Overtourism in a City Destination from the Perspective of Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Wroclaw, Poland
Abstract
This study investigates how overtourism, as perceived by entrepreneurs operating in the local tourism economy, manifests itself in a large city – Wroclaw (Poland). Data were collected via a questionnaire in November 2021. The study reveals overtourism symptoms in Wroclaw, while their influence on selected city features is not recognized by entrepreneurs as a threat. Negative and positive effects of tourism in Wroclaw are identified on the basis of research that considered (via nonprobability sampling) the opinions of entrepreneurial representatives participating in tourism organization and service from several sectors of the tourism economy. The findings presented here will help mitigate the above issues while neutralizing the threat of overtourism and its negative impacts.
References
[1] Abbasian, S., Onn, G., and Arnautovic, D. 2020. Overtourism in Dubrovnik in the eyes of local tourism employees: A qualitative study. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1): 1775944. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1775944
[2] Alexis, P. 2017. Over-tourism and anti-tourist sentiment: An exploratory analysis and discussion. “Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 17(2): 288–293. Available at: https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/2017-2/Section%20III/25.pdf
[3] Amore, A., Falk, M., and Adie, B. A. 2020. One visitor too many: Assessing the degree of overtourism in established European urban destinations. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(1): 117–137. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2019-0152
[4] Atzori, R. 2020. Destination stakeholders’ perceptions of overtourism impacts, causes, and responses: The case of Big Sur, California. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 17: 100440. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100440
[5] Baum, T., and Hai, N. T. T. 2020. Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(7): 2397–2407. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2020-0242
[6] Bausch, T., Gartner, W. C., and Ortanderl, F. 2020. How to avoid a COVID-19 research paper tsunami? A tourism system approach. Journal of Travel Research published online. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520972805
[7] Becken, S., and Simmons, D. G. 2019. Stakeholder management: Different interests and different actions. In R. Dodds and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (234–249). De Gruyter.
[8] Becker, E. 2013. Overbooked: The exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon & Schuster.
[9] Benner, M. 2020. The decline of tourist destinations: An evolutionary perspective on overtourism. Sustainability, 12(9): 3653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093653
[10] Borzyszkowski, J. 2018. Overtourism w turystyce kulturowej. Turystyka Kulturowa, 2: 134–150. Available at: http://www.turystykakulturowa.org/ojs/index.php/tk/article/viewFile/954/804 (in Polish)
[11] Bouchon, F., and Rauscher, M. 2019. Cities and tourism, a love and hate story; towards a conceptual framework for urban overtourism management. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4): 598–619. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0080
[12] Butler, R.W., and Dodds, R. 2022. Overcoming overtourism: a review of failure. Tourism Review, 77(1): 35-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2021-0215
[13] Cañada, E. 2019. Responses to overtourism in Guanacaste (Costa Rica): A rural water conflict perspective. In R. Dodds and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (107–124). De Gruyter.
[14] Colomb, C., and Novy, J. (Eds.). 2016. Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge.
[15] Cooke, P., Nunes, S., Oliva., S., and Lazzeretti, L. 2022. Open innovation, soft branding and green influencers: critiquing ‘fast fashion’ and ‘overtourism’. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010052
[16] Cruz, R. G., and Legaspi, G. F. A. 2019. Boracay beach closure: The role of the government and the private sector. In R. Dodds and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (95–110). De Gruyter.
[17] Devkota, N., Paudel, U. R., and Bhandari, U. 2020. Tourism entrepreneurs’ expectation from the provincial government in touristic city – Pokhara, Nepal. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(3): 329–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2019-0082
[18] Dodds, R., and Butler, R. W. 2019a. Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions. De Gruyter.
[19] Dodds, R., and Butler, R. W. 2019b. The phenomena of overtourism: A review. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4): 519–528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090
[20] Dredge, D. 2017. “Overtourism” Old wine in new bottles? Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overtourism-old-wine-new-bottles-dianne-dredge
[21] Eichelberger, S., Peters, M., Pikkemaat, B., and Chan, C.-S. 2020. Entrepreneurial ecosystems in smart cities for tourism development: From stakeholder perceptions to regional tourism policy implications. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45: 319–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.011
[22] Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., and Andargoli, A. E. 2020. International tourism and outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19): A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, published online. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520931593
[23] Fedyk, W., Sołtysik, M., Olearnik, J., Barwicka, K., and Mucha, A. 2020. How overtourism threatens large urban areas: A case study of the city of Wrocław, Poland. Sustainability, 12(5): 1783. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051783
[24] Forlicz, M., Rólczyński, T., and Markiewicz-Patkowska, J. 2017. Charakter zagrożeń w ruchu turystycznym a skłonność do ubezpieczania się. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 500: 21–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.500.02 (in Polish)
[25] Galar, R., Roman, G., and Waszkiewicz, J. 2006. Strategia „Wrocław w perspektywie 2020 plus”. Urząd Miasta Wrocławia. (in Polish)
[26] García-Hernández, M., Ivars-Baidal, J., and Mendoza de Miguel, S. 2019. Overtourism in urban destinations: the myth of smart solutions. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 83(2830): 1–38. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.2830
[27] Godovykh, M., and Ridderstaat, J. 2020. Health outcomes of tourism development: A longitudinal study of the impact of tourism arrivals on residents’ health. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 17: 100462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100462
[28] González, A. T. 2018. Venice: the problem of overtourism and the impact of cruises. Investigaciones Regionales – Journal of Regional Research, 42: 35–51. Available at: https://investigacionesregionales.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/01/03-TRANCOSO.pdf
[29] Goodgrer, D., and Kieran, F. 2020. City tourism outlook and ranking: coronavirus impacts and recovery. Tourism Economics. Available at: https://resources.oxfordeconomics.com/hubfs/City-Tourism-Outlook-and-Ranking.pdf
[30] Goodwin, H. 2017. The challenge of overtourism. Available at: https://haroldgoodwin.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/rtpwp4overtourism012017.pdf
[31] Gössling, S. 2020. Risks, resilience, and pathways to sustainable aviation: A COVID-19 perspective. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89: 101933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101933
[32] Gowreesunkar, V., and Seraphin, H. 2019. Conclusion: local communities’ quality of life: what strategy to address overtourism? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 627–633. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0042
[33] Hess, J. S. 2019. Thailand: Too popular for its own good. In R. Dodds, and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (111-124). De Gruyter.
[34] Hospers, G.J. 2019. Overtourism in European cities: From challenges to coping strategies. CESifo Forum, 20(3): 20–24. Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/216242/1/CESifo-Forum-2019-03-p20-24.pdf
[35] Ivars-Baidal, J. A., García Hernández, M., and Mendoza de Miguel, S. 2019. Integrating overtourism in the smart tourism cities agenda. e-Review of Tourism Research, 17(2): 122–139. Available at: https://ertr-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/ertr/article/view/500/142
[36] Jang, H., and Park, M. 2020. Social media, media and urban transformation in the context of overtourism. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(1): 233–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2019-0145
[37] Kepher-Gona, J. 2019. Tourism in Africa: Is overtourism evident? In R. Dodds, and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (148–151). De Gruyter.
[38] Koens, K. 2018. Dealing with overtourism in European cities. Breda University.
[39] Koens, K., Postma, A., and Papp, B. 2018. Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12): 4384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
[40] Koh, E. 2020. The end of over-tourism? Opportunities in a post-covid-19 world. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4): 1015–1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2020-0080
[41] Kruczek, Z. 2018. Turyści vs. mieszkańcy. Wpływ nadmiernej frekwencji turystów na proces gentryfikacji miast historycznych na przykładzie Krakowa. Turystyka Kulturowa, 3: 29–41. Available at: http://turystykakulturowa.org/ojs/index.php/tk/article/view/956 (in Polish)
[42] Kruczek, Z. 2019. Ways to counteract the negative effects of overtourism at tourist attractions and destinations. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio B, 74: 45–57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2019.74.45-57
[43] Kruczek, Z., and Szromek, A. R. 2020. The identification of values in business models of tourism enterprises in the context of the phenomenon of overtourism. Sustainability, 12(4): 1457. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041457
[44] Kruczek, Z., Walas, B., and Chromy, J. 2019. Od euforii do irytacji. Analiza postaw mieszkańców Krakowa, hotelarzy i restauratorów wobec dalszego rozwoju turystyki. In M. Zowisło and J. Kosikiewicz (Eds.), Sport i turystyka w perspektywie nauk społecznych: Tradycja i współczesność (287–298). AWF Kraków, (in Polish)
[45] Kubicki, P. 2017. Wpływ studentyfikacji i turystyfikacji na społeczno-kulturową przestrzeń miasta. Miasto. Pamięć i Przyszłość, 2: 63–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26774/mpp.35 (in Polish)
[46] Lehto, X., Davari, D., and Park, S. (2020). Transforming the guest-host relationship: A convivial tourism approach. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4): 1069–1088. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2020-0121
[47] Liberatore, G., Biagioni, P., Talia, V., and Francini, C. 2019. Overtourism in cities of art: A framework for measuring tourism carrying capacity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3481717
[48] Lidzbarski, T. 2020. Overtourism: poza granicami sukcesu. Funkcje i dysfunkcje turystyki na greckiej wyspie Zakynthos. Turystyka Kulturowa, 115(4): 7–46. Available at: http://turystykakulturowa.org/ojs/index.php/tk/article/view/1146 (in Polish)
[49] Maingi, S.W. 2019. Sustainable tourism certification, local governance and management in dealing with overtourism in East Africa. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 532–551. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0034
[50] McCool, S. F., and Lime, D.W. 2001. Tourism carrying capacity: Tempting fantasy or useful reality? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(5): 372-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667409
[51] McHugh, M. L. 2013. The chi-square test of independence. Biochemia Medica, 23(2): 143–149. DOI:https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2013.018
[52] Mhanna, R., Blake, A., and Jones, I. 2019. Spreading tourists around host countries of mega sport events. A strategy to overcome overtourism in host cities. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 611–626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0040
[53] Milano, C. 2017. Overtourism y turismofobia: Tendencias globales y contextos locales. Ostelea School of Tourism & Hospitality, Available at: http://www.aept.org/archivos/documentos/ostelea_informe_overtourism_y_turismofobia.pdf
[54] Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., and Novelli, M. (Eds.). 2019. Overtourism: Excesses, discontents and measures in travel and tourism. CABI.
[55] Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., and Novelli, N. 2018. Overtourism: A growing global problem. The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/overtourism-a-growing-global-problem-100029
[56] Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., and Galí, N. 2018. Overtourism: residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity – case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3): 277–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0138
[57] Murzyn-Kupisz, M., and Hołuj, D. 2020. Museums and coping with overtourism. Sustainability, 12(5): 2054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052054
[58] Namberger, P., Jackisch, S., Schmude, J., and Karl, M. 2019. Overcrowding, overtourism and local level disturbance: How much can Munich handle? Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 452–472. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1595706
[59] Nientied, P. 2020. Rotterdam and the question of new urban tourism. International Journal of Tourism Cities, published online. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-03-2020-0033
[60] Nijs, V. 2017. Resident attitudes towards tourism. Testing the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS) in Bruges. Master thesis. MODUL University. Available at: https://www.modul.ac.at/uploads/files/Theses/Master/MBA_2018/Vincent_Nijs_-_Resident_attitudes_Bruges_-_thesis_text.pdf
[61] Oklevik, O., Gössling, S., Hall, M. C., Jacobsen, J. K. S., Grøtte, I. P., and McCabe, S. 2019. Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: A case study of activities in Fjord Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12): 1804–1824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1533020
[62] Okumus, F., van Niekerk, M., Koseoglu, M. A., and Bilgihan, A. 2018. Interdisciplinary research in tourism. Tourism Management, 69: 540–549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.016
[63] Olearnik, J., Oleśniewicz, P., Fedyk, W., and Pluta, J. 2017. Koncepcja rozwoju turystyki we Wrocławiu do 2023 roku. Urząd Miasta Wrocławia. (in Polish)
[64] Panayiotopoulos, A., and Pisano, C. 2019. Overtourism dystopias and socialist utopias: Towards an urban armature for Dubrovnik. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 393–410. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1569123
[65] Park, H., and Kovacs, J. F. 2020. Arts-led revitalization, overtourism and community responses: Ihwa Mural Village, Seoul. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36: 100729. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100729
[66] Pinke-Sziva, I., Smith, M., Olt, G., and Berezvai, Z. 2019. Overtourism and the night-time economy: a case study of Budapest. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(1): 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2018-0028
[67] Plichta, G. 2018. The problem of short-term rental as a manifestation of the overtourism effect on the housing market in the historical city of Krakow. Świat Nieruchomości, 106(4): 57–64. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14659/WOREJ.2018.106.008
[68] Plichta, J. 2019. The co-management and stakeholders theory as a useful approach to manage the problem of overtourism in historical cities – illustrated with an example of Krakow. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4): 685–699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2018-0107
[69] Russo, A. P., and Scarnato, A. 2018. “Barcelona in common”: A new urban regime for the 21st century tourist city? Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(4): 455–474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1373023
[70] Santos-Rojo C., Llopis-Amorós, M., and García-García, J.M. 2023: Overtourism and sustainability: A bibliometric study (2018–2021). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 188, 122285. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122285
[71] Sarantokou, E., and Terkenli, T. S. 2019. Non-institutionalized forms of tourism accommodation and overtourism impacts on the landscape: The case of Santorini, Greece. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 411–433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1569122
[72] Saveriades, A. 2000. Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the east coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tourist Management, 21(2): 147–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00044-8
[73] Šegota, T., Mihalič, T., and Kuščer, K. 2017. The impact of residents’ informedness and involvement on their perceptions of tourism impacts: The case of Bled. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(3): 196–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.03.007
[74] Seraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V., Zaman, M., and Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S. 2019a. Community based festivals as a tool to tackle tourismphobia and antitourism movements. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 39: 219–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.12.001
[75] Seraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V., Zaman, M., and Lorey, T. 2019b. Limitations of Trexit (tourism exit) as a solution to overtourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 566–581. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0037
[76] Seraphin, H., Zaman, M., Olver, S., Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S., and Dosquet, F. 2019c. Destination branding and overtourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 38: 1–4. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.11.003
[77] Sigala, M. 2020. Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117: 312–321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
[78] Smith, M. K., Sziva, I. P., and Olt, G. 2019. Overtourism and resident resistance in Budapest. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 376–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1595705
[79] Sommer, C., and Helbrecht, I. 2017. Seeing like a tourist city: how administrative constructions of conflictive urban tourism shape its future. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(2): 157–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2017-0037
[80] Szromek, A. R., Kruczek, Z., and Walas, B. 2020. The attitude of tourist destination residents towards the effects of overtourism – Kraków case study. Sustainability, 12(1): 228. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010228
[81] Vegnuti, R. 2020. Cinque Terre, Italy – a case of place branding: from opportunity to problem for tourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 12(4): 471–483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2020-0032
[82] Walas, B. 2019a. Krakowscy przedsiębiorcy turystyczni wobec pandemii COVID-19. Zeszyty Naukowe WSTiE, 16(2): 32–43, https://zn.wste.edu.pl/images/zn16.pdf (in Polish)
[83] Walas, B. 2019b. Turystyczny najem krótkoterminowy w ocenie interesariuszy lokalnych. Biuletyn KPZK PAN, 275: 49–62. Available at: http://journals.pan.pl/Content/115435/PDF/049_062_Walas.pdf?handler=pdf (in Polish)
[84] Walas, B., and Kruczek, Z. 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Kraków in the eyes of tourism entrepreneurs. Studia Periegetica, 30(2): 79–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3664
[85] Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., and Liu, F. 2020. COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1): 74–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2020-0110
[86] Wendt, M., Sæþórsdóttir, A.D., and Waage, E.R.H 2022. A break from overtourism: domestic tourists reclaiming nature during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(3): 788–802. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3030048
[87] Yuval, F. 2022. To compete or cooperate? Intermunicipal management of overtourism. Journal of Travel Research, 61(6): 1327–1341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211025088
[88] Zmyślony, P., and Pilarczyk, M. 2020. Identification of overtourism in Poznań through the analysis of social conflicts. Studia Periegetica, 30(2): 9–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3169
[89] Beeline Research & Consulting. 2018. Badanie ruchu turystycznego we Wrocławiu. Urząd Miasta Wrocławia. (in Polish)
[90] Center for Responsible Travel (CREST). (2018). What is overtourism? Available at: https://www.worldtourismdayforum.com/2018about
[91] European Parliament. 2018. Research for TRAN Committee – Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses. Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, PE: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/629184/IPOL_STU(2018)629184_EN.pdf
[92] GUS. 2020. Bank danych lokalnych. Available at: https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/start (in Polish)
[93] OECD. 2020. Rebuilding tourism for the future: COVID-19 policy responses and recovery. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/rebuilding-tourism-for-the-future-covid-19-policy-responses-and-recovery-bced9859/
[94] Opracowanie koncepcji metodologicznej oraz wykonanie badań ilościowych i jakościowych ruchu turystycznego na Dolnym Śląsku w układzie powiatowym, Available at: http://www.przetargi.egospodarka.pl/593154_Opracowanie-koncepcji-metodologicznej-oraz-wykonanie-badan-ilosciowych-i-jakosciowych-ruchuturystycznego-na-Dolnym-Slasku-w-ukladzie-powiatowym_2019_2.html (in Polish)
[95] Strategia Wrocław 2030. 2017. Available at: https://www.wroclaw.pl/rozmawia/strategia/Strategia_2030.pdf (in Polish)
[96] UNWTO. 2018. ‘Overtourism’? Understanding and managing urban tourism growth beyond perceptions. Available at: www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419999
[2] Alexis, P. 2017. Over-tourism and anti-tourist sentiment: An exploratory analysis and discussion. “Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 17(2): 288–293. Available at: https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/2017-2/Section%20III/25.pdf
[3] Amore, A., Falk, M., and Adie, B. A. 2020. One visitor too many: Assessing the degree of overtourism in established European urban destinations. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(1): 117–137. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2019-0152
[4] Atzori, R. 2020. Destination stakeholders’ perceptions of overtourism impacts, causes, and responses: The case of Big Sur, California. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 17: 100440. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100440
[5] Baum, T., and Hai, N. T. T. 2020. Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(7): 2397–2407. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2020-0242
[6] Bausch, T., Gartner, W. C., and Ortanderl, F. 2020. How to avoid a COVID-19 research paper tsunami? A tourism system approach. Journal of Travel Research published online. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520972805
[7] Becken, S., and Simmons, D. G. 2019. Stakeholder management: Different interests and different actions. In R. Dodds and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (234–249). De Gruyter.
[8] Becker, E. 2013. Overbooked: The exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon & Schuster.
[9] Benner, M. 2020. The decline of tourist destinations: An evolutionary perspective on overtourism. Sustainability, 12(9): 3653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093653
[10] Borzyszkowski, J. 2018. Overtourism w turystyce kulturowej. Turystyka Kulturowa, 2: 134–150. Available at: http://www.turystykakulturowa.org/ojs/index.php/tk/article/viewFile/954/804 (in Polish)
[11] Bouchon, F., and Rauscher, M. 2019. Cities and tourism, a love and hate story; towards a conceptual framework for urban overtourism management. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4): 598–619. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0080
[12] Butler, R.W., and Dodds, R. 2022. Overcoming overtourism: a review of failure. Tourism Review, 77(1): 35-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2021-0215
[13] Cañada, E. 2019. Responses to overtourism in Guanacaste (Costa Rica): A rural water conflict perspective. In R. Dodds and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (107–124). De Gruyter.
[14] Colomb, C., and Novy, J. (Eds.). 2016. Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge.
[15] Cooke, P., Nunes, S., Oliva., S., and Lazzeretti, L. 2022. Open innovation, soft branding and green influencers: critiquing ‘fast fashion’ and ‘overtourism’. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010052
[16] Cruz, R. G., and Legaspi, G. F. A. 2019. Boracay beach closure: The role of the government and the private sector. In R. Dodds and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (95–110). De Gruyter.
[17] Devkota, N., Paudel, U. R., and Bhandari, U. 2020. Tourism entrepreneurs’ expectation from the provincial government in touristic city – Pokhara, Nepal. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(3): 329–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2019-0082
[18] Dodds, R., and Butler, R. W. 2019a. Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions. De Gruyter.
[19] Dodds, R., and Butler, R. W. 2019b. The phenomena of overtourism: A review. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4): 519–528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090
[20] Dredge, D. 2017. “Overtourism” Old wine in new bottles? Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overtourism-old-wine-new-bottles-dianne-dredge
[21] Eichelberger, S., Peters, M., Pikkemaat, B., and Chan, C.-S. 2020. Entrepreneurial ecosystems in smart cities for tourism development: From stakeholder perceptions to regional tourism policy implications. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45: 319–329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.011
[22] Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., and Andargoli, A. E. 2020. International tourism and outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19): A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, published online. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520931593
[23] Fedyk, W., Sołtysik, M., Olearnik, J., Barwicka, K., and Mucha, A. 2020. How overtourism threatens large urban areas: A case study of the city of Wrocław, Poland. Sustainability, 12(5): 1783. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051783
[24] Forlicz, M., Rólczyński, T., and Markiewicz-Patkowska, J. 2017. Charakter zagrożeń w ruchu turystycznym a skłonność do ubezpieczania się. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 500: 21–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.500.02 (in Polish)
[25] Galar, R., Roman, G., and Waszkiewicz, J. 2006. Strategia „Wrocław w perspektywie 2020 plus”. Urząd Miasta Wrocławia. (in Polish)
[26] García-Hernández, M., Ivars-Baidal, J., and Mendoza de Miguel, S. 2019. Overtourism in urban destinations: the myth of smart solutions. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 83(2830): 1–38. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.2830
[27] Godovykh, M., and Ridderstaat, J. 2020. Health outcomes of tourism development: A longitudinal study of the impact of tourism arrivals on residents’ health. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 17: 100462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100462
[28] González, A. T. 2018. Venice: the problem of overtourism and the impact of cruises. Investigaciones Regionales – Journal of Regional Research, 42: 35–51. Available at: https://investigacionesregionales.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/01/03-TRANCOSO.pdf
[29] Goodgrer, D., and Kieran, F. 2020. City tourism outlook and ranking: coronavirus impacts and recovery. Tourism Economics. Available at: https://resources.oxfordeconomics.com/hubfs/City-Tourism-Outlook-and-Ranking.pdf
[30] Goodwin, H. 2017. The challenge of overtourism. Available at: https://haroldgoodwin.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/rtpwp4overtourism012017.pdf
[31] Gössling, S. 2020. Risks, resilience, and pathways to sustainable aviation: A COVID-19 perspective. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89: 101933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101933
[32] Gowreesunkar, V., and Seraphin, H. 2019. Conclusion: local communities’ quality of life: what strategy to address overtourism? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 627–633. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0042
[33] Hess, J. S. 2019. Thailand: Too popular for its own good. In R. Dodds, and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (111-124). De Gruyter.
[34] Hospers, G.J. 2019. Overtourism in European cities: From challenges to coping strategies. CESifo Forum, 20(3): 20–24. Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/216242/1/CESifo-Forum-2019-03-p20-24.pdf
[35] Ivars-Baidal, J. A., García Hernández, M., and Mendoza de Miguel, S. 2019. Integrating overtourism in the smart tourism cities agenda. e-Review of Tourism Research, 17(2): 122–139. Available at: https://ertr-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/ertr/article/view/500/142
[36] Jang, H., and Park, M. 2020. Social media, media and urban transformation in the context of overtourism. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(1): 233–260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2019-0145
[37] Kepher-Gona, J. 2019. Tourism in Africa: Is overtourism evident? In R. Dodds, and R. W. Butler (Eds.), Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions (148–151). De Gruyter.
[38] Koens, K. 2018. Dealing with overtourism in European cities. Breda University.
[39] Koens, K., Postma, A., and Papp, B. 2018. Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12): 4384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
[40] Koh, E. 2020. The end of over-tourism? Opportunities in a post-covid-19 world. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4): 1015–1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2020-0080
[41] Kruczek, Z. 2018. Turyści vs. mieszkańcy. Wpływ nadmiernej frekwencji turystów na proces gentryfikacji miast historycznych na przykładzie Krakowa. Turystyka Kulturowa, 3: 29–41. Available at: http://turystykakulturowa.org/ojs/index.php/tk/article/view/956 (in Polish)
[42] Kruczek, Z. 2019. Ways to counteract the negative effects of overtourism at tourist attractions and destinations. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio B, 74: 45–57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2019.74.45-57
[43] Kruczek, Z., and Szromek, A. R. 2020. The identification of values in business models of tourism enterprises in the context of the phenomenon of overtourism. Sustainability, 12(4): 1457. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041457
[44] Kruczek, Z., Walas, B., and Chromy, J. 2019. Od euforii do irytacji. Analiza postaw mieszkańców Krakowa, hotelarzy i restauratorów wobec dalszego rozwoju turystyki. In M. Zowisło and J. Kosikiewicz (Eds.), Sport i turystyka w perspektywie nauk społecznych: Tradycja i współczesność (287–298). AWF Kraków, (in Polish)
[45] Kubicki, P. 2017. Wpływ studentyfikacji i turystyfikacji na społeczno-kulturową przestrzeń miasta. Miasto. Pamięć i Przyszłość, 2: 63–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26774/mpp.35 (in Polish)
[46] Lehto, X., Davari, D., and Park, S. (2020). Transforming the guest-host relationship: A convivial tourism approach. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4): 1069–1088. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-06-2020-0121
[47] Liberatore, G., Biagioni, P., Talia, V., and Francini, C. 2019. Overtourism in cities of art: A framework for measuring tourism carrying capacity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3481717
[48] Lidzbarski, T. 2020. Overtourism: poza granicami sukcesu. Funkcje i dysfunkcje turystyki na greckiej wyspie Zakynthos. Turystyka Kulturowa, 115(4): 7–46. Available at: http://turystykakulturowa.org/ojs/index.php/tk/article/view/1146 (in Polish)
[49] Maingi, S.W. 2019. Sustainable tourism certification, local governance and management in dealing with overtourism in East Africa. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 532–551. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0034
[50] McCool, S. F., and Lime, D.W. 2001. Tourism carrying capacity: Tempting fantasy or useful reality? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(5): 372-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667409
[51] McHugh, M. L. 2013. The chi-square test of independence. Biochemia Medica, 23(2): 143–149. DOI:https://doi.org/10.11613/bm.2013.018
[52] Mhanna, R., Blake, A., and Jones, I. 2019. Spreading tourists around host countries of mega sport events. A strategy to overcome overtourism in host cities. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 611–626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0040
[53] Milano, C. 2017. Overtourism y turismofobia: Tendencias globales y contextos locales. Ostelea School of Tourism & Hospitality, Available at: http://www.aept.org/archivos/documentos/ostelea_informe_overtourism_y_turismofobia.pdf
[54] Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., and Novelli, M. (Eds.). 2019. Overtourism: Excesses, discontents and measures in travel and tourism. CABI.
[55] Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., and Novelli, N. 2018. Overtourism: A growing global problem. The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/overtourism-a-growing-global-problem-100029
[56] Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., and Galí, N. 2018. Overtourism: residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity – case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3): 277–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2017-0138
[57] Murzyn-Kupisz, M., and Hołuj, D. 2020. Museums and coping with overtourism. Sustainability, 12(5): 2054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052054
[58] Namberger, P., Jackisch, S., Schmude, J., and Karl, M. 2019. Overcrowding, overtourism and local level disturbance: How much can Munich handle? Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 452–472. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1595706
[59] Nientied, P. 2020. Rotterdam and the question of new urban tourism. International Journal of Tourism Cities, published online. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-03-2020-0033
[60] Nijs, V. 2017. Resident attitudes towards tourism. Testing the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS) in Bruges. Master thesis. MODUL University. Available at: https://www.modul.ac.at/uploads/files/Theses/Master/MBA_2018/Vincent_Nijs_-_Resident_attitudes_Bruges_-_thesis_text.pdf
[61] Oklevik, O., Gössling, S., Hall, M. C., Jacobsen, J. K. S., Grøtte, I. P., and McCabe, S. 2019. Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: A case study of activities in Fjord Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12): 1804–1824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1533020
[62] Okumus, F., van Niekerk, M., Koseoglu, M. A., and Bilgihan, A. 2018. Interdisciplinary research in tourism. Tourism Management, 69: 540–549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.016
[63] Olearnik, J., Oleśniewicz, P., Fedyk, W., and Pluta, J. 2017. Koncepcja rozwoju turystyki we Wrocławiu do 2023 roku. Urząd Miasta Wrocławia. (in Polish)
[64] Panayiotopoulos, A., and Pisano, C. 2019. Overtourism dystopias and socialist utopias: Towards an urban armature for Dubrovnik. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 393–410. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1569123
[65] Park, H., and Kovacs, J. F. 2020. Arts-led revitalization, overtourism and community responses: Ihwa Mural Village, Seoul. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36: 100729. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100729
[66] Pinke-Sziva, I., Smith, M., Olt, G., and Berezvai, Z. 2019. Overtourism and the night-time economy: a case study of Budapest. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(1): 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2018-0028
[67] Plichta, G. 2018. The problem of short-term rental as a manifestation of the overtourism effect on the housing market in the historical city of Krakow. Świat Nieruchomości, 106(4): 57–64. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14659/WOREJ.2018.106.008
[68] Plichta, J. 2019. The co-management and stakeholders theory as a useful approach to manage the problem of overtourism in historical cities – illustrated with an example of Krakow. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4): 685–699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2018-0107
[69] Russo, A. P., and Scarnato, A. 2018. “Barcelona in common”: A new urban regime for the 21st century tourist city? Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(4): 455–474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1373023
[70] Santos-Rojo C., Llopis-Amorós, M., and García-García, J.M. 2023: Overtourism and sustainability: A bibliometric study (2018–2021). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 188, 122285. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122285
[71] Sarantokou, E., and Terkenli, T. S. 2019. Non-institutionalized forms of tourism accommodation and overtourism impacts on the landscape: The case of Santorini, Greece. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 411–433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1569122
[72] Saveriades, A. 2000. Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the east coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tourist Management, 21(2): 147–156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00044-8
[73] Šegota, T., Mihalič, T., and Kuščer, K. 2017. The impact of residents’ informedness and involvement on their perceptions of tourism impacts: The case of Bled. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(3): 196–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.03.007
[74] Seraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V., Zaman, M., and Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S. 2019a. Community based festivals as a tool to tackle tourismphobia and antitourism movements. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 39: 219–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.12.001
[75] Seraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V., Zaman, M., and Lorey, T. 2019b. Limitations of Trexit (tourism exit) as a solution to overtourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5): 566–581. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2019-0037
[76] Seraphin, H., Zaman, M., Olver, S., Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S., and Dosquet, F. 2019c. Destination branding and overtourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 38: 1–4. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.11.003
[77] Sigala, M. 2020. Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117: 312–321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
[78] Smith, M. K., Sziva, I. P., and Olt, G. 2019. Overtourism and resident resistance in Budapest. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 376–392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1595705
[79] Sommer, C., and Helbrecht, I. 2017. Seeing like a tourist city: how administrative constructions of conflictive urban tourism shape its future. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(2): 157–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2017-0037
[80] Szromek, A. R., Kruczek, Z., and Walas, B. 2020. The attitude of tourist destination residents towards the effects of overtourism – Kraków case study. Sustainability, 12(1): 228. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010228
[81] Vegnuti, R. 2020. Cinque Terre, Italy – a case of place branding: from opportunity to problem for tourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 12(4): 471–483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2020-0032
[82] Walas, B. 2019a. Krakowscy przedsiębiorcy turystyczni wobec pandemii COVID-19. Zeszyty Naukowe WSTiE, 16(2): 32–43, https://zn.wste.edu.pl/images/zn16.pdf (in Polish)
[83] Walas, B. 2019b. Turystyczny najem krótkoterminowy w ocenie interesariuszy lokalnych. Biuletyn KPZK PAN, 275: 49–62. Available at: http://journals.pan.pl/Content/115435/PDF/049_062_Walas.pdf?handler=pdf (in Polish)
[84] Walas, B., and Kruczek, Z. 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Kraków in the eyes of tourism entrepreneurs. Studia Periegetica, 30(2): 79–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3664
[85] Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., and Liu, F. 2020. COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1): 74–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2020-0110
[86] Wendt, M., Sæþórsdóttir, A.D., and Waage, E.R.H 2022. A break from overtourism: domestic tourists reclaiming nature during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(3): 788–802. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3030048
[87] Yuval, F. 2022. To compete or cooperate? Intermunicipal management of overtourism. Journal of Travel Research, 61(6): 1327–1341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211025088
[88] Zmyślony, P., and Pilarczyk, M. 2020. Identification of overtourism in Poznań through the analysis of social conflicts. Studia Periegetica, 30(2): 9–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3169
[89] Beeline Research & Consulting. 2018. Badanie ruchu turystycznego we Wrocławiu. Urząd Miasta Wrocławia. (in Polish)
[90] Center for Responsible Travel (CREST). (2018). What is overtourism? Available at: https://www.worldtourismdayforum.com/2018about
[91] European Parliament. 2018. Research for TRAN Committee – Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses. Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, PE: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/629184/IPOL_STU(2018)629184_EN.pdf
[92] GUS. 2020. Bank danych lokalnych. Available at: https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/start (in Polish)
[93] OECD. 2020. Rebuilding tourism for the future: COVID-19 policy responses and recovery. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/rebuilding-tourism-for-the-future-covid-19-policy-responses-and-recovery-bced9859/
[94] Opracowanie koncepcji metodologicznej oraz wykonanie badań ilościowych i jakościowych ruchu turystycznego na Dolnym Śląsku w układzie powiatowym, Available at: http://www.przetargi.egospodarka.pl/593154_Opracowanie-koncepcji-metodologicznej-oraz-wykonanie-badan-ilosciowych-i-jakosciowych-ruchuturystycznego-na-Dolnym-Slasku-w-ukladzie-powiatowym_2019_2.html (in Polish)
[95] Strategia Wrocław 2030. 2017. Available at: https://www.wroclaw.pl/rozmawia/strategia/Strategia_2030.pdf (in Polish)
[96] UNWTO. 2018. ‘Overtourism’? Understanding and managing urban tourism growth beyond perceptions. Available at: www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419999
Published
2023-03-31
How to Cite
FEDYK, Wojciech et al.
Overtourism in a City Destination from the Perspective of Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Wroclaw, Poland.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 2, p. 442 - 457, mar. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7693>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.14.2(66).14.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.