Post-COVID-19 Community-Based Tourism Sustainable Development in China. Study Case of Hebian Village
Abstract
China’s tourism sector has seen the effects of the worldwide COVID-19 outbreak. Community-based tourism has arisen as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism, benefiting local communities economically while preserving the environment and cultural heritage. Using Hebian Village as a case study, this study investigates the post-COVID-19 sustainable development of CBT in China. The study employs a qualitative methodology, including field observation and semi-structured interviews with community members, tourists, and tourism experts. The findings of this study indicate that Hebian Village has the potential for the sustainable development of CBT, as it possesses unique natural and cultural resources, and its residents are ardent about promoting tourism while maintaining their traditional way of life. Inadequate crisis management, a lack of marketing and managerial skills, and restricted access to funds are all preventing the expansion of CBT in Hebian Village. The study proposes some suggestions for the development of CBT that include the crisis of COVID-19, community participation, market orientation, and government support. CBT has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of rural regions in China, but it requires a concerted effort on the part of all stakeholders, including the government, local communities, and tourism industry actors.
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[3] Attride-Stirling, Jennifer. 2001. Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative research 1 (3): 385-405. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307.
[4] Beirman, David. 2020. Restoring tourism destinations in crisis: A strategic marketing approach. Routledge.
[5] Bharwani, Sonia, and David Mathews. 2021. Post-pandemic pressures to pivot: tech transformations in luxury hotels. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 13 (5): 569-583. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2021-0072.
[6] Bogoch, Isaac I, Alexander Watts, Andrea Thomas-Bachli, Carmen Huber, Moritz UG Kraemer, and Kamran Khan. 2020. Potential for global spread of a novel coronavirus from China. Journal of travel medicine 27 (2): taaa011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa011
[7] Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3 (2): 77-101.
[8] Brunt, Paul, and Paul Courtney. 1999. Host perceptions of sociocultural impacts. Annals of tourism Research 26 (3): 493-515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00003-1
[9] Chakravarty, Urjani, Gulab Chand, and Udaya Narayana Singh. 2021. Millennial travel vlogs: emergence of a new form of virtual tourism in the post-pandemic era? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 13 (5): 666-676. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2021-0077
[10] Chhabra, Arvind, Mehak Munjal, Prabhu Chandra Mishra, Kritika Singh, Debjanee Das, Neha Kuhar, and Monika Vats. 2021. Medical tourism in the Covid-19 era: opportunities, challenges and the way ahead. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2021-0078
[11] Choi, HwanSuk Chris, and Ercan Sirakaya. 2006. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism management 27 (6): 1274-1289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.018
[12] Dangi, Tek B, and Tazim Jamal. 2016. An integrated approach to “sustainable community-based tourism”. Sustainability 8 (5): 475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475
[13] Dass, M., and H. McDermott. 2020. Travel and tourism: Global potential impact of the coronavirus. Tourism Economics: An Oxford Economics Company 1 (10).
[14] Denzin, Norman K, and Yvonna S Lincoln. 2011. The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Sage.
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[18] Gupta, Vikas, and Garima Sahu. 2021. Reviving the Indian hospitality industry after the Covid-19 pandemic: the role of innovation in training. Worldwide hospitality and tourism themes 13 (5): 599-609. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2021-0065
[19] Hekmat, Nasim, Makhabbat Ramazanova, Jorge Marques, and Joana Alegria Quintela. 2022. Wellness Tourism Experience on the Rise Post COVID: Behavioural Demand Trends and Expectations. In Planning and Managing the Experience Economy in Tourism, 215-237. IGI Global.
[20] Kim, Kyungmi, Muzaffer Uysal, and M Joseph Sirgy. 2013. How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents? Tourism management 36: 527-540. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.005
[21] Kyriakakis, Alkiviadis, and Dimitrios Tzirakis. 2020. Tourism in the post Covid-19 era: An opportunity for expansion of the tourism season; The case of Crete. HAPSc Policy Briefs Series 1 (1): 227-237. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.24970
[22] Lee, Tsung Hung, and Fen-Hauh Jan. 2019. Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management 70: 368-380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
[23] Lee, Tsung Hung. 2013. Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism management 34: 37-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.007
[24] Lepp, Andrew. 2007. Residents’ attitudes towards tourism in Bigodi village, Uganda. Tourism management 28 (3): 876-885. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.004
[25] Liu, Chui-Hua, Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, Ming-Huei Lee, and Po-Yen Lee. 2013. Improving metro–airport connection service for tourism development: Using hybrid MCDM models. Tourism Management Perspectives 6: 95-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.09.004
[26] Liu, Hsian-Ming. 2021. Effect of partnership quality on SMEs success: Mediating role of coordination capability and organisational agility. Total quality management and business excellence 32 (15-16): 1786-1802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2020.1773782
[27] Liu, Yang, Peng Cheng, and Zhe OuYang. 2019. Disaster risk, risk management, and tourism competitiveness: A cross‐nation analysis. International Journal of Tourism Research 21 (6): 855-867. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2310
[28] López-Guzmán, Tomás, Sandra Sánchez-Cañizares, and Víctor Pavón. 2011. Community-based tourism in developing countries: A case study. Tourismos 6 (1): 69-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26215/tourismos.v6i1.196
[29] Majumdar, Raju. 2021. Surviving and growing in the post-Covid world: the case of Indian hotels. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 13 (5): 584-598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2021-0064
[30] Miguel, Cristina, Anna Pechurina, Berna Kirkulak-Uludag, Maria Hadjielia Drotarova, Kosjenka Dumančić, Ivana Načinović Braje, and Carlo Giglio. 2022. Short-term rental market crisis management during the COVID-19 pandemic: Stakeholders’ perspectives. International Journal of Hospitality Management 102: 103147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103147
[31] Mikušová, Marie, and Petra Horváthová. 2019. Prepared for a crisis? Basic elements of crisis management in an organisation. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja 32 (1): 1844-1868. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1640625
[32] Moser, Albine, and Irene Korstjens. 2018. Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection and analysis. European journal of general practice 24 (1): 9-18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091
[33] Mtapuri, Oliver, and Andrea Giampiccoli. 2016. Towards a comprehensive model of community-based tourism development. South African Geographical Journal Suid-Afrikaanse Geografiese Tydskrif 98 (1): 154-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2014.977813
[34] Njie, Baboucarr, and Soaib Asimiran. 2014. Case study as a choice in qualitative methodology. Journal of Research and Method in Education 4 (3): 35-40.
[35] Nurbayani, S, and FN Asyahidda. 2021. The new era of tourism: Draw up tourism industry after the pandemic. In Promoting Creative Tourism: Current Issues in Tourism Research, 636-640. Routledge.
[36] Ohe, Yasuo, and Shinichi Kurihara. 2013. Evaluating the complementary relationship between local brand farm products and rural tourism: Evidence from Japan. Tourism Management 35: 278-283. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.003
[37] Ohe, Yasuo, and Yasuo Ohe. 2020. Impact of rural tourism operated by retiree farmers on multifunctionality. Community-based Rural Tourism and Entrepreneurship: A Microeconomic Approach: 87-105. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0383-2_5
[38] Ohe, Yasuo. 2008. Impact of rural tourism operated by retiree farmers on multifunctionality: Evidence from Chiba, Japan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 13 (4): 343-356. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660802420945
[39] Palinkas, Lawrence A, Sarah M Horwitz, Carla A Green, Jennifer P Wisdom, Naihua Duan, and Kimberly Hoagwood. 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and policy in mental health and mental health services research 42: 533-544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
[40] Pathak, Vibha, Bijayini Jena, and Sanjay Kalra. 2013. Qualitative research. Perspectives in clinical research 4 (3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.115389
[41] Permana, Asep Yudi, Aathira Farah Salsabilla Permana, and Karto Wijaya. 2021. Model of Virtual Tourism as an Alternative of the Concept of Architecture Tourism Post Covid-19 in Bandung City, Indonesia. Tourism: 211.
[42] Qiao, Guanghui, Hanqi Song, Songhe Hou, and Jinyi Xu. 2023. Enhancing Literature Review and Understanding Under Global Pandemic. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy: 143-158.
[43] Reggers, Amy, Simone Grabowski, Stephen L Wearing, Paul Chatterton, and Stephen Schweinsberg. 2016. Exploring outcomes of community-based tourism on the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea: a longitudinal study of Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 24 (8-9): 1139-1155. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145229
[44] Ritchie, Brent W. 2009. Crisis and disaster management for tourism. In Crisis and disaster management for tourism. Channel View Publications.
[45] Roe, Peter, Victor Hrymak, and Frederic Dimanche. 2014. Assessing environmental sustainability in tourism and recreation areas: a risk-assessment-based model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22 (2): 319-338. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.815762
[46] Rosenthal, Meagen. 2016. Qualitative research methods: Why, when, and how to conduct interviews and focus groups in pharmacy research. Currents in pharmacy teaching and learning 8 (4): 509-516. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2016.03.021
[47] Sandelowski, Margarete. 2004. Using qualitative research. Qualitative health research 14 (10): 1366-1386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304269672.
[48] Teh, Lydia, and Annadel S Cabanban. 2007. Planning for sustainable tourism in southern Pulau Banggi: An assessment of biophysical conditions and their implications for future tourism development. Journal of environmental management 85 (4): 999-1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.11.005
[49] Thompson, Cameron, Teresa Johnson, and Samuel Hanes. 2016. Vulnerability of fishing communities undergoing gentrification. Journal of Rural Studies 45: 165-174. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.008
[50] Tiwari, Shweta, and Gunjan M Sanjeev. 2021. Conclusion: emerging issues for Indian hospitality and tourism businesses: How are managers responding to the COVID-19 pandemic? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 13 (5): 677-682. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2021-0085
[51] Wang, Chin Chin, Carl Cater, and Tiffany Low. 2016. Political challenges in community-based ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 24 (11): 1555-1568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1125908
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Published
2023-09-01
How to Cite
QU, Mingjing; WONG, Wong Ming.
Post-COVID-19 Community-Based Tourism Sustainable Development in China. Study Case of Hebian Village.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 5, p. 2440 - 2452, sep. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/8030>. Date accessed: 17 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.5(69).25.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.