Crises and Conflicts on the Way to Sustainable Tourism Development: A Study of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
Abstract
This study aims to measure the sustainable tourism conditions of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, concerning various crises and conflicts inflicted upon it in recent times. Recent crisis studies make it imperative that sustainability should set the bedrock of any industry for its longevity. Following Ko's (2005) tourism sustainability conceptual framework, this study uses a mixed-method approach to map the tourism sustainability of Cox's Bazar. Our studies find that the tourism sustainability in Cox's Bazar hit an intermediate level in the tourism sustainability map suggested by Ko (2005), which depicts that tourism sustainability in Cox's Bazar is neither sustainable nor unsustainable. Lack of reliable crisis response mechanism, lethargic attitudes towards safety and security issues, no control over the market and city development, relaxed attitudes towards the environment and littering in the tourist zones, and Rohingya people's engagement with drug, human trafficking, and flesh trade can be the most significant challenges to the long-term tourism sustainability of Cox's Bazar. However, a time-suited coordinated tourism action plan can put the tourism sustainability of Cox's Bazar back on the pedestal.
References
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[22] Faber, N., Jorna, R. and Van Engelen, J. O. 2005. The sustainability of "sustainability"—A study into the conceptual foundations of the notion of "sustainability". Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 7(01): 1-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333205001955
[23] Fatema, S., et al. 2018. Seawater intrusion caused by unmanaged groundwater uses in a coastal tourist area, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(75): 1-13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7260-6
[24] Gallien, M., and Weigand, F. 2021. Channeling Contraband: How States Shape International Smuggling Routes. Security Studies, 30(1):79-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2021.1885728
[25] Gryz, J., and Kitler, W. eds., 2007. System reagowania kryzysowego. Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne.
[26] Guest, G., Bunce, A. and Johnson, L. 2016. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1): 58-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1525822X05279903
[27] Hall, C.M., Scott, D. and Gössling, S. 2020. Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 577-598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
[28] Hasan, M.E., et al. 2021. Modeling of Forest Ecosystem Degradation Due to Anthropogenic Stress: The Case of Rohingya Influx into the Cox’s Bazar–Teknaf Peninsula of Bangladesh. Environments, 8(11): 121-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8110121
[29] Islam, N., et al. 2022. Exploring Human-Elephant Conflicts and Mitigation Measures in and Around Rohingya Refugee Camps in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh." In Bow Ties in Process Safety and Environmental Management, edited by Anjani Ravi Kiran Gollakota, Sneha Gautam, and Chi-Min Shu. Florida, USA: CRC Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003140382-17
[30] Jahan, N., and Rahman, S. 2016. Factors that obstruct tourism development in Bangladesh. International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7(9): 48-56. Available at: https://ijrcm.org.in/article_info.php?article_id=6963
[31] Jamil, Md. Abdullah Al, and Md. Zillur Rahman Siddique. 2013. Prospects and Problems of Cox’s Bazar Sea Beach as a Tourist Spot of Bangladesh. International Journal of Trade and Commerce, 2(2): 269-277.
[32] Jones, P., and Comfort, D. 2020. The COVID-19 crisis, tourism and sustainable development. Athens Journal of Tourism, 7(2): 75-86. Available at: https://www.athensjournals.gr/tourism/2020-7-2-1-Jones.pdf
[33] Jus, Nejc. “Global Economic Impact Trends.” World Travel and Tourism Council. August 2022. Available at: https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Reports/2022/EIR2022-Global%20Trends.pdf
[34] Keeble, B. R. 1988. The Brundtland report: ‘Our common future’. Medicine and War 4(1): 17-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/07488008808408783
[35] Ko, T.-G. 2003. Development of a tourism sustainability assessment procedure: a conceptual approach. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 3(1): 17-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2003.11434538
[36] Ko, T.-G. 2005. Development of a tourism sustainability assessment procedure: a conceptual approach. Tourism Management, 26(3): 431-445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.12.003
[37] Lagadec, P., and Topper, B. 2012. How Crises Model the Modern World. Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response, 2(1): 21-33. Directory of Open Access Journals.
[38] Lawson, S., Heacock, D. and Stupnytska, A. 2007. Beyond The BRICKS: A Look at The ‘Next 11’, in BRICS and Beyond, edited by Goldman Sachs Global Economics Group, 161-164. Goldman Sachs, 2007. Available at: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/archive/BRICs-and-Beyond.html
[39] Lewis, D. 2019. Humanitarianism, civil society and the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh.” Third World Quarterly, 40(10):1884-1902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1652897
[40] Lu, Li, Junlin Peng, Jing Wu, and Yi Lu. 2021. Perceived impact of the Covid-19 crisis on SMEs in different industry sectors: Evidence from Sichuan, China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 55. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102085
[41] Mazhar, Md K. A., et al. 2021. An outbreak of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) among the Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: Findings from enhanced epidemiological surveillance. PLoS ONE, 16(4). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250505
[42] Mekinc, J., Kociper, T. and Dobovšek, B. 2013. The Impact of Corruption and Organized Crime on the Development of Sustainable Tourism. Varstvoslovje: Journal of Criminal Justice & Security, 15(2): 218–239.
[43] Melotti, M., Ruspini, E. and Marra, E. “Migration, tourism and peace: Lampedusa as a social laboratory. Anatolia 29(2): 215-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1414441
[44] Mondal, Md. S. H. 2017. SWOT Analysis and Strategies to develop sustainable tourism in Bangladesh.” UTMS Journal of Economics, 8(2):159-167. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/195304
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Published
2023-03-31
How to Cite
BHUIYAN, Mohammad Rakib Uddin; BHUIYAN, M. Badruzzaman.
Crises and Conflicts on the Way to Sustainable Tourism Development: A Study of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 2, p. 320 - 334, mar. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7682>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.2(66).03.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.