Springs Distribution and Biophysical Mapping as a Strategy to Preserve Water Sources in Semarang City, Indonesia
Abstract
Springs in Semarang City, concentrated in Gunungpati District, are threatened by urbanization and massive development. It needs to be conserved through comprehensive strategies based on existing conditions. Therefore, this study aims to describe the distribution and biophysical conditions of the springs for water source conservation and sustainability. The study was conducted by identifying and mapping the biophysics condition and vegetation of 114 springs in Gunungpati District, Semarang City. The majority of the springs have low discharge volumes below 1 L/s, which is caused by ecosystem destruction around spring areas. Then, five springs were chosen for sampling, which have fairly good physics-chemical conditions and however polluted with E. coli and coliform bacteria from domestic and agricultural waste. Involving community-based conservation action through revegetating, building up water reservoir infrastructure, providing information boards, and enforcing spring protection culture can increase spring areas preservation. Furthermore, economic, social, and cultural studies on spring protection should be conducted to determine the protection zone priority, analyze the appropriate support system, and threaten potential in water sources sustainability.
References
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[2] Agensi, A., et al. 2019. Contamination potentials of household water handling and storage practices in Kirundo Subcounty, Kisoro District, Uganda. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019: 7932193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7932193
[3] Al-Manmi, D.A.M.A., and Saleh, K.A. 2019. Delineation of spring protection zone and vulnerability mapping of selected springs in Sulaymaniyah area, Kurdistan. Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science, 78(21): 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8632-2
[4] Baechler, F.E., Cross, H.J., and Baechler, L. 2019. The geology and hydrogeology of springs on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada: An overview. Atlantic Geology, 55: 137–161. DOI:https:///doi.org10.4138/atlgeol.2019.004
[5] Batoro, J., Hakim, L., and Rahardi, B. 2020. The perception of sacred trees as proponent of water spring in Malang Regency East Java, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 6(3): 425–430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i3.49790
[6] Buchori, I. et al. 2018. Adaptation to coastal flooding and inundation: Mitigations and migration pattern in Semarang City, Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 163(8): 445–455. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.07.017
[7] Daryono, L.R., et al. 2019. Geological spatial plan toward groundwater resources in Kertek, Wonosobo Basin, Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Degradation and Mining Lands Management, 6(2): 1595–1608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm
[8] Devy, S.D. 2018. Hydrogeology of Karang Mumus watershed in Samarinda, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Forum Geografi, 32(1): 12–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v32i1.5229
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[11] Fathi, E., Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi, R., and Zare-Bidaki, R. 2018. Water quality evaluation using water quality index and multivariate methods, Beheshtabad River, Iran. Appl Water Sci., 8(7): 1–6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0859-7
[12] Fathoni, A., Rohman, F., and Sulisetijono, S. 2021. Comprehensive characterization of tree vegetation around various springs in Malang region, East Java, Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2353: 030114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0052983
[13] Fiqa, A.P., and Darmayanti, A.S. 2018. Floristic and soil characteristic at the RPH Sentul-Probolinggo protected low land forest, East Java. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 3(1): 18–25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.30208
[14] Hardati, P., and Setyowati, D.L., Population growth in the upper garang watershed Semarang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series on Earth and Environmental Science, 256(1). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/256/1/012032
[15] Hermanto, Y.B., and Nugroho, M. 2021. Communicating the springs and forest preservation in the Arjuna mount area. Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies, 5(2): 379–396. DOI:https://doi.org/10.25139/jsk.v5i2.3785
[16] Indrastuti, S. Kazama, and S. Takizawa. 2021. Evaluation of microbial contamination of groundwater under different topographic conditions and household water treatment systems in special region of Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. Water, 13(12): 1673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121673
[17] Indrayati, A., Aji, A., and Hikmah, N. 2018. 3D model and morphometry of the Beringin watershed as an effort for flash flood disaster risk reduction in Semarang, MATEC Web of Conferences. 229, 2018, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822904010
[18] Juhadi, J. Pratiwi, E., Trihatmoko, E., and Trihatmoko, N. 2020. Multy-stressor Analysis of Sociocultural Condition: A Study on Land Degradation in Kreo Watershed, Semarang City, in International Conference of Environmental and Sustainability, June 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-7-2019.2290307
[19] Juhadi, J. et al. 2021. Rural–urban transformation and landuse dynamics in gunungpati on the northern flank of Mt. Ungaran, Semarang, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 53(2): 170–178. DOI:https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.52385
[20] Lubada, L.A., Yokota, K., Hartono, A., and Miyaura, R. 2018. Effects of agriculture on the water quality of the Cisadane River system in West Java, Indonesia. Tropical Agriculture and Development, 62(2): 94–103. DOI:https://doi.org/10.11248/jsta.62.94
[21] Marleni, N.N.N., and Raspati, G.S. 2020. A critical review of wastewater resource recovery implementation in Indonesia. Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, 6(1): 89–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.52755
[22] Martuti, N.K.T., Rahayuningsih, M., and Sidiq, W.A.B.N. 2021. Kajian pemetaan potensi mata air di Kota Semarang [the study of mapping the potential of springs in the Semarang City]. Jurnal Riptek, 15(2): 1–7. Available at: https://riptek.semarangkota.go.id/index.php/riptek/article/view/130
[23] Nugraha, A.L., Firdaus, H.S., and Sasmito, B. 2018. Erosion risk modelling using geographic information system in Beringin Watershed, Semarang City. In The 4th International Symposium on Geoinformatics, pp. 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISYG.2018.8611949
[24] Nugroho, M., Soemarno, S., Riniwati, H. and Afandhi, A. 2019. Forest revegetation to preventive springs degradation in Arjuna Mount East Java, Indonesia. Preprint, 20190802. 77: 1–18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201908.0277.v1
[25] Onyango, A.E., Okoth, M.W., Kunyanga, C.N. and Aliwa, B.O. 2018. Microbiological Quality and Contamination Level of Water Sources in Isiolo County in Kenya. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018: 2139867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2139867
[26] Pambudi, A.S. 2021. Overview and evaluation of the Indonesias water resources management policies for food security. Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies, 2(2): 84–93 DOI:https://doi.org/10.33751/injast.v2i2.3586
[27] Rahdriawan, M., et al. 2021. Risks of community-based groundwater users in the transition to West Semarang drinking water supply. IOP Conference Series on Earth and Environmental Science, 724(1): 012081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012081
[28] Rakatama, A., and Pandit, R. 2022. Reviewing social forestry schemes in Indonesia: Opportunities and challenges. Forest Policy and Economics, 111(1): 102052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102052
[29] Ram, N.R.S., et al. 2022. Multi-criteria based land and water resource development planning using geospatial technologies. In. Pandey, A., Chowdary, V.M., Behera, M.D., and Singh, V.P. Geospatial Technologies for Land and Water Resources Management: p. 103–123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90479-1_7
[30] Ridlo, M.A., and Ghiffari, A. 2022. Analysis of potentials and problems of Semarang city. IOP Conference Series on Earth and Environmental Science, 955(1): 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/955/1/012018
[31] Rusydi, A.F. 2018. Correlation between conductivity and total dissolved solid in various type of water: A review. IOP Conference Series on Earth and Environmental Science, 118(1) DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012019
[32] Sari, S.Y.I., et al. 2018. Water sources quality in urban slum settlement along the contaminated river basin in Indonesia: Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018: 3806537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3806537
[33] Sila, O.N.A. 2019. Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water sources in rural settings, a case study of Kenya, Africa. Scientific African. 2(3): e00018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2018.e00018
[34] Siswo, C. W. Yun, and S. Abdiyani, 2019. Distribution of tree species around springs and trees-springs interplay possibility in the springs area of Soloraya, Central Java, Indonesia. Forest Science and Technology, 15(3): 128–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2019.1626772
[35] Stevenson, M., and Bravo, C. 2019. Advanced turbidity prediction for operational water supply planning. Decision Support Systems, 119: 72–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2019.02.009
[36] Supangat, A.B., Purwanto, P., Hendrayana, H., and Riyanto, H.D. 2022. Springshed protection planning for combating drought in Grobogan District, Central Java. IOP Conference Series on Earth and Environmental Science, 1016(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012022
[37] Tantoh, H.B. and Simatele, D. 2018. Complexity and uncertainty in water resource governance in Northwest Cameroon: Reconnoitring the challenges and potential of community-based water resource management. Land Use Policy, 75(2): 237–251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.044
[38] Wei, C. et al. 2022. An alternative to the grain for green program for soil and water conservation in the upper Huaihe River basin, China. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 43(10): 101180. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101180
[39] Weinthal, E., Zawahri, N., and Sowers, J. 2015. Securitizing water, climate, and migration in Israel, Jordan, and Syria. International Environmental Agreements, 15(3): 293–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-015-9279-4
[40] Widodo, T. Budiastuti, M.T.S., and Komariah, K. 2019. Water quality and pollution index in Grenjeng River, Boyolali Regency, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 34(2): 150. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v34i2.29186
[41] Yulianto, T., Suripin, S., and Purnaweni, H. 2019. Zoning landslide vulnerable area according to geological structure, slopes, and landuse parameters in Trangkil Sukorejo Gunungpati Semarang City’s Residental area. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1217: e012029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1217/1/012029
[42] Zinabu, G.M., Chapman, L.J., and Chapman, C. A. 2002. Conductivity as a predictor of a total cations and salinity in Ethiopian lakes and rivers: Revisiting earlier models. Limnologica, 32(1): 21–26. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(02)80013-5
Published
2023-03-10
How to Cite
MARTUTI, Nana Kariada Tri et al.
Springs Distribution and Biophysical Mapping as a Strategy to Preserve Water Sources in Semarang City, Indonesia.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 113 - 125, mar. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7634>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.14.1(65).11.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.