Modeling Lasolo Watershed Sedimentation and Mangrove Root Growth at the Lasolo Coast in North Konawe, Indonesia
Abstract
This research sought to simultaneously measure sedimentation and mangrove root growth rates at the Lasolo River estuary and construct a predictive sedimentation model from the measured rates. The applied methods were descriptive quantitative analyses using cloud-based computation to obtain sea surface temperatures, Landsat 8 and 9 OLI images to identify land cover change, field-derived data, and rain data. The neural network toolbox in MATLAB was used to perform the modeling. Results showed that sediments accumulated at the highest rate of 6.10 cm, and mangrove roots grew at an average of less than 1 cm per two weeks, meaning that the former always surpasses the latter. The forecasting model’s training and validation each produced a regression value (R) of 0.92 and 0.69 for sedimentation rates and R=0.83 and R=0.88 for root growth rates. Sedimentation rates continued to vary until the end of the observation, with a maximum of 3.91 cm. Although the root growth rates had a similar pattern (fluctuating), an upward trend with signs of acceleration to 0.62 cm was observed. This study also detected a conversion of vegetated land into open mining areas, which expanded, tentatively, from 645.8 ha in 2013 to 2,112.6 ha in 2022.
References
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[28] Rianta, P., Ernawati, W., Chen, G., and Chen, S. 2018. Diversity and abundance of mangrove fiddle crabs, genus Uca (Decapoda, Ocypodidae) at a mangrove in Kema, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(12): 92–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1336-8
[29] Richards, D. R., and Friess, D. A. 2016. Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000-2012. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(2): 344–349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113
[30] Rizal, A., and Anna, Z. 2020. The Effect on Mangrove Density with Sediment Transport Rate in Sikakap Coastal Area of Mentawai Island District, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. World Scientific News, 146(June): 202–214. Available at: http://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.psjd-f6c96356-2aea-4335-866e-031c1c0a4ced
[31] Schwarzer, K., Thanh, N. C., and Ricklefs, K. 2016. Sediment re-deposition in the mangrove environment of Can Gio, Saigon River estuary (Vietnam). Journal of Coastal Research, 1(75): 138–142. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2112/SI75-028.1
[32] Sidik, F., Neil, D., and Lovelock, C. E. 2016. Effect of high sedimentation rates on surface sediment dynamics and mangrove growth in the Porong River, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107(1): 355–363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.048
[33] Soltani, P., Askar, M.B, Bahrami, H, and Pour, S.H, 2017 Evaluation of Sediment Transport in the Naiband Gulf Area Using Mike21. Open Journal of Geology, 7: 182-192.
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[37] Viennois, Gaëlle, et al. 2016. Multitemporal Analysis of High-Spatial-Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery for Mangrove Species Mapping in Bali, Indonesia. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 9(8): 3680–3686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2553170
[38] Viennois, G., et al. 2015. Temporal stability of mangrove multispectral signatures at fine scales: Stability of mangrove multispectral signatures. 2015 8th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images, Multi-Temp 2015, Fig 1, 2–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/Multi-Temp.2015.7245803
[39] Willemsen, P. W. J. M., et al. 2016. Sensitivity of the sediment trapping capacity of an estuarine mangrove forest. Geomorphology, 273: 189–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.038
[40] Yasidi F. and Zulkarnain, 2010. Erosion in the Lasolo River. Preparation of Amdal Documents for Nickel Ore Processing PT. Abuki Jaya steinless Indonesia at Mandiodo. North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi.
[41] Yasidi, F. and Pangerang, U.K. 2007. Mangrove Conditions in the Lasolo Mandiodo River Estuary. ANDAL. Compilation of Amdal Documents for Nickel Ore Processing and Operation of Special Ports in Mandiodo, North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi
[2] Arifanti, V. B., et al. 2022. Challenges and Strategies for Sustainable Mangrove Management in Indonesia: A Review. Forests, 13(5): 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f13050695
[3] Atmaja W. S., and Soerojo, 1994 Mangrove status of Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the Third ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources. Wilkinson C., Sudara S., Ming C. L. (eds), pp. 201-207, Volume 1: Status Reviews, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.
[4] Basyuni, M., Yuriswan, W., and Bimantara, Y. 2020. Root development in mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata under different shade intensities. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 452(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/452/1/012090
[5] Chaudhuri, P., Chaudhuri, S., and Ghosh, R. 2020. The Role of Mangroves in Coastal and Estuarine Sedimentary Accretion in Southeast Asia. In Sedimentary Processes - Examples from Asia, Turkey and Nigeria (pp. 1–24). DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85591
[6] Chen, S., et al. 2018. Ecosystem carbon stock of a tropical mangrove forest in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(12): 85–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1290-5
[7] Ditian, Melinda Meganatha, R. D., Prasetyo, W. E., Hartanto, S., and Hartono, R. 2021. Mangrove Extent and Change Mapping of Muaragembong from 1990 to 2020 using Google Earth Engine (GEE). Proceeding - 2021 IEEE Ocean Engineering Technology and Innovation Conference: Ocean Observation, Technology and Innovation in Support of Ocean Decade of Science, OETIC 2021, 35–38. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/OETIC53770.2021.9733736
[8] Eddy, S., Rasyid Ridho, M., Iskandar, I., and Mulyana, A. 2016. Community-Based Mangrove Forests Conservation for Sustainable Fisheries. Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 07(3): 42–47.
[9] Friess, D. A., and Webb, E. L. 2014. Variability in mangrove change estimates and implications for the assessment of ecosystem service provision. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(7): 715–725. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12140
[10] Furukawa, K., Wolanski, E., and Mueller H., 1997. Current and Sediment Transport in Mangrove Forest. Esstuarine, Coast al and Shelf Science, 44(3): 301-310.
[11] Gurney, K. 1997. An introduction to neural networks. In The Lancet (Vol. 346, Issue 8982). UCL Press Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91746-2
[12] Hoque, A., Kumar, D., Paul, A.K. and Rahman, M. 2019. Sedimentation in dune forest, mangrove forests and cc block system and associated topographic changes. Bangladesh Acad. Sci., 43(1): 67-78.
[13] Ilman, M., Dargusch, P., Dart, P., and Onrizal 2016. A historical analysis of the drivers of loss and degradation of Indonesia’s mangroves. Land Use Policy, 54: 448–459. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.010
[14] James, G. K., et al. 2007. Satellite-based assessment of the extent and changes in the mangrove ecosystem of the Niger Delta. Marine Geodesy, 30(3): 249–267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490410701438224
[15] Janssen-Stelder, B. M., Augustinus, P. G. E. F., and van Santen, W. A. C. 2002. Sedimentation in a coastal mangrove system, Red River Delta, Vietnam. Proceedings in Marine Science, 455–467.
[16] Jiao, M., et al. 2022. Mangrove forest: An important coastal ecosystem to intercept river microplastics. Environmental Research, 210(January), 112939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112939
[17] Kamaludin, M., et al. 2022. Effectiveness of a conservation education program among school students on the importance of mangrove ecosystems in Setiu Wetlands, Malaysia. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 21(1), 23–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2021.1936298
[18] Kartawinata, K., Adisoemarto, S., Soemodihardjo, S. and Tantra, I.G.M. 1979. Knowledge Status of Mangrove Forests in Indonesia. Pro. Sem. eco. Mangrove Forest, 21-39.
[19] Kathiresan 2003. How do mangrove forests induce sedimentation?. Rev. biol. trop vol.51 n.2 San José Jun. 2003.
[20] Lukman, K. M., et al. 2019. Indonesia Provincial Spatial Plans on mangroves in era of decentralization: Application of content analysis to 27 provinces and “blue carbon” as overlooked components. Journal of Forest Research, 24(6): 341–348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2019.1679328
[21] Maghsodian, Z., et al. 2022. Study of microplastics pollution in sediments and organisms in mangrove forests: A review. Environmental Research. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.112725
[22] Murdiyarso, D., et al. 2015. The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5(12): 1089–1092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2734
[23] Nardin, W., Vona, I., and Fagherazzi, S. 2021. Sediment deposition affects mangrove forests in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Continental Shelf Research. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2020.104319
[24] Nehren, U., and Wicaksono, P. 2018. Mapping soil carbon stocks in an oceanic mangrove ecosystem in Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 214(September): 185–193. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.09.022
[25] North Konawe Government, 2012. Spatial Plan Document for North Konawe Regency, 2012–2016. North Konawe. North Konawe Government
[26] Passos, T., Sanders, C. J., Barcellos, R., and Penny, D. 2022. Assessment of the temporal retention of mercury and nutrient records within the mangrove sediments of a highly impacted estuary. Environmental Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112569
[27] Rahman Halim, M. A., Ihrami Rahmila, Y., Muhammad, F., and Safitri, Y. 2018. The Effect on Mangrove Density with Sediment Rate in Coastal Pasar Banggi of Rembang Regency. E3S Web of Conferences, 73: 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304020
[28] Rianta, P., Ernawati, W., Chen, G., and Chen, S. 2018. Diversity and abundance of mangrove fiddle crabs, genus Uca (Decapoda, Ocypodidae) at a mangrove in Kema, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(12): 92–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1336-8
[29] Richards, D. R., and Friess, D. A. 2016. Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000-2012. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(2): 344–349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113
[30] Rizal, A., and Anna, Z. 2020. The Effect on Mangrove Density with Sediment Transport Rate in Sikakap Coastal Area of Mentawai Island District, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. World Scientific News, 146(June): 202–214. Available at: http://psjd.icm.edu.pl/psjd/element/bwmeta1.element.psjd-f6c96356-2aea-4335-866e-031c1c0a4ced
[31] Schwarzer, K., Thanh, N. C., and Ricklefs, K. 2016. Sediment re-deposition in the mangrove environment of Can Gio, Saigon River estuary (Vietnam). Journal of Coastal Research, 1(75): 138–142. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2112/SI75-028.1
[32] Sidik, F., Neil, D., and Lovelock, C. E. 2016. Effect of high sedimentation rates on surface sediment dynamics and mangrove growth in the Porong River, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107(1): 355–363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.048
[33] Soltani, P., Askar, M.B, Bahrami, H, and Pour, S.H, 2017 Evaluation of Sediment Transport in the Naiband Gulf Area Using Mike21. Open Journal of Geology, 7: 182-192.
[34] Sukuryadi, Harahab, N., Primyastanto, M., and Semedi, B. 2021. Collaborative-based mangrove ecosystem management model for the development of marine ecotourism in Lembar Bay, Lombok, Indonesia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(5): 6838–6868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00895-8
[35] Terada, K., Koibuchi, Y., and Isobe, M. 2017 Rainfall effect on sediment and nutrient fluxes in a small mangrove river, Okinawa, Japan Journal of Marine Research, 75: 1–17.
[36] Tetelepta, J. M. S., Loupatty, S., and Wawo, M. 2020. Sustainable Management Strategy for Mangrove Forest of Pelita Jaya Bay and Kotania Bay, Western Seram, Indonesia. TRITON: Jurnal Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, 16(2): 53–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30598/tritonvol16issue2page53-67
[37] Viennois, Gaëlle, et al. 2016. Multitemporal Analysis of High-Spatial-Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery for Mangrove Species Mapping in Bali, Indonesia. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 9(8): 3680–3686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2553170
[38] Viennois, G., et al. 2015. Temporal stability of mangrove multispectral signatures at fine scales: Stability of mangrove multispectral signatures. 2015 8th International Workshop on the Analysis of Multitemporal Remote Sensing Images, Multi-Temp 2015, Fig 1, 2–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/Multi-Temp.2015.7245803
[39] Willemsen, P. W. J. M., et al. 2016. Sensitivity of the sediment trapping capacity of an estuarine mangrove forest. Geomorphology, 273: 189–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.038
[40] Yasidi F. and Zulkarnain, 2010. Erosion in the Lasolo River. Preparation of Amdal Documents for Nickel Ore Processing PT. Abuki Jaya steinless Indonesia at Mandiodo. North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi.
[41] Yasidi, F. and Pangerang, U.K. 2007. Mangrove Conditions in the Lasolo Mandiodo River Estuary. ANDAL. Compilation of Amdal Documents for Nickel Ore Processing and Operation of Special Ports in Mandiodo, North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi
Published
2023-03-10
How to Cite
KHAKHIM, Nurul et al.
Modeling Lasolo Watershed Sedimentation and Mangrove Root Growth at the Lasolo Coast in North Konawe, Indonesia.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 98 - 112, mar. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7633>. Date accessed: 03 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.1(65).10.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.