Climate Change Impact Vulnerability Assessment: The Case of Coastal Communities in Central Zambales, Philippines
Abstract
The Philippines is one of the countries most affected by climate change. As an archipelago country, coastal areas are at high risk of sea level rise due to climate change. This study investigated the vulnerability of coastal areas to sea level rise in selected municipalities in Zambales province, Philippines. The results showed that the coastal barangay of Iba City has a “moderate” to “high” level of vulnerability, while Botolan City has a “high” to “very high” level of vulnerability. Limited areas of nature reserves, such as mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef ecosystems, are one of the key factors contributing to high vulnerability. Concerted efforts of the local government units and the residents play a vital role to mitigate impacts of climate change including regular mangrove tree planting, coastal clean-up drive, and strict implementation of environmental policies. While there are many tools used in vulnerability assessment, a simpler yet reliable is recommended as an appropriate for barangay levels. With the identified vulnerability of the communities in sea level rise, possible mitigation measures to cope with the fast-changing climate could now be established.
References
[1] Abuodha, P.A.O. and Woodroffe, C.D 2010. Assessing vulnerability to sea-level rise using a coastal sensitivity index: a case study from southeast Australia. J Coast Conserv 14: 189–205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-010-0097-0\
[2] Acosta, L. A., Eugenio, E. A., Macandog, P. B. M., Magcale-Macandog, D. B., Lin, E. K.-H., Abucay, E. R., Cura, A. L., and Primavera, M. G. 2016. Loss and damage from typhoon-induced floods and landslides in the Philippines: community perceptions on climate impacts and adaptation option. Int. J. Global Warming, 9(1): 33–65.
[3] Alberto, A. M. P., Dios, M. J. J. d., Alberto, R. P., and De Guzman, C. H. E. A. 2018. Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment of Selected Municipalities and Agroecosystems to Support Development of Resilient Communities and Livelihoods in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. American Journal of Climate Change, 07(02): 295-335. DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2018.72019
[4] Alberto, A. M. P., Sison, M. J. M., Bulaong, E. P., and Pakaigue, M. A. 2016. Remote Sensing Application of the Geophysical Changes in the Coastlines and Rivers of Zambales, Philippines. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLI-B8, 379-386. DOI:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-379-2016
[5] Berry, P., Enright, P. M., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Villalobos Prats, E., and Campbell Lendrum, D. 2018. Assessing Health Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of International Progress. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(12). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122626
[6] Berry, P., Paddy, P. M., Guillemot, J.S., Prats, E.V. and Lendrum, D.C. 2018. Assessing Health Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of International Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6313539/pdf/ijerph-15-02626.pdf
[7] Capili, E.B., Ibay, A.C.S. and Villarin, J. R. 2005. Climate change impacts and adaptation on Philippine coasts. Conference: OCEANS, 2005. Proceedings of MTS/IEEE, 2299 - 2306 Vol. 3. DOI:10.1109/OCEANS.2005.1640108
[8] Cheung, W. W. L., Lam, V. W. Y., Sarmiento, J. L., Kearney, K., Watson, R., and Pauly, D. 2009. Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios. Fish and Fisheries, 10(3): 235-251. DOI:10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00315.x
[9] Cruz, A. N and Jose, A.M. 1999. Climate change impacts and responses in the Philippines: water resources. Climate Research, 12: 77-84
[10] Espaldon, M.V., Centeno, H. G. and Tiburan Jr., C. 2016. Vulnerability Indicators. Handout. University of the Philippines, Los Baňos, Laguna, Philippines.
[11] Evariste, F. F., Denis Jean, S., Victor, K., and Claudia, M. (2018). Assessing climate change vulnerability and local adaptation strategies in adjacent communities of the Kribi-Campo coastal ecosystems, South Cameroon. Urban Climate, 24: 1037-1051. DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2017.12.007
[12] Gesch, D.B. 2018. Best Practices for Elevation-Based Assessments of Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Exposure Front. Earth Sci., 12. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2018.00230/full
[13] Gomez, M. L. A., Adelegan, O. J., Ntajal, J., and Trawally, D. 2020. Vulnerability to coastal erosion in The Gambia: Empirical experience from Gunjur. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 45. DOI:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101439
[14] Harvey, N.; Clouston, B. and Carvalho, P. 1999. Improving coastal vulnerability assessment methodologies for integrated coastal zone management: An approach from South Australia. Australian Geographical Studies, 37(1): 50-69.
[15] Hilario, F. 2008. Climate Change and Its Potential Impacts in the Philippines. Paper presented at the GEOSS Symposium on Integrated Observation for Sustainable Development in the Asia-Pacific Region Mirai-kan, Tokyo, Japan April 14-16, 2008.
[16] Kada, P. and van Schaik, H. 2003. Climate changes the water rules: how water managers can cope with today’s climate variability and tomorrow’s climate change. Retrieved from www.waterandclimate.org
[17] Koroglu, A., Ranasinghe, R., Jimenez, J. A. and Dastgheib, A. 2019. Comparison of coastal vulnerability index applications for Barcelona Province. Ocean and Coastal Management 178 (2019) 104799. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569118308779
[18] Kreslake, J. M., Price, K. M., and Sarfaty, M. 2016. Developing effective communication materials on the health effects of climate change for vulnerable groups: a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health, 16, 946. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3546-3
[19] Li, S., Meng, X., Ge, Z., and Zhang, L. 2015. Evaluation of the threat from sea-level rise to the mangrove ecosystems in Tieshangang Bay, southern China. Ocean and Coastal Management, 109: 1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.02.00
[20] Lindsey, R. 2021. Climate Change: Global Sea Level. Retrieved from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
[21] Munang, R., Thiaw, I., Alverson, K., Mumba, M., Liu, J., and Rivington, M. 2013. Climate change and Ecosystem-based Adaptation: a new pragmatic approach to buffering climate change impacts. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(1): 67-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.12.00
[22] Nanlohy, H., Bambang, A. N., Ambariyanto, and Hutabarat, S. (2015). Coastal Communities Knowledge Level on Climate Change as a Consideration in Mangrove Ecosystems Management in the Kotania Bay, West Seram Regency. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 23: 157-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.024
[23] Nicholls, R. 2015. Adapting to Sea Level Rise. Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks, and Disasters. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-396483-0.00009-1.
[24] Nunez, C. 2019. Sea level rise explained. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/sea-level-rise-1
[25] Oppenheimer, M., et al. 2019: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate In press. At https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-4-sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-low-lying-islands-coasts-and-communities/
[26] Paquit, J., Salingay, R., and Bruno, A. G. T. 2018. Climate-risk vulnerability assessment of the agriculture sector in the municipalities and cities of Bukidnon, Philippines. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 13(06): 155-168. DOI: 10.12692/ijb/13.6.155-168
[27] Paz-Alberto, A. M., De Dios, M. J. J., Alberto, R. P., and De Guzman, C. H. E. A. 2018. Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment of Selected Municipalities and Agroecosystems to Support Development of Resilient Communities and Livelihoods in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. American Journal of Climate Change, 7: 295-335. Retrieved from http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajcc https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2018.72019
[28] Paz-Alberto, A.M., et al. 2021. Climate Change Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Assessment Using Remote Sensing Technology and Adaptation Strategies for Resiliency and Disaster Risk Management in Selected Coastal Municipalities of Zambales, Philippines. American Journal of Climate Change, 10(1): 85-133. Retrieved from https://m.scirp.org/papers/108153
[29] Perez, R.T., Amadore, L.A. and Feir, R.B. 1999. Climate change impacts and responses in the Philippines coastal sector. Climate Research, 12: 97-107.
[30] Shaw J. R.B., Taylor, D.L., Forbes, M., Ruz, H. and Solomon, S. 1998. Sensitivity of the coasts of Canada to sea-level rise Bull. Geol. Surv. Can., 505: 1-79
[31] Smit, B. and Pilifosova., O. 2003. From adaptation to adaptive capacity and vulnerability reduction. In: Dolan, A.H., and Walker, I.J., 2003. Understanding vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change-related risks. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), pg – pg. Itajaí, SC – Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208 retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228757759
[32] Smit, B. and Wandel, J. 2006. Adaptation, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16: 282-292.
[33] Spalding M, McIvor, A., Tonneijck, F.H., Tol, S. and van Eijk, P. 2014. Mangroves for coastal defense. Guidelines for coastal managers and policymakers. Published by Wetlands International and The Nature Conservancy. p42
[34] Stock, C. A., et al. 2017. Reconciling fisheries catch and ocean productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114(8): E1441-E1449. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610238114
[35] Sumaila, U. R., et al. 2012. Benefits of rebuilding global marine fisheries outweigh costs. PLoS One, 7(7): e40542. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040542
[36] Taguiam, C.G., and Quaimbao-Marquez, C.B. 2016. Rural Coastal Households’ Cognition of Sea Level Rise: The Case of Zambales, Philippines. 13th National Convention on Statistics. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/rural-coastal-households-cognition-sea-level-rise-case-zambales-philippines
[37] Tragaki, A., Gallousi, C., and Karymbalis, E. 2018. Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Based on Geomorphic, Oceanographic and Demographic Parameters: The Case of the Peloponnese (Southern Greece). Land, 7(2). DOI: 10.3390/land7020056
[38] Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., and Kinzig, A. P. 2004. Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social-ecological Systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2). DOI: 10.5751/es-00650-090205
[39] Yoo, G., Kim, A. R., and Hadi, S. 2014. A methodology to assess environmental vulnerability in a coastal city: Application to Jakarta, Indonesia. Ocean and Coastal Management, 102: 169-177. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.018
[40] Zhang, Y., et al. 2020. Synthetic vulnerability assessment to inform climate-change adaptation along an urbanized coast of Shenzhen, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 255. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109915 Comprehensive Land Use Plan of the Municipality of Iba. (2021). Iba Zambales, Philippines
[41] Comprehensive Land Use Plan of the Municipality of Iba. 2021. Iba Zambales, Philippines
[42] IPCC. Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer. Retrieved on August 20, 2021, at https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/tectran/index.php?idp=297
[43] NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 2021. Sea Level. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/
[2] Acosta, L. A., Eugenio, E. A., Macandog, P. B. M., Magcale-Macandog, D. B., Lin, E. K.-H., Abucay, E. R., Cura, A. L., and Primavera, M. G. 2016. Loss and damage from typhoon-induced floods and landslides in the Philippines: community perceptions on climate impacts and adaptation option. Int. J. Global Warming, 9(1): 33–65.
[3] Alberto, A. M. P., Dios, M. J. J. d., Alberto, R. P., and De Guzman, C. H. E. A. 2018. Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment of Selected Municipalities and Agroecosystems to Support Development of Resilient Communities and Livelihoods in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. American Journal of Climate Change, 07(02): 295-335. DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2018.72019
[4] Alberto, A. M. P., Sison, M. J. M., Bulaong, E. P., and Pakaigue, M. A. 2016. Remote Sensing Application of the Geophysical Changes in the Coastlines and Rivers of Zambales, Philippines. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLI-B8, 379-386. DOI:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B8-379-2016
[5] Berry, P., Enright, P. M., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Villalobos Prats, E., and Campbell Lendrum, D. 2018. Assessing Health Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of International Progress. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(12). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122626
[6] Berry, P., Paddy, P. M., Guillemot, J.S., Prats, E.V. and Lendrum, D.C. 2018. Assessing Health Vulnerabilities and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Review of International Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6313539/pdf/ijerph-15-02626.pdf
[7] Capili, E.B., Ibay, A.C.S. and Villarin, J. R. 2005. Climate change impacts and adaptation on Philippine coasts. Conference: OCEANS, 2005. Proceedings of MTS/IEEE, 2299 - 2306 Vol. 3. DOI:10.1109/OCEANS.2005.1640108
[8] Cheung, W. W. L., Lam, V. W. Y., Sarmiento, J. L., Kearney, K., Watson, R., and Pauly, D. 2009. Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios. Fish and Fisheries, 10(3): 235-251. DOI:10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00315.x
[9] Cruz, A. N and Jose, A.M. 1999. Climate change impacts and responses in the Philippines: water resources. Climate Research, 12: 77-84
[10] Espaldon, M.V., Centeno, H. G. and Tiburan Jr., C. 2016. Vulnerability Indicators. Handout. University of the Philippines, Los Baňos, Laguna, Philippines.
[11] Evariste, F. F., Denis Jean, S., Victor, K., and Claudia, M. (2018). Assessing climate change vulnerability and local adaptation strategies in adjacent communities of the Kribi-Campo coastal ecosystems, South Cameroon. Urban Climate, 24: 1037-1051. DOI: 10.1016/j.uclim.2017.12.007
[12] Gesch, D.B. 2018. Best Practices for Elevation-Based Assessments of Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Exposure Front. Earth Sci., 12. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2018.00230/full
[13] Gomez, M. L. A., Adelegan, O. J., Ntajal, J., and Trawally, D. 2020. Vulnerability to coastal erosion in The Gambia: Empirical experience from Gunjur. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 45. DOI:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101439
[14] Harvey, N.; Clouston, B. and Carvalho, P. 1999. Improving coastal vulnerability assessment methodologies for integrated coastal zone management: An approach from South Australia. Australian Geographical Studies, 37(1): 50-69.
[15] Hilario, F. 2008. Climate Change and Its Potential Impacts in the Philippines. Paper presented at the GEOSS Symposium on Integrated Observation for Sustainable Development in the Asia-Pacific Region Mirai-kan, Tokyo, Japan April 14-16, 2008.
[16] Kada, P. and van Schaik, H. 2003. Climate changes the water rules: how water managers can cope with today’s climate variability and tomorrow’s climate change. Retrieved from www.waterandclimate.org
[17] Koroglu, A., Ranasinghe, R., Jimenez, J. A. and Dastgheib, A. 2019. Comparison of coastal vulnerability index applications for Barcelona Province. Ocean and Coastal Management 178 (2019) 104799. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569118308779
[18] Kreslake, J. M., Price, K. M., and Sarfaty, M. 2016. Developing effective communication materials on the health effects of climate change for vulnerable groups: a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health, 16, 946. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3546-3
[19] Li, S., Meng, X., Ge, Z., and Zhang, L. 2015. Evaluation of the threat from sea-level rise to the mangrove ecosystems in Tieshangang Bay, southern China. Ocean and Coastal Management, 109: 1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.02.00
[20] Lindsey, R. 2021. Climate Change: Global Sea Level. Retrieved from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
[21] Munang, R., Thiaw, I., Alverson, K., Mumba, M., Liu, J., and Rivington, M. 2013. Climate change and Ecosystem-based Adaptation: a new pragmatic approach to buffering climate change impacts. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(1): 67-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.12.00
[22] Nanlohy, H., Bambang, A. N., Ambariyanto, and Hutabarat, S. (2015). Coastal Communities Knowledge Level on Climate Change as a Consideration in Mangrove Ecosystems Management in the Kotania Bay, West Seram Regency. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 23: 157-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.01.024
[23] Nicholls, R. 2015. Adapting to Sea Level Rise. Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks, and Disasters. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-396483-0.00009-1.
[24] Nunez, C. 2019. Sea level rise explained. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/sea-level-rise-1
[25] Oppenheimer, M., et al. 2019: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate In press. At https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-4-sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-low-lying-islands-coasts-and-communities/
[26] Paquit, J., Salingay, R., and Bruno, A. G. T. 2018. Climate-risk vulnerability assessment of the agriculture sector in the municipalities and cities of Bukidnon, Philippines. International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 13(06): 155-168. DOI: 10.12692/ijb/13.6.155-168
[27] Paz-Alberto, A. M., De Dios, M. J. J., Alberto, R. P., and De Guzman, C. H. E. A. 2018. Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment of Selected Municipalities and Agroecosystems to Support Development of Resilient Communities and Livelihoods in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. American Journal of Climate Change, 7: 295-335. Retrieved from http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajcc https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2018.72019
[28] Paz-Alberto, A.M., et al. 2021. Climate Change Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Assessment Using Remote Sensing Technology and Adaptation Strategies for Resiliency and Disaster Risk Management in Selected Coastal Municipalities of Zambales, Philippines. American Journal of Climate Change, 10(1): 85-133. Retrieved from https://m.scirp.org/papers/108153
[29] Perez, R.T., Amadore, L.A. and Feir, R.B. 1999. Climate change impacts and responses in the Philippines coastal sector. Climate Research, 12: 97-107.
[30] Shaw J. R.B., Taylor, D.L., Forbes, M., Ruz, H. and Solomon, S. 1998. Sensitivity of the coasts of Canada to sea-level rise Bull. Geol. Surv. Can., 505: 1-79
[31] Smit, B. and Pilifosova., O. 2003. From adaptation to adaptive capacity and vulnerability reduction. In: Dolan, A.H., and Walker, I.J., 2003. Understanding vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change-related risks. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), pg – pg. Itajaí, SC – Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208 retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228757759
[32] Smit, B. and Wandel, J. 2006. Adaptation, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16: 282-292.
[33] Spalding M, McIvor, A., Tonneijck, F.H., Tol, S. and van Eijk, P. 2014. Mangroves for coastal defense. Guidelines for coastal managers and policymakers. Published by Wetlands International and The Nature Conservancy. p42
[34] Stock, C. A., et al. 2017. Reconciling fisheries catch and ocean productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114(8): E1441-E1449. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610238114
[35] Sumaila, U. R., et al. 2012. Benefits of rebuilding global marine fisheries outweigh costs. PLoS One, 7(7): e40542. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040542
[36] Taguiam, C.G., and Quaimbao-Marquez, C.B. 2016. Rural Coastal Households’ Cognition of Sea Level Rise: The Case of Zambales, Philippines. 13th National Convention on Statistics. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/rural-coastal-households-cognition-sea-level-rise-case-zambales-philippines
[37] Tragaki, A., Gallousi, C., and Karymbalis, E. 2018. Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Based on Geomorphic, Oceanographic and Demographic Parameters: The Case of the Peloponnese (Southern Greece). Land, 7(2). DOI: 10.3390/land7020056
[38] Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., and Kinzig, A. P. 2004. Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social-ecological Systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2). DOI: 10.5751/es-00650-090205
[39] Yoo, G., Kim, A. R., and Hadi, S. 2014. A methodology to assess environmental vulnerability in a coastal city: Application to Jakarta, Indonesia. Ocean and Coastal Management, 102: 169-177. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.018
[40] Zhang, Y., et al. 2020. Synthetic vulnerability assessment to inform climate-change adaptation along an urbanized coast of Shenzhen, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 255. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109915 Comprehensive Land Use Plan of the Municipality of Iba. (2021). Iba Zambales, Philippines
[41] Comprehensive Land Use Plan of the Municipality of Iba. 2021. Iba Zambales, Philippines
[42] IPCC. Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer. Retrieved on August 20, 2021, at https://archive.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/tectran/index.php?idp=297
[43] NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 2021. Sea Level. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/
Published
2024-02-29
How to Cite
SERRANO, Shirly C. et al.
Climate Change Impact Vulnerability Assessment: The Case of Coastal Communities in Central Zambales, Philippines.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 15, n. 1, p. 19 - 29, feb. 2024.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8318>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v15.1(73).02.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.