] Macdonald, H. 2002. ‘What makes you a scientist is the way you look at things’: Ornithology and the observer 1930–1955, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 33: 53–77. DOI: 10.1016/S1369-8486(01)00034-6
[30] Maniatis, S., et al. 2020. Human thermal sensation over a mountainous area, revealed by the application of ANNs: the case of Aenos Mt., Kefalonia Island, Greece. International Journal of Biometeorology, 64: 2033-2045. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01993-y
[31] Maple L.C., Eagles P.F.J., and Rolfe H. 2010. Birdwatchers’ specialisation characteristics and national park tourism planning. Journal of Ecotourism, 9: 219–238.DOI: 10.1080/14724040903370213
[32] Marine-Roig, E. 2022. Content analysis of online travel reviews. Handbook of e-Tourism Cham: Springer International Publishing. 557-582 pp.
[33] Martinis, A., Minotou, C., Botonis, A., and Kabassi, K. 2023. Island Hopping in the Ionian Sea: Exploring the Value of Monumental Olive Trees for Sustainable Tourism. Presented at the International Conference on Strategic Innovative Marketing and Tourism. September 22-26, in Ionian islands, Greece.
[34] Measells, M. K., and Grado, S. C. 2007. Economic impacts of two birding festivals in Mississippi. Presented at the Southern Forest Economics Workshop. March 4-6. In Mississipi, USA.
[35] Moscardo, G. 2001. Cultural and heritage tourism: The great debates: 3-17.
[36] Murphy, P. E., and Price, G. G. 2012. Tourism and sustainable development. In Global tourism. 167-193 pp. Routledge.
[37] Mylonopoulos, D., Moira, P., and Kakaroucha, P. 2022. Sustainable Tourism and Cultural Routes in the Ionian and Adriatic Regions. Paper presented at Transcending Borders in Tourism Through Innovation and Cultural Heritage: 8th International Conference, IACuDiT. September 1-3. Hydra. Greece.
[38] Newsome, D., and Rodger, K. 2012. Wildlife tourism. In The Routledge handbook of tourism and the environment: Routledge. 345-358 pp.
[39] Paiva, D., et al. 2023. Digital storytelling and hopeful last chance tourism experiences. Tourism Geographies, 25(5): 1428-1444. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2023.2224043
[40] Phillips, P., Barnes, S., Zigan, K., and Schegg, R. 2017. Understanding the impact of online reviews on hotel performance: an empirical analysis. Journal of travel research, 56(2): 235-249. DOI:10.1177/00472875166364
[41] Rizky, R. M., Kusdi, R., and Yusri, A. 2017. The impact of e-WOM on destination image, attitude toward destination and travel intention. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 61(1): 94-104. DOI: 10.18551/rjoas.2017-01.09
[42] Rouche G.P.L. 2003. Birding in the United States: A Demographic and Economic Analysis: Addendum to the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. 4: Division of Federal Aid, US Fish and Wildlife Service.
[43] Scott, D., and Thigpen, J. 2003. Understanding the birder as tourist: Segmenting visitors to the Texas Hummer/Bird Celebration. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 8(3): 199-218. DOI: 10.1080/10871200304311
[44] Sekercioglu C.H. 2002. Impacts of birdwatching on human and avian communities. Environmental Conservation, 29: 282–289. DOI: 10.1017/S0376892902000206
[45] Shafiee, M. M., Tabaeeian, R. A., and Tavakoli, H. 2016. The effect of destination image on tourist satisfaction, intention to revisit and WOM: An empirical research in Foursquare social media. Paper presented at 10th International Conference on e-Commerce in Developing Countries: with focus on e-Tourism (ECDC). April 15-16. In Isfahan, Iran.
[46] Smith, V. L., and Eadington, W. R. (Eds.). 1992. Tourism alternatives: Potentials and problems in the development of tourism: University of Pennsylvania press. p. 274.
[47] Spyrou, E., et al. 2022. Assessment of geological heritage sites and their significance for geotouristic exploitation: The case of Lefkas, Meganisi, Kefalonia and Ithaki Islands, Ionian Sea, Greece. Geosciences, 12(2): 55. DOI: 10.3390/geosciences12020055
[48] Steven, R., Morrison, C., and Castley, J. G. 2018. Birdwatching and avitourism: a global review of research into its participant markets, distribution and impacts, highlighting future research priorities to inform sustainable avitourism management. Rural Tourism, 125-144. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2014.924955
[49] Stoll, J. R., Ditton, R. B., and Eubanks, T. L. 2006. Platte river birding and the spring migration: humans, value, and unique ecological resources. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11(4): 241-254. DOI:10.1080/10871200600802939
[50] Vayanni, H., Spilanis, I., and Karagounis, I. 2005. Framework for comparative evaluation of tourist products: the case of birdwatching and mass tourism in Lesvos Island, Greece. 6-8 October. Paper presented at Tourism Planning and Development Conference. In Faro. Portugal.
[51] Vittery A., et al. 1996. Recent Observations on the Avifauna of Kefalonia (Ionian Islands, Greece). Paper presented at 7th International Congress on Zoogeography and Ecology of Greece and Adjacent Regions., April 1-5. Athens. Greece.
[52] Weston, M. A., Guay, P. J., McLeod, E. M., and Miller, K. K. 2015. Do birdwatchers care about bird disturbance? Anthrozoös, 28(2): 305-317. DOI: 10.1080/08927936.2015.11435404
[53] Wiedner D. and Kerlinger P. 1990. Economics of birding: A national survey of active birders. American Birds 44: 209–213.
[54] Winter, P. L., Selin, S., Cerveny, L., and Bricker, K. 2019. Outdoor recreation, nature-based tourism, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(1): 81. DOI: 10.3390/su12010081
[55] Wretenberg, J., Pärt, T., and Berg, Å. 2010. Changes in local species richness of farmland birds in relation to land-use changes and landscape structure. Biological conservation, 143(2): 375-381. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.001
[56] Xanthakis, M., et al. 2024. Alternative Forms of Tourism: A Comparative Study of Website Effectiveness in Promoting UNESCO Global Geoparks and International Dark Sky Parks. Sustainability, 16(2): 864. DOI:10.3390/su16020864
[57] Biodiversity of Cephalonia Island. 2024. https://www.facebook.com/groups/kefaloniabiodiversity/
[58] Birdforum. 2024. https://www.birdforum.net/
[59] Birdtours. 2024. Birdwatching Reports from Ionian Islands. https://www.birdtours.co.uk/tripreports/Greece/ionian.htm
[60] Bubo. 2024. https://www.bubo.org/bubo/trips/ionian01.htm
[61] ELSTAT. 2021. Population Census of Greece. https://www.statistics.gr/el/statistics/-/publication/SAM03/2021
[62] Hellenic chambers of hotels 2021. Statistics of hotels category. https://www.grhotels.gr/epicheirimatiki-enimerosi/statistika/
[63] INSETE 2021. Statistics of inbound tourism of Greece 2021. https://insete.gr/statistika-eiserxomenou-tourismou/
[64] Kefalonia-Ithaca Geopark. 2024. Βirdwatching tourism in the Geopark. https://kefaloniageopark.gr/node/306
Published
2024-08-30
How to Cite
XANTHAKIS, Michail et al.
Alternative Forms of Tourism: User Generate Content Promote Birdwatching Tourism in Kefalonia Island, Greece.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 15, n. 3, p. 459 - 478, aug. 2024.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8554>. Date accessed: 25 oct. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v15.3(75).04.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.