Tourism and Gender: Safety for Women Travelers, Enhancing Gender Equality and Combating Violence Against Women
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze the safety of women tourists, which includes strategies for promoting gender equality and combating violence against women in the tourism industry with specific reference to the context of Kazakhstan. The article outlines the essential strategies for breaking barriers and fostering a gender-equal environment in the tourism industry. It stresses the importance of comprehensive training programs, supportive work environments, policies and programs that support women's leadership and representation in decision-making processes in tourism, addressing the wage gap, creating a safe environment, establishing policies and procedures for handling complaints and offering assistance to victims. Documentary analysis methodology involved the systematic examination and interpretation of relevant documents, reports, publications, international conventions, and declarations related to gender equality and violence against women in the tourism sector. The findings of this study underline the significance of collaboration with various stakeholders including governments, tourism organizations, businesses, and civil society, and advocacy for legal reforms in creating systemic change. The documentary analysis revealed key strategies for ensuring the safety of women travelers. This includes implementing technological and security innovations, such as mobile applications for security and video monitoring. Additionally, it is crucial to offer women-only transportation and accommodation options. Gender-sensitive training was also identified as an essential component for tourism professionals.
References
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[3] Altynbassov, B., Bayanbayeva, A., Issabekov, B., Barlykov, Y., Akhmetov, B., Zhankubayev, B., and Shokhanova, I. 2022. Academic Tourism as an Emerging Tourism Industry in Kazakhstan. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.6(62).13
[4] Altynbassov, B., Myrzatayev, N., Barlykov, Y., Kozhabekov, S., Nazikova, Z., Narenova, A., and Bayanbayeva, A. 2021. The establishment of international university campuses as a key factor in the development of local tourism in the Turkestan region in Kazakhstan: Economic and legal aspects. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v12.6(54).03
[5] Aragón Falomir, J. 2022. Women, violence and tourism: modes of domination in the Mexican Caribbean. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 47(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2022.2110784
[6] Bayanbayeva, A., and Altynbassov, B. 2020. Aspectos teóricos de la subrepresentación de las mujeres en el liderazgo de la educación superior. Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores. https://doi.org/10.46377/dilemas.v7i.2380
[7] Brooks, A., and Heaslip, V. 2019. Sex trafficking and sex tourism in a globalised world. Tourism Review, 74(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2017-0017
[8] Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N., Torres, A., and Wahl, A. 2018. Women at the top of tourism organizations: Views from the glass roof. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2018.1449551
[9] Casado-Díaz, J. M., Driha, O., and Simón, H. 2022. The Gender Wage Gap in Hospitality: New Evidence from Spain. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 63(3), 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965520971273
[10] Chen, H. S., Severt, K., Shin, Y. H., and DiPietro, R. B. 2021. Invisible yet powerful: the unseen obstacles women leaders face in their hospitality careers. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2021.1872258
[11] Cheung, C., Baum, T., and Hsueh, A. 2018. Workplace sexual harassment: exploring the experience of tour leaders in an Asian context. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(13). https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1281235
[12] Díaz-Meneses, G., Vilkaitė-Vaitonė, N., and Estupiñan-Ojeda, M. 2020. Gaining insight into violence from gender stereotypes and sexist attitudes in the context of tourism. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229405
[13] Duffy, L. N., Kline, C. S., Mowatt, R. A., and Chancellor, H. C. 2015. Women in tourism: Shifting gender ideology in the DR. Annals of Tourism Research, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.017
[14] Eger, C. 2021. Gender matters: Rethinking violence in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103143
[15] Fleming, S. S. 2015. Déjà Vu? An Updated Analysis of the Gender Wage Gap in the U.S. Hospitality Sector. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 56(2), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965514567680
[16] Ghaderi, Z., Tavakoli, R., Bagheri, F., and Pavee, S. 2023. The role of gender equality in Iranian female tourism entrepreneurs’ success. Tourism Recreation Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2168857
[17] Ghai, A., and Chowdhri, S. 2022. Study On Hotel Trends Designed for Single Lady Travelers. PUSA Journal of Hospitality and Applied Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.48165/pjhas.2022.8.1.4
[18] Grans, L. 2018. The Istanbul convention and the positive obligation to prevent violence. Human Rights Law Review, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngx041
[19] Handaragama, S., and Kusakabe, K. 2021. Participation of women in business associations: A case of small-scale tourism enterprises in Sri Lanka. Heliyon, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08303
[20] Issabekov, B., Bayanbayeva, A., Altynbassov, B., and Barlykov, Y. 2022. University-business cooperation as a key factor in innovative economic development in Kazakhstan. Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v13.1(25).07
[21] Jurasz, O. 2015. The Istanbul Convention: A New Chapter in Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women. Australian Law Journal, 89(9).
[22] Khairullayeva, V., Sarybayev, M., Kuzembayeva, A., Yermekbayev, A., and Baikushikova, G. 2022. Gender Policy in Kazakhstan. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 24(1).
[23] Khoo-Lattimore, C., and Gibson, H. J. 2018. Understanding women’s accommodation experiences on girlfriend getaways: a pragmatic action research approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1068745
[24] King, A. 2019. UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. In The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118929803.ewac0505
[25] Kuzhabekova, A., and Almukhambetova, A. 2021. Women’s progression through the leadership pipeline in the universities of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Compare, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2019.1599820
[26] Lozinska, S. 2021. Istanbul convention and the latest approach to preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. Economics. Finances. Law, 9. https://doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.9.6
[27] Mpu, Y., and Adu, E. O. 2021. Gender-based Violence and Gender Impacts in Tourism. In Gender and Tourism: Challenges and Entrepreneurial Opportunities. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-322-320211005
[28] Mullins, L. B. 2018. CEDAW: The Challenges of Enshrining Women’s Equality in International Law. Public Integrity, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1381542
[29] Muñoz-Bullón, F. 2009. The gap between male and female pay in the Spanish tourism industry. Tourism Management, 30(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.11.007
[30] Navarro Cejas, M., Cejas Martinez, M. F., Aldáz, S. H. M., and Mendoza Velazco, D. J. 2021. The right to gender equality in tourism in the context of pandemic covid-19 in the canton riobamba, ecuador. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v12.6(54).06
[31] Pugh, R., Hamilton, E., Soetanto, D., Jack, S., Gibbons, A., and Ronan, N. 2022. Nuancing the roles of entrepreneurial universities in regional economic development. Studies in Higher Education, 47(5), 964–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2055320
[32] Remington, J., and Kitterlin-Lynch, M. 2018. Still pounding on the glass ceiling: A study of female leaders in hospitality, travel, and tourism management. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2017.1328259
[33] Rinaldi, A., and Salerno, I. 2020. The tourism gender gap and its potential impact on the development of the emerging countries. Quality and Quantity, 54(5–6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00881-x
[34] Sanggyeong Je, J. 2023. Tourism and gender-based violence – challenging inequalities. Tourism Geographies, 25(2–3). https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1925734
[35] Segovia-Pérez, M., Figueroa-Domecq, C., Fuentes-Moraleda, L., and Muñoz-Mazón, A. 2019. Incorporating a gender approach in the hospitality industry: Female executives’ perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.008
[36] Zelinska, H., Andrusiv, U., Daliak, N., Dovgal, O., and Lagodiienko, V. 2021. Sustainable Development: Trends in Ukraine and the World. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.5(53).03
[37] Council of Europe. 2019. Gender identity, gender-based violence and human rights. In Gender Matters. Manual on addressing gender-based violence affecting young people.
[38] Global Report on Women in Tourism – Second Edition. 2019. In Global Report on Women in Tourism – Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420384
[39] OECD. 2017. Kazakhstan OECD Gender Policy Delivery Review. https://www.oecd.org/gov/Gender-Highlights-Kazakhstan.pdf
[40] The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. 2021. A review of the effectiveness of legislation protecting women from violence across the Commonwealth.
[41] UNWTO. 2022. Gender-inclusive Strategy for Tourism Businesses. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284423262
[42] World Economic Forum. 2022. Travel and Tourism Development Index 2021. Medrxiv.Org.
[43] World Economic Forum. 2023. Global Gender Gap Report 2023. In World Economic Forum (Issue June).
[44] World Health Organization. 2013. Global and regional estimates of violence against women Executive Summary.
Published
2023-09-29
How to Cite
BAYANBAYEVA, Aigerim et al.
Tourism and Gender: Safety for Women Travelers, Enhancing Gender Equality and Combating Violence Against Women.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 6, p. 2725 - 2734, sep. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8092>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.6(70).20.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.