Impact of the Perceived Quality of Traditional Villages’ Cultural Landscapes on Tourists’ Loyalty
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between the perceived quality of cultural landscapes and tourists’ loyalty to traditional villages using structural equation modeling (SEM) by collecting data from 463 tourists in Huangdu Dong Village within China’s Hunan Province. The results reveal that the perceived quality of traditional villages’ cultural landscapes indirectly and significantly affected tourist loyalty; its influence was primarily transmitted through the mediating variable of tourist satisfaction. Meanwhile, no significant difference in loyalty was observed between tourists’ gender, occupation, and place of residence, while age, educational background, and income level had significant effects on loyalty. This study reveals the importance of cultural landscapes in traditional village tourism and provides important ideas for traditional village tourism marketing. In doing so, this study enhances the competitiveness and influence of traditional village tourism and provides theoretical contributions to sustainable village development.
References
[1] Adhika, I. Made, and I. Dewa Gede Agung Diasana Putra. 2020. Reinvigorating Cultural Landscapes for Planning Cultural Tourism in Bali. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites 33: 1462–69. DOI:https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.334spl03-594
[2] Aebli, Annika, Michael Volgger, and Ross Taplin. 2022. A Two-Dimensional Approach to Travel Motivation in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism 25 (1): 60–75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1906631
[3] Al-Ansi, Amr, and Heesup Han. 2019. Role of Halal-Friendly Destination Performances, Value, Satisfaction, and Trust in Generating Destination Image and Loyalty. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management 13: 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.05.007
[4] Assaker, Guy, Rob Hallak, and Rania El-Haddad. 2017. Re-Examining the Relationships among Perceived Quality, Value, Satisfaction, and Destination Loyalty. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1177/1356766717690572
[5] Baker, Dwayne A., and John L. Crompton. 2000. Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3): 785–804.
[6] Beeho, Alison J., and Richard C. Prentice. 1997. Conceptualizing the Experiences of Heritage Tourists: A Case Study of New Lanark World Heritage Village. Tourism Management 18 (2): 75–87. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00103-3
[7] Buijs, Arjen E., Bas Pedroli, and Yves Luginbühl. 2006. From Hiking through Farmland to Farming in a Leisure Landscape: Changing Social Perceptions of the European Landscape. Landscape Ecology 21: 375–89. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI.10.1007/s10980-005-5223-2
[8] Cao, Limei, Dengming Xie, and Ying Qu. 2023. A Process Perspective on Experience Co-Creation: How Pre-Trip Involvement Prompts Destination Loyalty. Tourism Management 96 (June): 104711. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104711
[9] Charinsarn, Alisara Rungnontarat, Mbaye Fall Diallo, and Christine Lambey-Checchin. 2023. How Do Cultural Factors Affect Loyalty Behaviour in Retailing? The Central Role of Social Proximity. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 51 (4): 523–45.
[10] Chen, Chun-Chu, Ying-Hsiao (Rebecca) Lai, James F. Petrick, and Yueh-Hsiu Lin. 2016. Tourism between Divided Nations: An Examination of Stereotyping on Destination Image. Tourism Management 55 (August): 25–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.012
[11] Chi, Xiaoting, Seul Ki Lee, Young-joo Ahn, and Kiattipoom Kiatkawsin. 2020. Tourist-Perceived Quality and Loyalty Intentions towards Rural Tourism in China. Sustainability 12 (9): 3614. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093614
[12] Chin, Chee Hua. 2022. Empirical Research on the Competitiveness of Rural Tourism Destinations: A Practical Plan for Rural Tourism Industry Post-COVID-19. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality.
[13] Coudounaris, Dafnis N., and Erose Sthapit. 2017. Antecedents of Memorable Tourism Experience Related to Behavioral Intentions. Psychology and Marketing 34 (12): 1084–93. DOI:https://doi.org/DOI:10.1002/mar.21048
[14] Dang, Anrong, Dongmei Zhao, Yang Chen, and Congwei Wang. 2020. Conservation of Cave-Dwelling Village Using Cultural Landscape Gene Theory. Spatial Synthesis: Computational Social Science and Humanities, 97–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52734-1_8
[15] Dang, An-rong, Yan Zhang, and Yang Chen. 2013. Sustainable-Oriented Study on Conservation Planning of Cave-Dwelling Village Culture Landscape. Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development: Approaches for Achieving Sustainable Urban Form in Asian Cities, 137–53.
[16] Dedeoğlu, Bekir Bora. 2019. Shaping Tourists’ Destination Quality Perception and Loyalty through Destination Country Image: The Importance of Involvement and Perceived Value. Tourism Management Perspectives 29: 105–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.11.006
[17] Demirović, Dunja, Siniša Berjan, Nikola Milentijević, Hamid El Bilali, and Yulia A. Syromiatnikova. 2019. Exploration of Tourist Motivation and Preferred Activities in Rural Areas. Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA 69 (1): 29–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI1901029D
[18] Fang, Yangang, and Jisheng Liu. 2008. Cultural Landscape Evolution of Traditional Agricultural Villages in North China—Case of Qianzhai Village in Shandong Province. Chinese Geographical Science 18 (4): 308–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-008-0308-x
[19] Fernandes, Teresa, and Mariana Cruz. 2016. Dimensions and Outcomes of Experience Quality in Tourism: The Case of Port Wine Cellars. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 31: 371–79. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.05.002
[20] Fornell, Claes, and David F Larcker. 1981. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research.
[21] Franke, George, and Marko Sarstedt. 2019. Heuristics versus Statistics in Discriminant Validity Testing: A Comparison of Four Procedures. Internet Research 29 (3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515
[22] Fu, Jing, Jialu Zhou, and Yunyuan Deng. 2021. Heritage Values of Ancient Vernacular Residences in Traditional Villages in Western Hunan, China: Spatial Patterns and Influencing Factors. Building and Environment 188: 107473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107473
[23] Gao, Jing, and Bihu Wu. 2017. Revitalizing Traditional Villages through Rural Tourism: A Case Study of Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China. Tourism Management 63 (December): 223–33. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.003
[24] Gao, Jing, Bihu Wu, and Zhifeng Zhao. 2020. Construction of Sustainable Path Model for Traditional Village Tourism Revitalization Based on the Perspective of Cultural Geography. Regional Research and Development 39 (04): 73–78.
[25] Haber, Sigal, and Miri Lerner. 1999. Correlates of Tourist Satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research 1 (26): 197–201.
[26] Hair, Joe F., Matt C. Howard, and Christian Nitzl. 2020. Assessing Measurement Model Quality in PLS-SEM Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. Journal of Business Research 109 (March): 101–10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
[27] Hair, Joe, G. Tomas M. Hult, Christian M. Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt. 2021. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Third edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
[28] Han, C. 2020. State Council Report on Rural Industry Development. Available Online, 2020.
[29] Henseler, J., T. K. Dijkstra, M. Sarstedt, C. M. Ringle, A. Diamantopoulos, D. W. Straub, D. J. Ketchen, J. F. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, and R. J. Calantone. 2014. Common Beliefs and Reality about Partial Least Squares. Organizational Research Methods 17 (2): 182–209.
[30] Hidayana, Fransiska Fila, IGAO Suryawardani, and Agung Suryawan Wiranatha. 2019. The Influence of Tourists’ Motivation on Intention to Revisit at The Traditional Village of Prai Ijing, Waikabubak, West Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. E-Journal of Tourism 6 (2): 303–21.
[31] Huang, Chenglin. 2006. Tourism Culture. Anhui: Anhui People’s Publishing House.
[32] Huang, Songshan, and Cathy H. C. Hsu. 2009. Effects of Travel Motivation, Past Experience, Perceived Constraint, and Attitude on Revisit Intention. Journal of Travel Research 48 (1): 29–44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508328793
[33] Islamy, Muhammad Reza, Juliani Dyah Trisnawati, and Siti Rahayu. 2022. The Effect of Perceived Service Quality, Perceived Value, Destination Image, Attitude to Visiting Behavior, Tourist Satisfaction on Tourist Loyalty. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business 3 (1): 35–48.
[34] Jeong, Yunduk, and Sukkyu Kim. 2020. A Study of Event Quality, Destination Image, Perceived Value, Tourist Satisfaction, and Destination Loyalty among Sport Tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32 (4): 940–60. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1108/apjml-02-2019-0101
[35] Jin, Naehyun, Sangmook Lee, and Hyuckgi Lee. 2015. “The Effect of Experience Quality on Perceived Value, Satisfaction, Image and Behavioral Intention of Water Park Patrons: New versus Repeat Visitors. International Journal of Tourism Research 17 (1): 82–95. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1002/jtr.1968
[36] Job, Hubert, and Ferdinand Paesler. 2013. Links between Nature-Based Tourism, Protected Areas, Poverty Alleviation and Crises—The Example of Wasini Island (Kenya). Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 1: 18–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2013.04.004
[37] Jridi, Kaouther, Rania Klouj, and Fatma Bakini. 2014. Experiential Perceived Quality of a Tourist Destination: Effects on Satisfaction and Loyalty of the Tourist: Case: Saharan Tourism in Tunisia. Available at SSRN 2482544.
[38] Khan, Mohammad Jamal, Shankar Chelliah, Firoz Khan, and Saba Amin. 2019. Perceived Risks, Travel Constraints and Visit Intention of Young Women Travelers: The Moderating Role of Travel Motivation. Tourism Review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2018-0116
[39] Kiatkawsin, Kiattipoom, and Heesup Han. 2017. An Alternative Interpretation of Attitude and Extension of the Value–Attitude–Behavior Hierarchy: The Destination Attributes of Chiang Mai, Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22 (5): 481–500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1276466
[40] Kiatkawsin, Kiattipoom, and Heesup Han. 2019. What Drives Customers’ Willingness to Pay Price Premiums for Luxury Gastronomic Experiences at Michelin-Starred Restaurants? International Journal of Hospitality Management 82: 209–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.024
[41] Kusdibyo, Lusianus. 2022. Tourist Loyalty to Hot Springs Destination: The Role of Tourist Motivation, Destination Image, and Tourist Satisfaction. Leisure/Loisir 46 (3): 381–408. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2021.1986420
[42] Li, Xiaoying, and Chen Wang. 2023. Understanding the Relationship between Tourists’ Perceptions of the Authenticity of Traditional Village Cultural Landscapes and Behavioural Intentions, Mediated by Memorable Tourism Experiences and Place Attachment. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 28 (3): 254–73. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2217959
[43] Lin, Chien-Hsin, and Beryl Zi-Lin Kuo. 2016. The Behavioral Consequences of Tourist Experience. Tourism Management Perspectives 18 (April): 84–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.017
[44] Liu, T., B. Lin, and W. Chen. 2022. Research on the Perception of Red Cultural Landscape Based on Structural Equation Model. China Gard 38: 99–103. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.19775/j.cla.2022.02.0099
[45] Long, Hualou, and Shuangshuang Tu. 2018. Theoretical Cognition of Rural Reconstruction. Advances in Geographical Sciences 37 (05): 581–90.
[46] Lv, Xuechang. 2017. Study on the Interactive Relationship between Traditional Village Protection and Tourism Development. Jinan: Shandong Jianzhu University.
[47] Ma, Jing, Guanqiu Liu, Mei-Po Kwan, and Yanwei Chai. 2021. Does Real-Time and Perceived Environmental Exposure to Air Pollution and Noise Affect Travel Satisfaction? Evidence from Beijing, China. Travel Behaviour and Society 24: 313–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.05.004
[48] Martínez, Quintana, Fons Sanagustín, and Gregory Blanco. 2018. Cultural Landscapes as Images of Destination: Perception and Valuation as Tourist Product. PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16 (4): 873–87.
[49] Mouratidis, Kostas, Dick Ettema, and Petter Næss. 2019. Urban Form, Travel Behavior, and Travel Satisfaction. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 129: 306–20.
[50] Ni, Chaoqi, Yiqian Zhang, and Chuwen Chen. 2023. Influence of Landscape Perception on Tourists’ Intention to Revisit Rural Boutique Lines. Landscape Architecture 30 (5): 100–108. DOI:https://doi.org/DOI:10.12409/j.fjyl.202205240309
[51] Oliver, Richard L. 1980. A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Marketing Research 17 (4): 460–69.
[52] Olya, Hossein GT, Choong-Ki Lee, Yong-Ki Lee, and Yvette Reisinger. 2019. What Are the Triggers of Asian Visitor Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Korean Heritage Site? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 47: 195–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.11.002
[53] Oppermann, Martin. 1998. Destination Threshold Potential and the Law of Repeat Visitation. Journal of Travel Research 37 (2): 131–37.
[54] Oriade, Ade, and Peter Schofield. 2019. An Examination of the Role of Service Quality and Perceived Value in Visitor Attraction Experience. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management 11: 1–9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.10.002
[55] Pan, Xiaofeng, Soora Rasouli, and Harry Timmermans. 2021. Investigating Tourist Destination Choice: Effect of Destination Image from Social Network Members. Tourism Management 83: 104217. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104217
[56] Park, Sangwon, Jin-Soo Lee, and Juan L. Nicolau. 2020. Understanding the Dynamics of the Quality of Airline Service Attributes: Satisfiers and Dissatisfiers. Tourism Management 81 (December): 104163. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104163
[57] Paulose, Daly, and Ayesha Shakeel. 2022. Perceived Experience, Perceived Value and Customer Satisfaction as Antecedents to Loyalty among Hotel Guests. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism 23 (2): 447–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1884930
[58] Pivac, Tatjana, Ivana Blesic, Sanja Kovacic, Snezana Besermenji, and Miha Lesjak. 2019. Visitors’ Satisfaction, Perceived Quality, and Behavioral Intentions: The Case Study of Exit Festival. Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 69 (2): 123–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI1902123P
[59] Podsakoff, Philip M., and Dennis W. Organ. 1986. Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management 12: 531–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
[60] Prayag, Girish, and Chris Ryan. 2012. Antecedents of Tourists’ Loyalty to Mauritius: The Role and Influence of Destination Image, Place Attachment, Personal Involvement, and Satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research 51 (3): 342–56. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1177/0047287511410321
[61] Rakić, Tijana, and Donna Chambers. 2011. Introducing Visual Methods to Tourism Studies. In An Introduction to Visual Research Methods in Tourism, 3–14. Routledge.
[62] Ranjbarian, Bahram, and Javad Khazaei Pool. 2015. The Impact of Perceived Quality and Value on Tourists’ Satisfaction and Intention to Revisit Nowshahr City of Iran. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism 16 (1): 103–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2015.966295
[63] Soeswoyo, Dina Mayasari, Mellia Jeneetica, Liliana Dewi, Made Handijaya Dewantara, and Putu Swasti Asparini. 2021. Tourism Potential and Strategy to Develop Competitive Rural Tourism in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events 5 (2): 131–41. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/ijaste.v5i2.131-141
[64] Suhartanto, Dwi, Anthony Brien, Ina Primiana, Nono Wibisono, and Ni Nyoman Triyuni. 2020. Tourist Loyalty in Creative Tourism: The Role of Experience Quality, Value, Satisfaction, and Motivation. Current Issues in Tourism 23 (7): 867–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400
[65] Sun, Ying, and Quanfeng Ou. 2021. Research on the Traditional Zoning, Evolution, and Integrated Conservation of Village Cultural Landscapes Based on ‘Production-Living-Ecology Spaces’ – A Case Study of Villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China. Open Geosciences 13 (1): 1303–17. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0279
[66] Suo, Yu, and Jingrong Sun. 2014. The Impact of Urban Historic Cultural Landscape Perception of Tourists Revisit Intention——A Case Study of Confucius Temple in Nanjing. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research 26 (3): 32–39.
[67] Tang, Chengcai, Ziwei Wan, Man Liu, Yuyang Chen, and Ling Feng. 2021. Multi-Agent-Based Traditional Village Cultural Heritage Protection, Inheritance, Perception and Improvement Model. Arid Area Resources and Environment 35 (02): 196–202.
[68] Tieskens, Koen F., et al. 2017. Characterizing European Cultural Landscapes: Accounting for Structure, Management Intensity and Value of Agricultural and Forest Landscapes. Land Use Policy 62 (March): 29–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.12.001
[69] Wang, Jun, Yunpeng Li, Bihu Wu, and Yao Wang. 2021. Tourism Destination Image Based on Tourism User Generated Content on Internet. Tourism Review 76 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1108/TR-04-2019-0132
[70] Wang, Xin. 2022. Artificial Intelligence in the Protection and Inheritance of Cultural Landscape Heritage in Traditional Village. Scientific Programming 2022: 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9117981
[71] Wu, Hung-Che, Ching-Chan Cheng, and Chi-Han Ai. 2017. A Study of Experiential Quality, Equity, Happiness, Rural Image, Experiential Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions for the Rural Tourism Industry in China. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration 18 (4): 393–428. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2017.1289138
[72] Wu, Lingling, and Tetsuo Shimizu. 2020. Analyzing Dynamic Change of Tourism Destination Image under the Occurrence of a Natural Disaster: Evidence from Japan. Current Issues in Tourism 23 (16): 2042–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1747993
[73] Yang, Weili, Bing Fan, Jingbo Tan, Jing Lin, and Teng Shao. 2022. The Spatial Perception and Spatial Feature of Rural Cultural Landscape in the Context of Rural Tourism. Sustainability 14 (7): 4370. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074370
[74] Yang, Yili, Yuxing Chen, Yueyan Liu, Tianyou He, and Lingyan Chen. 2023. Evaluation and Optimization of Cultural Perception of Coastal Greenway Landscape Based on Structural Equation Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20 (3): 2540. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032540
[75] Yu, Yanghang, et al. 2023. Tourist Perceived Value, Tourist Satisfaction, and Life Satisfaction: Evidence From Chinese Buddhist Temple Tours. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research 47 (1): 133–52. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211015338
[76] Zeithaml, Valarie A. 1988. Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing 52 (3): 2–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
[77] Zhang, Qunsong, Eunyoung Kim, Cuixia Yang, and Fucun Cao. 2023. Rural Revitalization: Sustainable Strategy for the Development of Cultural Landscape of Traditional Villages through Optimized IPA Approach. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 13 (1): 66–86.
[78] Zhou, Hao, and Lirong Long. 2004. Statistical Remedies for Common Method Biases. Advances in Psychological Science 12 (06): 942.
[79] Zhou, Jingjing, Shanshan Wu, Xiaojing Wu, and Xiumin Xia. 2023. Cultural Landscape Perception of the Chinese Traditional Settlement: Based on Tourists’ Online Comments. Edited by Jun Yang. PLOS ONE 18 (4): e0283335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283335
[80] Zhou, Meijing, and Hu Yu. 2022. Exploring How Tourist Engagement Affects Destination Loyalty: The Intermediary Role of Value and Satisfaction. Sustainability 14 (3): 1621. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031621
[2] Aebli, Annika, Michael Volgger, and Ross Taplin. 2022. A Two-Dimensional Approach to Travel Motivation in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism 25 (1): 60–75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1906631
[3] Al-Ansi, Amr, and Heesup Han. 2019. Role of Halal-Friendly Destination Performances, Value, Satisfaction, and Trust in Generating Destination Image and Loyalty. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management 13: 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.05.007
[4] Assaker, Guy, Rob Hallak, and Rania El-Haddad. 2017. Re-Examining the Relationships among Perceived Quality, Value, Satisfaction, and Destination Loyalty. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1177/1356766717690572
[5] Baker, Dwayne A., and John L. Crompton. 2000. Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3): 785–804.
[6] Beeho, Alison J., and Richard C. Prentice. 1997. Conceptualizing the Experiences of Heritage Tourists: A Case Study of New Lanark World Heritage Village. Tourism Management 18 (2): 75–87. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00103-3
[7] Buijs, Arjen E., Bas Pedroli, and Yves Luginbühl. 2006. From Hiking through Farmland to Farming in a Leisure Landscape: Changing Social Perceptions of the European Landscape. Landscape Ecology 21: 375–89. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI.10.1007/s10980-005-5223-2
[8] Cao, Limei, Dengming Xie, and Ying Qu. 2023. A Process Perspective on Experience Co-Creation: How Pre-Trip Involvement Prompts Destination Loyalty. Tourism Management 96 (June): 104711. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104711
[9] Charinsarn, Alisara Rungnontarat, Mbaye Fall Diallo, and Christine Lambey-Checchin. 2023. How Do Cultural Factors Affect Loyalty Behaviour in Retailing? The Central Role of Social Proximity. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 51 (4): 523–45.
[10] Chen, Chun-Chu, Ying-Hsiao (Rebecca) Lai, James F. Petrick, and Yueh-Hsiu Lin. 2016. Tourism between Divided Nations: An Examination of Stereotyping on Destination Image. Tourism Management 55 (August): 25–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.012
[11] Chi, Xiaoting, Seul Ki Lee, Young-joo Ahn, and Kiattipoom Kiatkawsin. 2020. Tourist-Perceived Quality and Loyalty Intentions towards Rural Tourism in China. Sustainability 12 (9): 3614. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093614
[12] Chin, Chee Hua. 2022. Empirical Research on the Competitiveness of Rural Tourism Destinations: A Practical Plan for Rural Tourism Industry Post-COVID-19. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality.
[13] Coudounaris, Dafnis N., and Erose Sthapit. 2017. Antecedents of Memorable Tourism Experience Related to Behavioral Intentions. Psychology and Marketing 34 (12): 1084–93. DOI:https://doi.org/DOI:10.1002/mar.21048
[14] Dang, Anrong, Dongmei Zhao, Yang Chen, and Congwei Wang. 2020. Conservation of Cave-Dwelling Village Using Cultural Landscape Gene Theory. Spatial Synthesis: Computational Social Science and Humanities, 97–105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52734-1_8
[15] Dang, An-rong, Yan Zhang, and Yang Chen. 2013. Sustainable-Oriented Study on Conservation Planning of Cave-Dwelling Village Culture Landscape. Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development: Approaches for Achieving Sustainable Urban Form in Asian Cities, 137–53.
[16] Dedeoğlu, Bekir Bora. 2019. Shaping Tourists’ Destination Quality Perception and Loyalty through Destination Country Image: The Importance of Involvement and Perceived Value. Tourism Management Perspectives 29: 105–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.11.006
[17] Demirović, Dunja, Siniša Berjan, Nikola Milentijević, Hamid El Bilali, and Yulia A. Syromiatnikova. 2019. Exploration of Tourist Motivation and Preferred Activities in Rural Areas. Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA 69 (1): 29–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI1901029D
[18] Fang, Yangang, and Jisheng Liu. 2008. Cultural Landscape Evolution of Traditional Agricultural Villages in North China—Case of Qianzhai Village in Shandong Province. Chinese Geographical Science 18 (4): 308–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-008-0308-x
[19] Fernandes, Teresa, and Mariana Cruz. 2016. Dimensions and Outcomes of Experience Quality in Tourism: The Case of Port Wine Cellars. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 31: 371–79. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.05.002
[20] Fornell, Claes, and David F Larcker. 1981. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research.
[21] Franke, George, and Marko Sarstedt. 2019. Heuristics versus Statistics in Discriminant Validity Testing: A Comparison of Four Procedures. Internet Research 29 (3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-12-2017-0515
[22] Fu, Jing, Jialu Zhou, and Yunyuan Deng. 2021. Heritage Values of Ancient Vernacular Residences in Traditional Villages in Western Hunan, China: Spatial Patterns and Influencing Factors. Building and Environment 188: 107473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107473
[23] Gao, Jing, and Bihu Wu. 2017. Revitalizing Traditional Villages through Rural Tourism: A Case Study of Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China. Tourism Management 63 (December): 223–33. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.003
[24] Gao, Jing, Bihu Wu, and Zhifeng Zhao. 2020. Construction of Sustainable Path Model for Traditional Village Tourism Revitalization Based on the Perspective of Cultural Geography. Regional Research and Development 39 (04): 73–78.
[25] Haber, Sigal, and Miri Lerner. 1999. Correlates of Tourist Satisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research 1 (26): 197–201.
[26] Hair, Joe F., Matt C. Howard, and Christian Nitzl. 2020. Assessing Measurement Model Quality in PLS-SEM Using Confirmatory Composite Analysis. Journal of Business Research 109 (March): 101–10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
[27] Hair, Joe, G. Tomas M. Hult, Christian M. Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt. 2021. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Third edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
[28] Han, C. 2020. State Council Report on Rural Industry Development. Available Online, 2020.
[29] Henseler, J., T. K. Dijkstra, M. Sarstedt, C. M. Ringle, A. Diamantopoulos, D. W. Straub, D. J. Ketchen, J. F. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, and R. J. Calantone. 2014. Common Beliefs and Reality about Partial Least Squares. Organizational Research Methods 17 (2): 182–209.
[30] Hidayana, Fransiska Fila, IGAO Suryawardani, and Agung Suryawan Wiranatha. 2019. The Influence of Tourists’ Motivation on Intention to Revisit at The Traditional Village of Prai Ijing, Waikabubak, West Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. E-Journal of Tourism 6 (2): 303–21.
[31] Huang, Chenglin. 2006. Tourism Culture. Anhui: Anhui People’s Publishing House.
[32] Huang, Songshan, and Cathy H. C. Hsu. 2009. Effects of Travel Motivation, Past Experience, Perceived Constraint, and Attitude on Revisit Intention. Journal of Travel Research 48 (1): 29–44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287508328793
[33] Islamy, Muhammad Reza, Juliani Dyah Trisnawati, and Siti Rahayu. 2022. The Effect of Perceived Service Quality, Perceived Value, Destination Image, Attitude to Visiting Behavior, Tourist Satisfaction on Tourist Loyalty. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business 3 (1): 35–48.
[34] Jeong, Yunduk, and Sukkyu Kim. 2020. A Study of Event Quality, Destination Image, Perceived Value, Tourist Satisfaction, and Destination Loyalty among Sport Tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32 (4): 940–60. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1108/apjml-02-2019-0101
[35] Jin, Naehyun, Sangmook Lee, and Hyuckgi Lee. 2015. “The Effect of Experience Quality on Perceived Value, Satisfaction, Image and Behavioral Intention of Water Park Patrons: New versus Repeat Visitors. International Journal of Tourism Research 17 (1): 82–95. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1002/jtr.1968
[36] Job, Hubert, and Ferdinand Paesler. 2013. Links between Nature-Based Tourism, Protected Areas, Poverty Alleviation and Crises—The Example of Wasini Island (Kenya). Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 1: 18–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2013.04.004
[37] Jridi, Kaouther, Rania Klouj, and Fatma Bakini. 2014. Experiential Perceived Quality of a Tourist Destination: Effects on Satisfaction and Loyalty of the Tourist: Case: Saharan Tourism in Tunisia. Available at SSRN 2482544.
[38] Khan, Mohammad Jamal, Shankar Chelliah, Firoz Khan, and Saba Amin. 2019. Perceived Risks, Travel Constraints and Visit Intention of Young Women Travelers: The Moderating Role of Travel Motivation. Tourism Review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2018-0116
[39] Kiatkawsin, Kiattipoom, and Heesup Han. 2017. An Alternative Interpretation of Attitude and Extension of the Value–Attitude–Behavior Hierarchy: The Destination Attributes of Chiang Mai, Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22 (5): 481–500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1276466
[40] Kiatkawsin, Kiattipoom, and Heesup Han. 2019. What Drives Customers’ Willingness to Pay Price Premiums for Luxury Gastronomic Experiences at Michelin-Starred Restaurants? International Journal of Hospitality Management 82: 209–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.024
[41] Kusdibyo, Lusianus. 2022. Tourist Loyalty to Hot Springs Destination: The Role of Tourist Motivation, Destination Image, and Tourist Satisfaction. Leisure/Loisir 46 (3): 381–408. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2021.1986420
[42] Li, Xiaoying, and Chen Wang. 2023. Understanding the Relationship between Tourists’ Perceptions of the Authenticity of Traditional Village Cultural Landscapes and Behavioural Intentions, Mediated by Memorable Tourism Experiences and Place Attachment. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 28 (3): 254–73. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2023.2217959
[43] Lin, Chien-Hsin, and Beryl Zi-Lin Kuo. 2016. The Behavioral Consequences of Tourist Experience. Tourism Management Perspectives 18 (April): 84–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.017
[44] Liu, T., B. Lin, and W. Chen. 2022. Research on the Perception of Red Cultural Landscape Based on Structural Equation Model. China Gard 38: 99–103. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.19775/j.cla.2022.02.0099
[45] Long, Hualou, and Shuangshuang Tu. 2018. Theoretical Cognition of Rural Reconstruction. Advances in Geographical Sciences 37 (05): 581–90.
[46] Lv, Xuechang. 2017. Study on the Interactive Relationship between Traditional Village Protection and Tourism Development. Jinan: Shandong Jianzhu University.
[47] Ma, Jing, Guanqiu Liu, Mei-Po Kwan, and Yanwei Chai. 2021. Does Real-Time and Perceived Environmental Exposure to Air Pollution and Noise Affect Travel Satisfaction? Evidence from Beijing, China. Travel Behaviour and Society 24: 313–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.05.004
[48] Martínez, Quintana, Fons Sanagustín, and Gregory Blanco. 2018. Cultural Landscapes as Images of Destination: Perception and Valuation as Tourist Product. PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16 (4): 873–87.
[49] Mouratidis, Kostas, Dick Ettema, and Petter Næss. 2019. Urban Form, Travel Behavior, and Travel Satisfaction. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 129: 306–20.
[50] Ni, Chaoqi, Yiqian Zhang, and Chuwen Chen. 2023. Influence of Landscape Perception on Tourists’ Intention to Revisit Rural Boutique Lines. Landscape Architecture 30 (5): 100–108. DOI:https://doi.org/DOI:10.12409/j.fjyl.202205240309
[51] Oliver, Richard L. 1980. A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Marketing Research 17 (4): 460–69.
[52] Olya, Hossein GT, Choong-Ki Lee, Yong-Ki Lee, and Yvette Reisinger. 2019. What Are the Triggers of Asian Visitor Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Korean Heritage Site? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 47: 195–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.11.002
[53] Oppermann, Martin. 1998. Destination Threshold Potential and the Law of Repeat Visitation. Journal of Travel Research 37 (2): 131–37.
[54] Oriade, Ade, and Peter Schofield. 2019. An Examination of the Role of Service Quality and Perceived Value in Visitor Attraction Experience. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management 11: 1–9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.10.002
[55] Pan, Xiaofeng, Soora Rasouli, and Harry Timmermans. 2021. Investigating Tourist Destination Choice: Effect of Destination Image from Social Network Members. Tourism Management 83: 104217. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104217
[56] Park, Sangwon, Jin-Soo Lee, and Juan L. Nicolau. 2020. Understanding the Dynamics of the Quality of Airline Service Attributes: Satisfiers and Dissatisfiers. Tourism Management 81 (December): 104163. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104163
[57] Paulose, Daly, and Ayesha Shakeel. 2022. Perceived Experience, Perceived Value and Customer Satisfaction as Antecedents to Loyalty among Hotel Guests. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism 23 (2): 447–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.1884930
[58] Pivac, Tatjana, Ivana Blesic, Sanja Kovacic, Snezana Besermenji, and Miha Lesjak. 2019. Visitors’ Satisfaction, Perceived Quality, and Behavioral Intentions: The Case Study of Exit Festival. Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 69 (2): 123–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI1902123P
[59] Podsakoff, Philip M., and Dennis W. Organ. 1986. Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management 12: 531–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
[60] Prayag, Girish, and Chris Ryan. 2012. Antecedents of Tourists’ Loyalty to Mauritius: The Role and Influence of Destination Image, Place Attachment, Personal Involvement, and Satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research 51 (3): 342–56. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1177/0047287511410321
[61] Rakić, Tijana, and Donna Chambers. 2011. Introducing Visual Methods to Tourism Studies. In An Introduction to Visual Research Methods in Tourism, 3–14. Routledge.
[62] Ranjbarian, Bahram, and Javad Khazaei Pool. 2015. The Impact of Perceived Quality and Value on Tourists’ Satisfaction and Intention to Revisit Nowshahr City of Iran. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism 16 (1): 103–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2015.966295
[63] Soeswoyo, Dina Mayasari, Mellia Jeneetica, Liliana Dewi, Made Handijaya Dewantara, and Putu Swasti Asparini. 2021. Tourism Potential and Strategy to Develop Competitive Rural Tourism in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events 5 (2): 131–41. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/ijaste.v5i2.131-141
[64] Suhartanto, Dwi, Anthony Brien, Ina Primiana, Nono Wibisono, and Ni Nyoman Triyuni. 2020. Tourist Loyalty in Creative Tourism: The Role of Experience Quality, Value, Satisfaction, and Motivation. Current Issues in Tourism 23 (7): 867–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400
[65] Sun, Ying, and Quanfeng Ou. 2021. Research on the Traditional Zoning, Evolution, and Integrated Conservation of Village Cultural Landscapes Based on ‘Production-Living-Ecology Spaces’ – A Case Study of Villages in Meicheng, Guangdong, China. Open Geosciences 13 (1): 1303–17. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0279
[66] Suo, Yu, and Jingrong Sun. 2014. The Impact of Urban Historic Cultural Landscape Perception of Tourists Revisit Intention——A Case Study of Confucius Temple in Nanjing. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research 26 (3): 32–39.
[67] Tang, Chengcai, Ziwei Wan, Man Liu, Yuyang Chen, and Ling Feng. 2021. Multi-Agent-Based Traditional Village Cultural Heritage Protection, Inheritance, Perception and Improvement Model. Arid Area Resources and Environment 35 (02): 196–202.
[68] Tieskens, Koen F., et al. 2017. Characterizing European Cultural Landscapes: Accounting for Structure, Management Intensity and Value of Agricultural and Forest Landscapes. Land Use Policy 62 (March): 29–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.12.001
[69] Wang, Jun, Yunpeng Li, Bihu Wu, and Yao Wang. 2021. Tourism Destination Image Based on Tourism User Generated Content on Internet. Tourism Review 76 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/DOI:10.1108/TR-04-2019-0132
[70] Wang, Xin. 2022. Artificial Intelligence in the Protection and Inheritance of Cultural Landscape Heritage in Traditional Village. Scientific Programming 2022: 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9117981
[71] Wu, Hung-Che, Ching-Chan Cheng, and Chi-Han Ai. 2017. A Study of Experiential Quality, Equity, Happiness, Rural Image, Experiential Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions for the Rural Tourism Industry in China. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration 18 (4): 393–428. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2017.1289138
[72] Wu, Lingling, and Tetsuo Shimizu. 2020. Analyzing Dynamic Change of Tourism Destination Image under the Occurrence of a Natural Disaster: Evidence from Japan. Current Issues in Tourism 23 (16): 2042–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1747993
[73] Yang, Weili, Bing Fan, Jingbo Tan, Jing Lin, and Teng Shao. 2022. The Spatial Perception and Spatial Feature of Rural Cultural Landscape in the Context of Rural Tourism. Sustainability 14 (7): 4370. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074370
[74] Yang, Yili, Yuxing Chen, Yueyan Liu, Tianyou He, and Lingyan Chen. 2023. Evaluation and Optimization of Cultural Perception of Coastal Greenway Landscape Based on Structural Equation Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20 (3): 2540. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032540
[75] Yu, Yanghang, et al. 2023. Tourist Perceived Value, Tourist Satisfaction, and Life Satisfaction: Evidence From Chinese Buddhist Temple Tours. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research 47 (1): 133–52. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211015338
[76] Zeithaml, Valarie A. 1988. Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing 52 (3): 2–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200302
[77] Zhang, Qunsong, Eunyoung Kim, Cuixia Yang, and Fucun Cao. 2023. Rural Revitalization: Sustainable Strategy for the Development of Cultural Landscape of Traditional Villages through Optimized IPA Approach. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 13 (1): 66–86.
[78] Zhou, Hao, and Lirong Long. 2004. Statistical Remedies for Common Method Biases. Advances in Psychological Science 12 (06): 942.
[79] Zhou, Jingjing, Shanshan Wu, Xiaojing Wu, and Xiumin Xia. 2023. Cultural Landscape Perception of the Chinese Traditional Settlement: Based on Tourists’ Online Comments. Edited by Jun Yang. PLOS ONE 18 (4): e0283335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283335
[80] Zhou, Meijing, and Hu Yu. 2022. Exploring How Tourist Engagement Affects Destination Loyalty: The Intermediary Role of Value and Satisfaction. Sustainability 14 (3): 1621. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031621
Published
2023-12-08
How to Cite
SHEN, Huaheng et al.
Impact of the Perceived Quality of Traditional Villages’ Cultural Landscapes on Tourists’ Loyalty.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 7, p. 2853 - 2870, dec. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8238>. Date accessed: 03 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.7(71).04.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.