Methods of Combating Offenses in the Field of Ecology
Abstract
Environmental crime is dangerous in terms of the scale of the implications and the impact area. The resonance and specifics of environmental crimes require a special approach to the prevention and investigation of these crimes. The aim of the article was to systematize measures to prevent (counteract to) environmental crimes. The aim involved the following methods: statistical analysis, correlation analysis, generalization and analogy, hypothetico-deductive model and system-structural approach. Fundamental measures to prevent (counteract to) environmental crimes are defined. The countries with the largest and smallest number of environmental crimes were identified, including China, India, Vietnam, Belgium, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, and Germany. The relationship between the number of environmental crimes for 2015 to 2019 and the environmental tax relative to GDP for the period, as well as the number of environmental crimes for 2015 to 2019 and environmental protection expenditures was determined. Measures aimed at the prevention (counteraction) of environmental crimes are systematized, which consist of three interrelated levels: national, international cooperation and cooperation with the public, public organizations. The prospect of further research is to determine the organizational aspects of criminal law counteraction to cross-border environmental crime.
References
[1] Arkhipova, M. V., et al. 2020. International Cooperation in the Fight against Environmental Crime: A Modern Mechanism for Combating Illegal Trade in Wildlife. Frontier Information Technology and Systems Research in Cooperative Economics, 316: 889-897. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-57831-2_95
[2] Bahadar, A., Ur, R.A. and Parveen, G. 2022. The use of criminal jurisprudence for combating environmental issues in Pakitan. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 5(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v5i2.428
[3] Brisman, A. and South, N. 2019. Green Criminology and Environmental Crimes and Harms. Social Compass, 13: e12650. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12650
[4] Davoodi, G. H., Goldoozian, I. and Tolooi, M. A. 2020. The Role of National and International Ngos in the Prevention of Environmental Crimes. Environment and interdisciplinary development, 5(68). Available at: https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=841706
[5] Fa, L N. 2018. Environmental legislation of criminal responsibility of international comparison and reference – Based on the Perspective of Law and Economic. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 188: 012014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/188/1/012014
[6] Faure, M., Smedt, K. and Vagliasindi, G. 2018. Guidance on strategies for combating 4 environmental crimes and other un5 lawful conduct, Eco Logic.
[7] Golubev, S. I., et al. 2020. Environmental crimes: Law enforcement issues. Environmental Aspects of Economic and Social Sustainable Development, 18(5): 533-540. DOI: 10.22124/CJES.2020.4483
[8] Iriotis, I. Th. 2022. Criminal protection of the environment under Greek law, Lexology, Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=544b197a-556c-4b3a-b70b-4294cb1c6c44
[9] Morganti, M., Favarin, S. and Andreatta, D. 2020. Illicit waste trafficking and loopholes in the European and Italian legislation. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26(1): 105–133.
[10] Park, S. and Kramarz, T. 2019. Global Environmental Governance and the Accountability Trap. The MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11709.001.0001
[11] Sahramäki, I. P. and Kankaanranta, T. T. 2021. Regulatory voids in the prevention of environmental crime in Finland. European Journal of Criminology, June 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708211020634
[12] Shohani, A., Ataei, E. and Norouzi, N. 2021. Prevention and Suppression of Environmental Crimes in the Light of the Actions of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Iranian Legal System. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1(1). Available at: https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/rjees/article/view/97
[13] Turlova, Y. A. 2017a. Combating environmental crime: concept, objective and goals. Aktualni problemy vitchyznianoi yurysprudentsii, 6. Available at: http://apnl.dnu.in.ua/6_tom_1_2017/6_tom_1_2017.pdf#page=143
[14] Turlova, Y. A. 2017b. Certain aspects of criminal law impact on environmental crime. Ensuring law and order in Ukraine by means of criminal justice, by Olha Kostenko, Ed., National Academy of the Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine, 249-285.
[15] Turlova, Y. А. 2018. Combating Environmental Crime in Ukraine: Criminological and Criminal Legal Fundamentals, Doctor’s thesis, V. M. Koretskyi Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
[16] Van U., Daan, P. and Nijman, R. C. C. 2020. The convergence of environmental crime with other serious crimes: Subtypes within the environmental crime continuum. European Journal of Criminology, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370820904585
[17] Virt, A. O. 2019. Criminal policy to combat crimes in the use of natural resources. Subcarpathian Law Herald, 1(26). Available at: http://pyuv.onua.edu.ua/index.php/pyuv/article/view/785/1120
[18] Virt, A. O. 2021. Criminal law counteraction to crimes related to illegal use of minerals, Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis, Nаtіоnаl Unіvеrsіty “Оdеssа Lаw Аcаdеmy”.
[19] White, R. 2016. Reparative justice, environmental crime and penalties for the powerful. Crime. Law and Social Change, 67(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9635-5
[20] Wikström, Per-Olof H. and Kyle Treiber. 2016. Beyond Risk Factors: An Analytical Approach to Crime Prevention. Preventing Crime and Violence. Advances in Prevention Science (pp. 73–87), eds. Teasdale, Brent and Mindy S. Bradley. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44124-5_8
[21] Zakalyuk, A. 2007. Course of modern Ukrainian criminology: theory and practice. Vidavnichiy Dim “In Yure”.
[22] CEIC. 2018. Vietnam State Budget: Hanoi: LE: Current: Environment Protection. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/vietnam/state-government-budgetary-account-hanoi/state-budget-hanoi-le-current-environment-protection
[23] CEIC. 2021. China Government Expenditure: Local: Environment Protection. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/local-government-revenue-and-expenditure/government-expenditure-local-environment-protection
[24] Criminal Code of Vietnam. 2022. Available at: https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/2015_Criminal_Code_of_Vietnam_(English_translation).pdf
[25] Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. 2022. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/5375/108071/F-78796243/CHN5375%20Eng3.pdf
[26] Environmental investigation agency. 2022a. Wildlife and incident around the world, Available at: https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiZGJmNGIwODgtMTgyMS00NmVlLWJmNWUtZTAzZDBlMmQ1ODI2IiwidCI6IjBiMzNkZjAwLTYzNGMtNDBlYy1iOGQ5LTZhMGI2MjYyNmU1ZCJ9&pageName=ReportSection3a4afc2758f1f77c3f32
[27] Environmental investigation agency. 2022b. Refrigerant Gas Seizures. Available at: https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiNWVkZjAyMDEtMGIxNi00NmU5LWFmMWQtY2IwODc5Mj
[28] European Commission. 2021a. The Environmental Crime Directive. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/criminal-justice/environmental-crime_en
[29] European Commission. 2021b. Combating Environmental Crime Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/crime/
[30] Europol. 2022. Environmental Crime Threat assessment 2022 in the age of climate change. Available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Environmental%20Crime%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Climate%20Change%20-%20Public%20report_5.pdf
[31] Indian Penal Code. 2022. Available at: https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1860-45.pdf
[32] Interpol. 2015. Environmental Crime and Its Convergence with Other Serious Crimes. Interpol. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/INTERPOL%20Strategic%20Report%20-%20Environmental%20Crime%20and%20its%20Convergence%20with%20other%20Serious%20Crimes.pdf
[33] LEGISLATIONLINE. 2022. Criminal codes. Available at: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes
[34] NationMaster. 2021. Top Countries in Total Expenditures on Environmental Protection. Available at: https://www.nationmaster.com/nmx/ranking/total-expenditures-on-environmental-protection
[35] OECD Data. 2021. Environmental tax. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/envpolicy/environmental-tax.htm
[36] Statista. 2021. Share of government spending on environmental protection in India from financial year 2016 to 2019. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1170547/india-share-of-government-spending-on-environmental-protection/
[37] The Global Economy. 2021. India: Government spending, in dollars, Available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/India/government_spending_dollars/
[38] World Health Organization. 2016. An estimated 12.6 million deaths each year are attributable to unhealthy environments. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/15-03-2016-an-estimated-12-6-million-deaths-each-year-are-attributable-to-unhealthy-environments
[2] Bahadar, A., Ur, R.A. and Parveen, G. 2022. The use of criminal jurisprudence for combating environmental issues in Pakitan. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 5(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v5i2.428
[3] Brisman, A. and South, N. 2019. Green Criminology and Environmental Crimes and Harms. Social Compass, 13: e12650. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12650
[4] Davoodi, G. H., Goldoozian, I. and Tolooi, M. A. 2020. The Role of National and International Ngos in the Prevention of Environmental Crimes. Environment and interdisciplinary development, 5(68). Available at: https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=841706
[5] Fa, L N. 2018. Environmental legislation of criminal responsibility of international comparison and reference – Based on the Perspective of Law and Economic. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 188: 012014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/188/1/012014
[6] Faure, M., Smedt, K. and Vagliasindi, G. 2018. Guidance on strategies for combating 4 environmental crimes and other un5 lawful conduct, Eco Logic.
[7] Golubev, S. I., et al. 2020. Environmental crimes: Law enforcement issues. Environmental Aspects of Economic and Social Sustainable Development, 18(5): 533-540. DOI: 10.22124/CJES.2020.4483
[8] Iriotis, I. Th. 2022. Criminal protection of the environment under Greek law, Lexology, Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=544b197a-556c-4b3a-b70b-4294cb1c6c44
[9] Morganti, M., Favarin, S. and Andreatta, D. 2020. Illicit waste trafficking and loopholes in the European and Italian legislation. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26(1): 105–133.
[10] Park, S. and Kramarz, T. 2019. Global Environmental Governance and the Accountability Trap. The MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11709.001.0001
[11] Sahramäki, I. P. and Kankaanranta, T. T. 2021. Regulatory voids in the prevention of environmental crime in Finland. European Journal of Criminology, June 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708211020634
[12] Shohani, A., Ataei, E. and Norouzi, N. 2021. Prevention and Suppression of Environmental Crimes in the Light of the Actions of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Iranian Legal System. Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1(1). Available at: https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/rjees/article/view/97
[13] Turlova, Y. A. 2017a. Combating environmental crime: concept, objective and goals. Aktualni problemy vitchyznianoi yurysprudentsii, 6. Available at: http://apnl.dnu.in.ua/6_tom_1_2017/6_tom_1_2017.pdf#page=143
[14] Turlova, Y. A. 2017b. Certain aspects of criminal law impact on environmental crime. Ensuring law and order in Ukraine by means of criminal justice, by Olha Kostenko, Ed., National Academy of the Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine, 249-285.
[15] Turlova, Y. А. 2018. Combating Environmental Crime in Ukraine: Criminological and Criminal Legal Fundamentals, Doctor’s thesis, V. M. Koretskyi Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
[16] Van U., Daan, P. and Nijman, R. C. C. 2020. The convergence of environmental crime with other serious crimes: Subtypes within the environmental crime continuum. European Journal of Criminology, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370820904585
[17] Virt, A. O. 2019. Criminal policy to combat crimes in the use of natural resources. Subcarpathian Law Herald, 1(26). Available at: http://pyuv.onua.edu.ua/index.php/pyuv/article/view/785/1120
[18] Virt, A. O. 2021. Criminal law counteraction to crimes related to illegal use of minerals, Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis, Nаtіоnаl Unіvеrsіty “Оdеssа Lаw Аcаdеmy”.
[19] White, R. 2016. Reparative justice, environmental crime and penalties for the powerful. Crime. Law and Social Change, 67(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9635-5
[20] Wikström, Per-Olof H. and Kyle Treiber. 2016. Beyond Risk Factors: An Analytical Approach to Crime Prevention. Preventing Crime and Violence. Advances in Prevention Science (pp. 73–87), eds. Teasdale, Brent and Mindy S. Bradley. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44124-5_8
[21] Zakalyuk, A. 2007. Course of modern Ukrainian criminology: theory and practice. Vidavnichiy Dim “In Yure”.
[22] CEIC. 2018. Vietnam State Budget: Hanoi: LE: Current: Environment Protection. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/vietnam/state-government-budgetary-account-hanoi/state-budget-hanoi-le-current-environment-protection
[23] CEIC. 2021. China Government Expenditure: Local: Environment Protection. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/local-government-revenue-and-expenditure/government-expenditure-local-environment-protection
[24] Criminal Code of Vietnam. 2022. Available at: https://www.policinglaw.info/assets/downloads/2015_Criminal_Code_of_Vietnam_(English_translation).pdf
[25] Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. 2022. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/5375/108071/F-78796243/CHN5375%20Eng3.pdf
[26] Environmental investigation agency. 2022a. Wildlife and incident around the world, Available at: https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiZGJmNGIwODgtMTgyMS00NmVlLWJmNWUtZTAzZDBlMmQ1ODI2IiwidCI6IjBiMzNkZjAwLTYzNGMtNDBlYy1iOGQ5LTZhMGI2MjYyNmU1ZCJ9&pageName=ReportSection3a4afc2758f1f77c3f32
[27] Environmental investigation agency. 2022b. Refrigerant Gas Seizures. Available at: https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiNWVkZjAyMDEtMGIxNi00NmU5LWFmMWQtY2IwODc5Mj
[28] European Commission. 2021a. The Environmental Crime Directive. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/criminal-justice/environmental-crime_en
[29] European Commission. 2021b. Combating Environmental Crime Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/legal/crime/
[30] Europol. 2022. Environmental Crime Threat assessment 2022 in the age of climate change. Available at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Environmental%20Crime%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Climate%20Change%20-%20Public%20report_5.pdf
[31] Indian Penal Code. 2022. Available at: https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1860-45.pdf
[32] Interpol. 2015. Environmental Crime and Its Convergence with Other Serious Crimes. Interpol. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Downloads/INTERPOL%20Strategic%20Report%20-%20Environmental%20Crime%20and%20its%20Convergence%20with%20other%20Serious%20Crimes.pdf
[33] LEGISLATIONLINE. 2022. Criminal codes. Available at: https://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes
[34] NationMaster. 2021. Top Countries in Total Expenditures on Environmental Protection. Available at: https://www.nationmaster.com/nmx/ranking/total-expenditures-on-environmental-protection
[35] OECD Data. 2021. Environmental tax. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/envpolicy/environmental-tax.htm
[36] Statista. 2021. Share of government spending on environmental protection in India from financial year 2016 to 2019. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1170547/india-share-of-government-spending-on-environmental-protection/
[37] The Global Economy. 2021. India: Government spending, in dollars, Available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/India/government_spending_dollars/
[38] World Health Organization. 2016. An estimated 12.6 million deaths each year are attributable to unhealthy environments. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/15-03-2016-an-estimated-12-6-million-deaths-each-year-are-attributable-to-unhealthy-environments
Published
2023-03-10
How to Cite
SHCHOKIN, Rostyslav et al.
Methods of Combating Offenses in the Field of Ecology.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 5 - 15, mar. 2023.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7624>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.1(65).01.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.