The Problem of Water Resources Pollution with Active Pharmaceutical Substances and the Possibility of Its Solving
Abstract
Environmental pollution by pharmaceutical products has become one of the most significant problems in the modern world. It also touched upon the countries of Central Asia, including Kazakhstan. Pharmaceutical production in the country is growing rapidly, with drugs widely available to the population. This inevitably leads to the fact that a significant part of medicinal compounds gets into the environment and, in particular, into water bodies. It is obvious that pollution of the aquatic environment with various active pharmaceutical compounds harms the aquatic ecosystem, worsens the quality of water, and, subsequently, human health. That is why the need for the inactivation of pharmaceutical products polluting the aquatic environment is so urgent. The objectives of this study were to identify pharmaceutical compounds in the aquatic environment of Kazakhstan and to test the effectiveness of activated carbon as a means for wastewater treatment by adsorption.
References
[1] Alighardashi, A., Rashidi, A., Neshat, A. and Folsefatan, H. 2014. Environmental risk assessment of selected antibiotics in Iran. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 1(3): 132-137.
[2] Aubakirova, B., Beisenova, R. and Boxall, A.B.A. 2017. Prioritization of pharmaceuticals based on risks to aquatic environments in Kazakhstan. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 13(5): 832-839. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1895
[3] Balykbaeva, A.S. 2017. Pollution of Water Resources of Kazakhstan and Methods of Water Purification. Journal Oqu-Zaman, November 11, 2017. Available at: https://oqu-zaman.kz/?p=20455
[4] Berninger, J.P., Lalone, C.A., Villeneuve, D.L. and Ankley, G.T. 2016. Prioritization of pharmaceuticals for potential environmental hazard through leveraging a large-scale mammalian pharmacological dataset. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(4): 1007-1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2965
[5] Besse, J.P., Kausch-Barreto, C. and Garric, J.2008. Exposure assessment of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the aquatic environment: Application to the French situation and preliminary prioritization. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 14(4): 665-695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030802235078
[6] Boxall, A.B.A., Kolpin, D.W., Halling-Sorensen, B. and Tolls, J. 2003. Are veterinary medicines causing environmental risks. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(15): 286-294. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/es032519b
[7] Brausch, J.M. and Rand, G.M. 2011. A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere, 82(11): 1518-1532. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018
[8] Brausch, J.M. and Rand, G.M. 2011. A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere, 82(11): 1518-1532.
[9] Caban, M., Lis, E., Kumirska, J. and Stepnowski, P. 2015. Determination of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water in Poland using a new SPE-GC-MS(SIM) method based on Speedisk extraction disks and DIMETRIS derivatization. Science of the Total Environment, 538: 402-411. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.076
[10] Cooper, E.R., Siewicki, T.C. and Phillips, K.2008. Preliminary risk assessment database and risk ranking of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Science of the Total Environment, 398(1-3): 26-33. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.061
[11] de Araujo Almeida Freitas, L. and Radis-Baptista, G. 2021. Pharmaceutical Pollution and Disposal of Expired, Unused, and Unwanted Medicines in the Brazilian Context. Journal of Xenobiotics, 11(2): 61-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11020005
[12] Doerr-MacEwen, N.A. and Haight, M.E. 2006. Expert stakeholders' views on the management of human pharmaceuticals in the environment. Environmental Management, 38(5): 853-866. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0306-z
[13] Donn, J. 2009. Tons of Released Drugs Taint U.S. Water. Available at: https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2009/04/19/tons-of-released-drugs-taint-us-water?PageNr=1
[14] Executive Agency for Health and Consumers. 2013. Study on the environmental risks of medicinal products. Final report. Luxembourg: Executive Agency for Health and Consumers.
[15] Felicity, T. 2017. Pharmaceutical Waste in the Environment: View from a Cultural Position. Panorama of Public Health, 3(1): 133-139.
[16] Fernandez, K. and Tarason, S.P. 2014. The impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (third edition). Elsevier: Amsterdam.
[17] Guo, J.H., Sinclair, C.J., Selby, K. and Boxall, A.B.A. 2016. Toxicological and ecotoxicological risk-based prioritization of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(6): 1550-1559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3319
[18] Gworek, B., Kijenska, M., Wrzosek, J. and Graniewska, M. 2021. Pharmaceuticals in the Soil and Plant Environment: A Review. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04954-8
[19] Illarionova, E.A., Syrovatsky, I.P., Inozemtsev, P.O. 2011. A new version of the spectrophotometric determination of drotaverine. Siberian Medical Journal, 5: 75-77.
[20] Jones, O.A.H., Voulvoulis, N. and Lester, J.N. 2003. Potential impact of pharmaceuticals on environmental health. Bulletin of the World Health organization, 10: 768-769.
[21] Kaliev, A. 2021. Kazakhstan faces water shortage. Available at: https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/opasnaya-situaciya-s-vodnymi-resursami-kazahstanu-grozit-deficit-vody
[22] Kim, Y., Jung, J., Kim, M., Park, J., Boxall, A.B.A. and K. Choi. 2008. Prioritizing veterinary pharmaceuticals for aquatic environment in Korea. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 26(2): 167-176. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.03.006
[23] Kummerer, K. 2010. Pharmaceuticals in the environment. Annual review of environment and resources, 35: 57-75. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-052809-161223
[24] Lykov, I.N. 2020. Pharmaceutical Environmental Pollution. Fundamental medicine, 2: 23-27.
[25] Massima Mouele, E.S., et al. 2021. Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Water and Wastewater Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Methods—A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18: 1683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041683
[26] Naizabekova, A. 2020. How Coronavirus Affects the Pharmaceutical Market in Kazakhstan. Available at: https://forbes.kz//process/medicine/kak_koronavirus_vliyaet_na_farmatsevticheskiy_ryinok_kazahstana/
[27] Papagiannaki, D., et al. 2022. From monitoring to treatment, how to improve water quality: The pharmaceuticals case. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 10: 100245. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100245
[28] Roos, V., Gunnarsson, L., Fick, J., Larsson, D.G.J. and Ruden, C.2012. Prioritizing pharmaceuticals for environmental risk assessment: Towards adequate and feasible first-tier selection. Science of The Total Environment, 421: 102-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.039
[29] Scheytt, T.J., Mersmann, P. and Heberer, T.2006. Mobility of pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone in miscible-displacement experiments. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 83: 53–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2005.11.002
[30] Shigei, M., Assayed, A., Hazaymeh, A. and Dalahmeh, S.S. 2021. Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Pollutant Levels in Wastewater and the Waters of the Zarqa River, Jordan. Applied Sciences, 11: 8638. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188638
[31] Tashenov, A. and Cherednichenko, N. 2015. Development Prospects for the Pharmaceutical Market of the Single Economic Space. Available at: http://www.eabr.org/general/upload/docs/AU/%D0%90%D0%A3%20-%20%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20-%202013/OBZOR_18_rus.pdf
[32] Zuccato, E., Castiglioni, S. and Fanelli, R. 2005. Identification of the pharmaceuticals for human use contaminating the Italian aquatic environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 122(3): 205-209. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.001
[33] AQUITAS. 2015. Pharmaceutical Market of Kazakhstan: History, Main Directions of Development and Current State. https://aequitas.kz/
[34] European Environment Agency. 2010. Pharmaceuticals in the environment: results of an EEA Workshop. Copenhagen: EEA.
[35] IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. 2020. Global Use of Medicines in 2020. Report by the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Available at: https://www.iqvia.com/-/media/iqvia/pdfs/institute-reports/global-medicines-use-in-2020
[36] OECD. 2002. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test No 201. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/1946914.pdf
[37] Statista. 2021. Revenue of the worldwide pharmaceutical market from 2001 to 2020. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263102/pharmaceutical-market-worldwide-revenue-since-2001/
[38] U.S. News & World Report. 2013. Antihistamines Adding to Drug Pollution in Streams. Available at: https://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2013/04/02/antihistamines-adding-to-drug-pollution-in-streams
[39] UNECE. 2017. Targets to the Protocol on Water and Health to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes.
[40] World Health Organization. 2012. Pharmaceuticals in drinking water. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[2] Aubakirova, B., Beisenova, R. and Boxall, A.B.A. 2017. Prioritization of pharmaceuticals based on risks to aquatic environments in Kazakhstan. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 13(5): 832-839. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1895
[3] Balykbaeva, A.S. 2017. Pollution of Water Resources of Kazakhstan and Methods of Water Purification. Journal Oqu-Zaman, November 11, 2017. Available at: https://oqu-zaman.kz/?p=20455
[4] Berninger, J.P., Lalone, C.A., Villeneuve, D.L. and Ankley, G.T. 2016. Prioritization of pharmaceuticals for potential environmental hazard through leveraging a large-scale mammalian pharmacological dataset. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(4): 1007-1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2965
[5] Besse, J.P., Kausch-Barreto, C. and Garric, J.2008. Exposure assessment of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the aquatic environment: Application to the French situation and preliminary prioritization. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 14(4): 665-695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030802235078
[6] Boxall, A.B.A., Kolpin, D.W., Halling-Sorensen, B. and Tolls, J. 2003. Are veterinary medicines causing environmental risks. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(15): 286-294. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/es032519b
[7] Brausch, J.M. and Rand, G.M. 2011. A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere, 82(11): 1518-1532. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018
[8] Brausch, J.M. and Rand, G.M. 2011. A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere, 82(11): 1518-1532.
[9] Caban, M., Lis, E., Kumirska, J. and Stepnowski, P. 2015. Determination of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water in Poland using a new SPE-GC-MS(SIM) method based on Speedisk extraction disks and DIMETRIS derivatization. Science of the Total Environment, 538: 402-411. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.076
[10] Cooper, E.R., Siewicki, T.C. and Phillips, K.2008. Preliminary risk assessment database and risk ranking of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Science of the Total Environment, 398(1-3): 26-33. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.061
[11] de Araujo Almeida Freitas, L. and Radis-Baptista, G. 2021. Pharmaceutical Pollution and Disposal of Expired, Unused, and Unwanted Medicines in the Brazilian Context. Journal of Xenobiotics, 11(2): 61-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jox11020005
[12] Doerr-MacEwen, N.A. and Haight, M.E. 2006. Expert stakeholders' views on the management of human pharmaceuticals in the environment. Environmental Management, 38(5): 853-866. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0306-z
[13] Donn, J. 2009. Tons of Released Drugs Taint U.S. Water. Available at: https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2009/04/19/tons-of-released-drugs-taint-us-water?PageNr=1
[14] Executive Agency for Health and Consumers. 2013. Study on the environmental risks of medicinal products. Final report. Luxembourg: Executive Agency for Health and Consumers.
[15] Felicity, T. 2017. Pharmaceutical Waste in the Environment: View from a Cultural Position. Panorama of Public Health, 3(1): 133-139.
[16] Fernandez, K. and Tarason, S.P. 2014. The impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (third edition). Elsevier: Amsterdam.
[17] Guo, J.H., Sinclair, C.J., Selby, K. and Boxall, A.B.A. 2016. Toxicological and ecotoxicological risk-based prioritization of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(6): 1550-1559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3319
[18] Gworek, B., Kijenska, M., Wrzosek, J. and Graniewska, M. 2021. Pharmaceuticals in the Soil and Plant Environment: A Review. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04954-8
[19] Illarionova, E.A., Syrovatsky, I.P., Inozemtsev, P.O. 2011. A new version of the spectrophotometric determination of drotaverine. Siberian Medical Journal, 5: 75-77.
[20] Jones, O.A.H., Voulvoulis, N. and Lester, J.N. 2003. Potential impact of pharmaceuticals on environmental health. Bulletin of the World Health organization, 10: 768-769.
[21] Kaliev, A. 2021. Kazakhstan faces water shortage. Available at: https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/opasnaya-situaciya-s-vodnymi-resursami-kazahstanu-grozit-deficit-vody
[22] Kim, Y., Jung, J., Kim, M., Park, J., Boxall, A.B.A. and K. Choi. 2008. Prioritizing veterinary pharmaceuticals for aquatic environment in Korea. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 26(2): 167-176. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.03.006
[23] Kummerer, K. 2010. Pharmaceuticals in the environment. Annual review of environment and resources, 35: 57-75. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-052809-161223
[24] Lykov, I.N. 2020. Pharmaceutical Environmental Pollution. Fundamental medicine, 2: 23-27.
[25] Massima Mouele, E.S., et al. 2021. Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Water and Wastewater Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Methods—A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18: 1683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041683
[26] Naizabekova, A. 2020. How Coronavirus Affects the Pharmaceutical Market in Kazakhstan. Available at: https://forbes.kz//process/medicine/kak_koronavirus_vliyaet_na_farmatsevticheskiy_ryinok_kazahstana/
[27] Papagiannaki, D., et al. 2022. From monitoring to treatment, how to improve water quality: The pharmaceuticals case. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 10: 100245. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100245
[28] Roos, V., Gunnarsson, L., Fick, J., Larsson, D.G.J. and Ruden, C.2012. Prioritizing pharmaceuticals for environmental risk assessment: Towards adequate and feasible first-tier selection. Science of The Total Environment, 421: 102-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.039
[29] Scheytt, T.J., Mersmann, P. and Heberer, T.2006. Mobility of pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone in miscible-displacement experiments. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 83: 53–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2005.11.002
[30] Shigei, M., Assayed, A., Hazaymeh, A. and Dalahmeh, S.S. 2021. Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Pollutant Levels in Wastewater and the Waters of the Zarqa River, Jordan. Applied Sciences, 11: 8638. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188638
[31] Tashenov, A. and Cherednichenko, N. 2015. Development Prospects for the Pharmaceutical Market of the Single Economic Space. Available at: http://www.eabr.org/general/upload/docs/AU/%D0%90%D0%A3%20-%20%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20-%202013/OBZOR_18_rus.pdf
[32] Zuccato, E., Castiglioni, S. and Fanelli, R. 2005. Identification of the pharmaceuticals for human use contaminating the Italian aquatic environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 122(3): 205-209. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.001
[33] AQUITAS. 2015. Pharmaceutical Market of Kazakhstan: History, Main Directions of Development and Current State. https://aequitas.kz/
[34] European Environment Agency. 2010. Pharmaceuticals in the environment: results of an EEA Workshop. Copenhagen: EEA.
[35] IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. 2020. Global Use of Medicines in 2020. Report by the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Available at: https://www.iqvia.com/-/media/iqvia/pdfs/institute-reports/global-medicines-use-in-2020
[36] OECD. 2002. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test No 201. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/1946914.pdf
[37] Statista. 2021. Revenue of the worldwide pharmaceutical market from 2001 to 2020. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263102/pharmaceutical-market-worldwide-revenue-since-2001/
[38] U.S. News & World Report. 2013. Antihistamines Adding to Drug Pollution in Streams. Available at: https://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2013/04/02/antihistamines-adding-to-drug-pollution-in-streams
[39] UNECE. 2017. Targets to the Protocol on Water and Health to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes.
[40] World Health Organization. 2012. Pharmaceuticals in drinking water. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Published
2022-09-02
How to Cite
BEISENOVA, Raikhan et al.
The Problem of Water Resources Pollution with Active Pharmaceutical Substances and the Possibility of Its Solving.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 5, p. 1353 - 1360, sep. 2022.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7201>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.5(61).12.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.