Migration and Tourism

  • Gejza M. TIMČÁK Ostrava University, VŠB , Czech Republic
  • Jana JABLONSKÁ OGMT, BERG Faculty, Technical University , Košice, Slovakia
  • Barbora ONDREJOVÁ OGMT, BERG Faculty, Technical University, Košice, Slovakia

Abstract

Migration can be a part of tourism related processes and there are numerous types of migrants and migration processes. The paper investigates the possible connection between tourism related processes and the present wave of migration to EU. Further, it analyzes the impact of the present migration processes on natural, cultural and social environment. Then the question of impact of migration and of war on a development of new forms of tourism and tourism related services. Finally, using the results of a survey, the impact of migration on the outlook and pre-purchase considerations of potential tourism clients is analyzed.

References

[1] Basu, M., and Drash, W. 2016. A camp for young people touched by terror. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/ 2016/09/06/world/children-of-terror-camp/index.html
[2] Berrezouga, H. 2016: Moslimovia a migrant očami jedného Moslima (Muslims and migrants as seen by a Muslim). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXax87S3kd4
[3] Bewarder, M., and Schiltz, Ch. B. 2016. Fluchtlinge machen Urlaub, wo sie angeblich verfolgt werden. Available at: https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article158049400/Fluechtlinge-machen-Urlaub-wo-sie-angeblich-verfolgt-werden.html
[4] Biryukov, A. 2016: Putin ends Russian tourist ban to Turkey after Erdogan talks. Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-29/putin-lifts-ban-on-russian-tourism-to-turkey-after-erdogan-talks
[5] Carballo, M., and Nerukar, A. 2001. Migration, Refugees and health risks. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(3) Suppl.: 556 – 560.
[6] Elwazer S., and Sirgany S. 2016. 4 arrested, hundreds feared dead after migrant boat capsizes off Egypt. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/22/middleeast/migrant-boat-capsize-egypt-arrests/index.html
[7] Farkas, M. 2016. Túlképzettek a magyarországi bevándorlók (Hungarian immigrants are overqualified). Available at: http://mno.hu/tarsadalom/tulkepzettek-a-magyarorszagi-bevandorlok-1323338
[8] Funk, M. 2016. Europeans migrating abroad and back. EU Institute for Security Studies, July, pp.1-2
[9] Funk, M., Parkes, R. 2016. Refugees versus terrorists. EU Institute for Security Studies, January, pp.1-2
[10] Funk, M., Parkes, R. 2016. Syrian refugee flows and ebbs. EU Institute for Security Studies, January, pp.1-2
[11] Hacaoglu, S., Ant, O., and Courcoulas, C. 2016. Foreign tourists stay away from Turkey in record numbers. Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-27/turkey-tourism-capsized-by-tensions-as-arrivals-show-record-drop
[12] Hersher, R. 2016. Finding Europe untenable, more migrants return to their home countries. Xinhua News Agency. Available at: http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/23/495170249/finding-europe-untena ble-more-migrants-return-to-their-home-countries
[13] Hope, K. 2016. Migrant influx causes split in tourism fortunes for Greek islands, Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/374cd076-3edc-11e6-9f2c-36b487ebd80a
[14] iDnes 2016a. Azylanti tráví volno v zemích, odkuduprchli – píšeněmeckýtisk (Asylum seekers spend their free time in countries where from they have fled – writes the German press); Available at: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/nemecko-azyl-migranti-syrie-afghanistan-libanon-fu3-/zahranicni.aspx?c=A160911_161600_zahranicni_ane
[15] Jablonská J., Jaremko J., and Timčák, G. M. 2016. Social tourism, its clients and perspectives, MJSS, 7(3): 1-11. Available at: http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/9081/8768.
[16] Kahn C., Lowndes L., Kisserli T., Cunningham, A. 2016. Humanity at a crossroad, British Red Cross, London.
[17] Kántor V. 2016. Aziszlámés a kereszténység Európá ban. - Vendég dr. Mihálffy Balázssejk (Islam and Christianity in Europe. Invited guest: Dr. Balázs Mihályfi sheikh). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=TQAJUk4ar5w
[18] Kondorosi, F. 2016. A migráció kockázatai (Risks of migration), Alexandra, Budapest.
[19] Kopecký, J. 2016. Poslanci odmítli evropský plan integrace cizincu i cesty Turku bez víz (MPs rejected the European plan for the integration of foreign nationals ans the viza free travel of Turkish nationals). Available at: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/poslanci-odmitli-evropsky-plan-integrace-cizincu-i-cesty-turku-bez-viz-1n2-/domaci. aspx?c=A160901_133030_domaci_kop
[20] Kušnírová M. 2016. České firmy súzúfalé. Z cudziny si privážajú desaťtisíce zamestnancov (Czech companies are in despair. They import tens of thousands of employees from abroad). Available at: http://ekonomika.sme.sk/c/20283468/ceske-firmy-su-zufale-z-cudziny-si-privazaju-zamestnancov.html#ixzz4L4Ea6lNF
[21] Linderborg, R., and Ekman, J. 2015. Refugee flows to the EU. Available at: http://pejl.svt.se/flyktingstrommar-en/#cn2010
[22] Luhman, N. 2015. Benefit tourism and Migration Policy in the UK: The Construction of Policy Narratives; EUSA Conference Boston.
[23] Meduza 2015. Tourist agency plans “Assad tours”, bringing Russians to the front lines of Syria´s civil war; Available at: https://meduza.io/en/lion/2015/12/14/tourist-agency-plans-assad-tours-bringing-russians-to-the-front-lines-of-syria-s-civil-war
[24] Michaud D. 2015. Egyptian Coptic bishop warns Europe about the dangers of Islam. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=votoOKEcPUo
[25] Novinky 2016a. Firmy si stěžují na potíže při zeměstnávání Vietnamcu (Companies complain about the difficulties in employing Vietnamese). Available at: https://www.novinky.cz/kariera/415456-firmy-si-stezuji-na-potize-pri-zamestnavani-vietnamcu.html
[26] Novinky 2016b. Němci požadují změnu uprchlické politiky, ale s AfD mají problém (Germans demand a change in refugee policy, but have problems with AfD). Available at: https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/ evropa/414367-nemci-pozaduji-zmenu-uprchlicke-politiky-ale-s-afd-maji-problem.html
[27] Novinky 2016c. V ulicích Budyšína zuřily rvačky přistěhovalcu s odpurci migrace (Immigrants and migration opponents were fighting on the streets of Bautzen). Available at: https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/ evropa/414759-v-ulicich-budysina-zurily-rvacky-pristehovalcu-s-odpurci-migrace.html
[28] Novinky 2016d. Moody´s se obává o zdraví turecké ekonomiky. Erdogan problem popírá (Moody´s worries about the health of Turkish economy. Erdogan denies any problem). Available at: https://www.novinky.cz/ ekonomika/415646-moody-s-se-obava-o-zdravi-turecke-ekonomiky-erdogan-problemy-popira.html
[29] Novinky 2016e: Syřan v německé ubytovně objevil džihádistu, který ho mučil. Tyrany začal lovit; Available at: https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/evropa/416854-syran-v-nemecke-ubytovne-objevil-dzihadistu-ktery-ho-mucil-tyrany-zacal-lovit.html
[30] O’Reilly, K. 2003: When is a tourist? The articulation of tourism and migration in Spain’s Costa del Sol.Tourist Studies, 3: 301-310.
[31] O’Reilly, K. 2000. The British on the Costa del Sol: Transnational Identities and Local Communities. London: Routledge.
[32] Ondrejova, B. 2016. Prvky cestovného ruchu v migračných procesoch (Elements of tourism in migration processes), BSc Thesis, BERG Faculty, Technical University Košice, 47pp.
[33] Origo 2015. The Bishop of Szeged rejected the requests of Pope Francis; Available at: http://www.origo.hu/ itthon/20150908-ferenc-papa-kiss-rigo-laszlo-szeged-csanad-puspok.html
[34] Origo 2016a. Egy vagyonba kerül a menekültek ellátása Olaszországban (It costs a fortune to support the migrants). Available at: http://www.origo.hu/gazdasag/20160928-sokba-kerulnek-a-migransok-az-olaszoknak.html
[35] Origo 2016b. Félmillió elutasított menedékkérő Németországban (Half a million of rejected asylum seekers in Germany). Available at: http://www.origo.hu/nagyvilag/20160922-felmillional-tobb-elutasitott-menedekkero-el-nemetorszagban-tobbseguk-mar-evek-ota.html
[36] Origo 2016c. Szükségállapotot vezetne be az osztrák külügyminiszter (The Austrian minister of foreign affairs would prefer a state of emergency). Available at: http://www.origo.hu/nagyvilag/20161007-ausztria-csokkentene-a-befogadasi-kvotajat-szuksegallapotot-vezetne-be-a-kulugyminiszter.html
[37] Parkes, R. 2016a. Tourism, terrorism and migration, EU Institute for Security Studies, April, pp.1-4
[38] Parkes, R. 2016b. Migration to Europe: The number game, EU Institute for Security Studies, June, pp.1-4
[39] Parkes, R. 2016c. People on the move: The new global (dis)order; Chaillot Papers No. 138, EU Institute for Security Studies, pp. 1-72
[40] Pravda 2016. Slovensko dá utečencom vzdelanie (Slovakia will provide education for migrants). Available at: http://spravy.pravda.sk/svet/clanok/405771-slovensko-da-utecencom-vzdelanie/
[41] Rankin, J. 2016. EU leaders seek unity at Bratislava summit amid east-west migration split; Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/15/eu-summit-in-bratislava-expected-to-live-up-to-low-billing
[42] Scherer, S. 2016: The pope just slimmed down Vatican bureaucracy, put himself in charge of migration issues; Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/r-pope-to-oversee-migration-issues-in-shakeup-of-vatican-offices-2016-8
[43] Tsoundi, E., and de Bruycker, P. 2015. EU asylum policy: In search of solidarity and access to protection, R. Schuman Research Centre for Advanced Studies. 6: 1-11. Ulfkotte U.: Die Asyl-Industrie, Kopp Verlag, Rottenburg.
[44] Williams A. M., and Hall C. M. 2000. Tourism and Migration: New Relationships between Production and Consumption, Tourism Geographies, 2(1):5–27.
[45] Williams A. M., and Hall C. M. 2002. Tourism, Migration, Circulation and Mobility: The Contingencies of Time and Place, pp.1–60 in A.M.Williams and C.M. Hall (eds) Tourism and Migration: New Relationships Between Production and Consumption. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
*** Bank of Israel 2014. Impact of Terrorism, Israel´s image and Economic Variables on Different Types of Incoming Tourism. Available at: http://www.boi.org.il/en/NewsAndPublications/PressReleases/Pages/27-05-2014-Research TerrorismTourism.aspx
*** BBC 2015a. Migrant crisis: Hungary surge as fence slowly rises. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34043344
*** BBC 2015b. What is „Islamic State“? Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144
*** BBC 2016. Germany migrants: Far right battle asylum seekers in Bautzen. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37372029
*** Čas 2016a. Do Európy ich prichádzajú tisíce, teraz im na to prišli: Veľké odhalenie o pašovaní migrantov! (Thousands are coming to Europe, now they were discovered. Great discoveries regarding migrant smuggling!). Available at: http://www.cas.sk/clanok/446418/do-europy-ich-prichadzaju-tisice-teraz-im-na-to-prisli-velke-odhalenie-o-pasovani-migrantov/
*** Čas 2016b. Migračná kríza v Európe: Expert varuje pred občianskou vojnou, musíme spraviť rázny krok (Migrant crisis in Europe: The expert warns about civil war; forceful steps have to be taken). Available at: http://www.cas.sk/clanok/446036/madarsky-expert-v-suvislosti-s-migrantmi-varuje-pred-obcianskou-vojnou-v-europe/
*** COM (Commission of the European Communities). 2005. A Common Agenda for Integration, 20 pp. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0455
*** COM (Commission of the European Communities). 2011. European Agenda of Third-Country Nationals, 12 pp. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0455
*** Erzdioezese-Wien 2016. Schonborn: Christliches Erbe Europas erneuern! Available at: http://www.erzdioezese-wien.at/site/home/nachrichten/article/52118.html
*** EU Council 2016. The Bratislava Declaration and Roadmap of 16 September 2016. Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/search/?q=Bratislava+declaration&search=search
*** EUAFR 2015. Handbook on European law relating to asylum, borders and immigration, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 275 pp.
*** EUROSTAT 2016. Migration and migrant population statistics. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statistics-explained/index.php/Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics
*** Hinterland travel tour offers; Available at: http://www.hinterlandtravel.com/
*** iDnes 2016b: Němci odmítají pouštět do země stale vice migrantu, roste počet deportací (Germans refuse to let in an ever growing number of migrants. The number of deportations is increasing). Available at: http://zpravy.idnes.cz/nemecko-uprchlici-deportace-d1n /zahranicni.aspx?c=A160809_062213_zahranicni_bur
*** Independent: Turkey tourism industry experiences worst summer in 25 years amid terrorism and coup. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/turkey-tourism-industry-statistics-worst-summer-terrorism-isis-coup-a7159731.html
*** IOM (International organization for migration): Migrácia vosvete (Migration in the world). [Last viewed on. 30.1.2016]. Available at: http://www.iom.sk/sk/migracia/migracia-vo-svete
*** Sheikh Nabeel Naim interview 2014. Available at: http://www.mojevideo.sk/video/20480/spojenectvo_usa_ isis_%28isil%29_odhalene.html; also https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yLP9f2cby4
*** Taleb N.N. 2012. Antifragile, Random House, N. York,
*** TASR 2016. Kňazi varujú Európanov pred moslimami, hovoria o podrezávaní hrdiel (Priests are warning Europeans against Muslims; they speak about throat cuttings). Available at: http://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/ 372855/knazi-varuju-europanov-pred-moslimami-hovoria-o-podrezavani-hrdiel/
*** Travel Geek 2014: Dark Tourism Iraq, Available at: https://travelgeekuk.com/tag/dark-tourism-iraq/
*** UNWTO 2016. International tourist arrivals up 4% reach a record 1,2 billion in 2015, Available at: http://media.unwto.org/press-release/2016-01-18/international-tourist-arrivals-4-reach-record-12-billion-2015
*** War Zone Tours 2016. Available at: http://www.warzonetours.com/
Published
2017-02-28
How to Cite
TIMČÁK, Gejza M.; JABLONSKÁ, Jana; ONDREJOVÁ, Barbora. Migration and Tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 4, p. 706-716, feb. 2017. ISSN 2068-7729. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/730>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v7.4(16).17.