Greenhouse Gas Trading Scheme in the Republic of Kazakhstan - Seven Years from Its Creation, Problems and Solutions
Abstract
The article studies the greenhouse gas trading scheme in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research analyzes an international experience in the sphere of greenhouse gas emissions trading and identifies the main provisions which are fundamental for the efficient work of emissions trading schemes. The work of the Kazakhstan greenhouse gas trading scheme was examined through these key provisions. Materials represent the work of emissions trading schemes in several countries, and, particularly, in the Republic of Kazakhstan. For a more detailed study, further directions were proposed to improve the work of the emissions trading scheme.
References
[1] Arimura, T. H., and Abe, T. 2021. The Impact of the Tokyo Emissions Trading Scheme on Office Buildings: What Factor Contributed to the Emission Reduction? Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 23 (3): 517–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-020-00271-w
[2] Arora, N. K., and Mishra, I. 2021. COP26: More Challenges than Achievements. Environmental Sustainability, 4 (4): 585–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00212-7
[3] Bayer, P., and Aklin, M. 2020. The European Union Emissions Trading System Reduced CO 2 Emissions despite Low Prices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117 (16): 8804–12. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918128117
[4] Borghesi, S., and Montini, M. 2016. The Best (and Worst) of GHG Emission Trading Systems: Comparing the EU ETS with Its Followers. Frontiers in Energy Research, 4 (July). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2016.00027
[5] Bothner, F. 2021. Personal Carbon Trading—Lost in the Policy Primeval Soup? Sustainability, 13 (8): 4592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084592
[6] Bozhko, L., Starodubets, N., Turgel, I. and Naizabekov, A. 2021. GHG Emissions Assessment as Part of MSW Green Cluster Design: Case of Large Cities in Russia and Kazakhstan. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 25 (1): 1165–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0088
[7] Buribayev, Y., et al. 2021. Problems of Environmental Law: Possibilities for Legislative Changes. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 23: 224–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2021.015
[8] Chan, H. S. R., Li, S. and Zhang, F. 2013. Firm Competitiveness and the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. Energy Policy, 63 (December): 1056–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.032
[9] Choi, S., et al. 2022. Comparative Analysis of Exergy- and Enthalpy-Based Allocation Methods for Cogeneration Businesses in the Industrial Complex of South Korea. Energy, 240 (February): 122837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122837
[10] Clara, Stefano De, et al. 2022. “International Carbon Action Partnership: Emissions Trading.” Berlin, Germany. Available at: https://icapcarbonaction.com/system/files/document/220408_icap_report_exsum_en.pdf
[11] Dabner, J. H. 2015. Fiscal Responses to Climate Change Australia’s ETS, ERF and the Californian ETS Compared. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2701019
[12] Deane, F., Hamman, E. and Pei, Y. 2017. Principles of Transparency in Emissions Trading Schemes: The Chinese Experience. Transnational Environmental Law, 6 (1): 87–106. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102516000145
[13] Desantes, J. M., Molina, S., Novella, R. and Lopez-Juarez, M.2020. Comparative Global Warming Impact and NOX Emissions of Conventional and Hydrogen Automotive Propulsion Systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 221: 113137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113137
[14] Diyar, S., Akparova, A., Toktabayev, A. and Tyutunnikova, M. 2014. Green Economy – Innovation-Based Development of Kazakhstan. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140 (August): 695–99. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.497
[15] Ellerman, A. D., and Buchner, B.K. 2007. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: Origins, Allocation, and Early Results. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1 (1): 66–87. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rem003
[16] Germeshausen, R. 2020. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and Fuel Efficiency of Fossil Fuel Power Plants in Germany. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/708894
[17] Guo, H., et al. 2020. Power Market Reform in China: Motivations, Progress, and Recommendations. Energy Policy, 145 (October): 111717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111717
[18] Gulbrandsen, L. H., Sammut, F. and Wettestad, J. 2017. Emissions Trading and Policy Diffusion: Complex EU ETS Emulation in Kazakhstan. Global Environmental Politics, 17 (3): 115–33. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00418
[19] Howie, P., and Atakhanova, Z. 2022. Assessing Initial Conditions and ETS Outcomes in a Fossil-Fuel Dependent Economy. Energy Strategy Reviews, 40 (March): 100818. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100818
[20] Ji, C.-J., et al. 2021. Price Drivers in the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme: Evidence from Chinese Emissions Trading Scheme Pilots. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278 (January): 123469. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123469
[21] Kerimray, A., and Bakdolotov, A. 2017. Sustainable Energy in Kazakhstan. Edited by Yelena Kalyuzhnova and Richard Pomfret. Sustainable Energy in Kazakhstan: Moving to Cleaner Energy in a Resource-Rich Country. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Central Asia research forum: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315267302
[22] Kim, Y., Tanaka, K. and Matsuoka, S. 2020. Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. Edited by Stefan Cristian Gherghina. PLOS ONE, 15 (7): e0236299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236299
[23] Liu, Y., Mabee, W. and Zhang, H. 2019. Upgrading the Development of Hubei Biogas with ETS in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213 (March): 745–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.165
[24] Maamoun, N. 2019. “The Kyoto Protocol: Empirical Evidence of a Hidden Success. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 95 (May): 227–56. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.04.001
[25] Mai, D. T. T. 2021. Revising the EU ETS and CORSIA in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges for Reducing Global Aviation Emissions. Climate Policy, 21 (10): 1357–67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1966358
[26] Mandaroux, R., Dong, C. and Li, G. 2021. A European Emissions Trading System Powered by Distributed Ledger Technology: An Evaluation Framework. Sustainability, 13 (4): 2106. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042106
[27] Medeu, A., et al. 2015. Great Silk Road on the Territory of Kazakhstan: From Past to Future. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 6 (2): 114–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2015.02.009
[28] Miyamoto, M., and Takeuchi, K. 2019. Climate Agreement and Technology Diffusion: Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on International Patent Applications for Renewable Energy Technologies. Energy Policy, 129 (June): 1331–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.053
[29] Mkilima, T. 2022. Treatment of Livestock Slaughterhouse Wastewater by the Electrochemical Method Using Stainless Steel and Copper Electrodes. Environmental Quality Management, February. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21858
[30] Moroz, S. P. 2020. The New Environmental Code of Kazakhstan? Juridical Science and Practice. 16 (2): 48–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2020-16-2-48-55
[31] Narassimhan, E., Gallagher, K.S., Koester, S. and Rivera Alejo, J. 2018. Carbon Pricing in Practice: A Review of Existing Emissions Trading Systems. Climate Policy, 18 (8): 967–91. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1467827
[32] Oesingmann, K. 2022. The Effect of the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on Aviation Demand: An Empirical Comparison with the Impact of Ticket Taxes. Energy Policy, 160: 112657. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112657
[33] Parker, S.K. 2019. From Ets to Carbon Coalitions: Carbon Market Standards Will Improve over Time. Carbon and Climate Law Review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21552/cclr/2019/3/4
[34] Perdan, S., and Azapagic, A. 2011. Carbon Trading: Current Schemes and Future Developments. Energy Policy, 39 (10): 6040–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.003
[35] Shishlov, I., Morel, R. and Bellassen, V. 2016. Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the First Commitment Period. Climate Policy, 16 (6): 768–82. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658
[36] Shrestha, A., et al. 2022. Inclusion of Forestry Offsets in Emission Trading Schemes: Insights from Global Experts. Journal of Forestry Research, 33 (1): 279–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01329-5
[37] Streimikiene, D., and Pusinaite, R. 2010. European GHG Emission Trading Scheme in Lithuania. Transformations in Business and Economics.
[38] Streimikiene, D., and Roos, I. 2009. GHG Emission Trading Implications on Energy Sector in Baltic States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (4): 854–62. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.02.005
[39] Tang, R., et al. 2018. Key Challenges for the Establishment of the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) System in China’s National Carbon Emissions Trading Market. Climate Policy, 18 (sup1): 106–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1454882
[40] Turgel, I., Bozhko, L., Pracheva, E. and Naizabekov, A. 2019. Impact of Zones with Special Status on the Environment (Experience of Russia and Kazakhstan). Environmental and Climate Technologies, 23 (2): 102–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0058
[41] Vakhguelt, A. 2017. Renewable Energy Potential of Kazakhstan. Defect and Diffusion Forum 379 (November): 189–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.379.189
[42] Xiong, C., et al. 2020. Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions in Kazakhstan at Different Stages. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (29): 36630–38. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09750-9
[43] Wang, C.H., Ko, M.H. and Chen, W.J. 2019. Effects of Kyoto Protocol on CO2 Emissions: A Five-Country Rolling Regression Analysis. Sustainability, 11 (3): 744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030744
[44] Wang, X., et al. 2019. Kazakhstan’s CO2 Emissions in the Post-Kyoto Protocol Era: Production- and Consumption-Based Analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 249 (November): 109393. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109393
[45] IEA. 2006. Linking GHG Emission Trading Schemes and Markets. OECD.
[46] International Carbon Action Partnership. 2021. “Kazakhstan Emissions Trading Scheme.” International Carbon Action Partnership.
[47] OECD. 2018. Reforming Kazakhstan: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities. Project Insights. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/eurasia/countries/OECD-Eurasia-Reforming-Kazakhstan-EN.pdf
[48] The World Bank Group. 2021. “Carbon Pricing Dashboard.” The World Bank Group. 2021. Available at: https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data
[49] UNECE. 2019. Kazakhstan Environmental Performance Reviews. Geneva. Available at: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/ECE_CEP_185_Eng_0.pdf
[50] United Nations. 2021. “Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data - Detailed Data by Party.” United Nations Climate Change. 2021. Available at: https://di.unfccc.int/detailed_data_by_party
[2] Arora, N. K., and Mishra, I. 2021. COP26: More Challenges than Achievements. Environmental Sustainability, 4 (4): 585–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00212-7
[3] Bayer, P., and Aklin, M. 2020. The European Union Emissions Trading System Reduced CO 2 Emissions despite Low Prices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117 (16): 8804–12. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918128117
[4] Borghesi, S., and Montini, M. 2016. The Best (and Worst) of GHG Emission Trading Systems: Comparing the EU ETS with Its Followers. Frontiers in Energy Research, 4 (July). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2016.00027
[5] Bothner, F. 2021. Personal Carbon Trading—Lost in the Policy Primeval Soup? Sustainability, 13 (8): 4592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084592
[6] Bozhko, L., Starodubets, N., Turgel, I. and Naizabekov, A. 2021. GHG Emissions Assessment as Part of MSW Green Cluster Design: Case of Large Cities in Russia and Kazakhstan. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 25 (1): 1165–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0088
[7] Buribayev, Y., et al. 2021. Problems of Environmental Law: Possibilities for Legislative Changes. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 23: 224–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54740/ros.2021.015
[8] Chan, H. S. R., Li, S. and Zhang, F. 2013. Firm Competitiveness and the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. Energy Policy, 63 (December): 1056–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.032
[9] Choi, S., et al. 2022. Comparative Analysis of Exergy- and Enthalpy-Based Allocation Methods for Cogeneration Businesses in the Industrial Complex of South Korea. Energy, 240 (February): 122837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122837
[10] Clara, Stefano De, et al. 2022. “International Carbon Action Partnership: Emissions Trading.” Berlin, Germany. Available at: https://icapcarbonaction.com/system/files/document/220408_icap_report_exsum_en.pdf
[11] Dabner, J. H. 2015. Fiscal Responses to Climate Change Australia’s ETS, ERF and the Californian ETS Compared. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2701019
[12] Deane, F., Hamman, E. and Pei, Y. 2017. Principles of Transparency in Emissions Trading Schemes: The Chinese Experience. Transnational Environmental Law, 6 (1): 87–106. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102516000145
[13] Desantes, J. M., Molina, S., Novella, R. and Lopez-Juarez, M.2020. Comparative Global Warming Impact and NOX Emissions of Conventional and Hydrogen Automotive Propulsion Systems. Energy Conversion and Management, 221: 113137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113137
[14] Diyar, S., Akparova, A., Toktabayev, A. and Tyutunnikova, M. 2014. Green Economy – Innovation-Based Development of Kazakhstan. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140 (August): 695–99. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.497
[15] Ellerman, A. D., and Buchner, B.K. 2007. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme: Origins, Allocation, and Early Results. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1 (1): 66–87. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rem003
[16] Germeshausen, R. 2020. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and Fuel Efficiency of Fossil Fuel Power Plants in Germany. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/708894
[17] Guo, H., et al. 2020. Power Market Reform in China: Motivations, Progress, and Recommendations. Energy Policy, 145 (October): 111717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111717
[18] Gulbrandsen, L. H., Sammut, F. and Wettestad, J. 2017. Emissions Trading and Policy Diffusion: Complex EU ETS Emulation in Kazakhstan. Global Environmental Politics, 17 (3): 115–33. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00418
[19] Howie, P., and Atakhanova, Z. 2022. Assessing Initial Conditions and ETS Outcomes in a Fossil-Fuel Dependent Economy. Energy Strategy Reviews, 40 (March): 100818. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100818
[20] Ji, C.-J., et al. 2021. Price Drivers in the Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme: Evidence from Chinese Emissions Trading Scheme Pilots. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278 (January): 123469. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123469
[21] Kerimray, A., and Bakdolotov, A. 2017. Sustainable Energy in Kazakhstan. Edited by Yelena Kalyuzhnova and Richard Pomfret. Sustainable Energy in Kazakhstan: Moving to Cleaner Energy in a Resource-Rich Country. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Central Asia research forum: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315267302
[22] Kim, Y., Tanaka, K. and Matsuoka, S. 2020. Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. Edited by Stefan Cristian Gherghina. PLOS ONE, 15 (7): e0236299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236299
[23] Liu, Y., Mabee, W. and Zhang, H. 2019. Upgrading the Development of Hubei Biogas with ETS in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213 (March): 745–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.165
[24] Maamoun, N. 2019. “The Kyoto Protocol: Empirical Evidence of a Hidden Success. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 95 (May): 227–56. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.04.001
[25] Mai, D. T. T. 2021. Revising the EU ETS and CORSIA in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges for Reducing Global Aviation Emissions. Climate Policy, 21 (10): 1357–67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1966358
[26] Mandaroux, R., Dong, C. and Li, G. 2021. A European Emissions Trading System Powered by Distributed Ledger Technology: An Evaluation Framework. Sustainability, 13 (4): 2106. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042106
[27] Medeu, A., et al. 2015. Great Silk Road on the Territory of Kazakhstan: From Past to Future. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 6 (2): 114–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764X.2015.02.009
[28] Miyamoto, M., and Takeuchi, K. 2019. Climate Agreement and Technology Diffusion: Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on International Patent Applications for Renewable Energy Technologies. Energy Policy, 129 (June): 1331–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.053
[29] Mkilima, T. 2022. Treatment of Livestock Slaughterhouse Wastewater by the Electrochemical Method Using Stainless Steel and Copper Electrodes. Environmental Quality Management, February. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21858
[30] Moroz, S. P. 2020. The New Environmental Code of Kazakhstan? Juridical Science and Practice. 16 (2): 48–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2020-16-2-48-55
[31] Narassimhan, E., Gallagher, K.S., Koester, S. and Rivera Alejo, J. 2018. Carbon Pricing in Practice: A Review of Existing Emissions Trading Systems. Climate Policy, 18 (8): 967–91. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1467827
[32] Oesingmann, K. 2022. The Effect of the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on Aviation Demand: An Empirical Comparison with the Impact of Ticket Taxes. Energy Policy, 160: 112657. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112657
[33] Parker, S.K. 2019. From Ets to Carbon Coalitions: Carbon Market Standards Will Improve over Time. Carbon and Climate Law Review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21552/cclr/2019/3/4
[34] Perdan, S., and Azapagic, A. 2011. Carbon Trading: Current Schemes and Future Developments. Energy Policy, 39 (10): 6040–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.003
[35] Shishlov, I., Morel, R. and Bellassen, V. 2016. Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the First Commitment Period. Climate Policy, 16 (6): 768–82. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658
[36] Shrestha, A., et al. 2022. Inclusion of Forestry Offsets in Emission Trading Schemes: Insights from Global Experts. Journal of Forestry Research, 33 (1): 279–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01329-5
[37] Streimikiene, D., and Pusinaite, R. 2010. European GHG Emission Trading Scheme in Lithuania. Transformations in Business and Economics.
[38] Streimikiene, D., and Roos, I. 2009. GHG Emission Trading Implications on Energy Sector in Baltic States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (4): 854–62. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.02.005
[39] Tang, R., et al. 2018. Key Challenges for the Establishment of the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) System in China’s National Carbon Emissions Trading Market. Climate Policy, 18 (sup1): 106–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1454882
[40] Turgel, I., Bozhko, L., Pracheva, E. and Naizabekov, A. 2019. Impact of Zones with Special Status on the Environment (Experience of Russia and Kazakhstan). Environmental and Climate Technologies, 23 (2): 102–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0058
[41] Vakhguelt, A. 2017. Renewable Energy Potential of Kazakhstan. Defect and Diffusion Forum 379 (November): 189–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.379.189
[42] Xiong, C., et al. 2020. Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions in Kazakhstan at Different Stages. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (29): 36630–38. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09750-9
[43] Wang, C.H., Ko, M.H. and Chen, W.J. 2019. Effects of Kyoto Protocol on CO2 Emissions: A Five-Country Rolling Regression Analysis. Sustainability, 11 (3): 744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030744
[44] Wang, X., et al. 2019. Kazakhstan’s CO2 Emissions in the Post-Kyoto Protocol Era: Production- and Consumption-Based Analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 249 (November): 109393. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109393
[45] IEA. 2006. Linking GHG Emission Trading Schemes and Markets. OECD.
[46] International Carbon Action Partnership. 2021. “Kazakhstan Emissions Trading Scheme.” International Carbon Action Partnership.
[47] OECD. 2018. Reforming Kazakhstan: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities. Project Insights. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/eurasia/countries/OECD-Eurasia-Reforming-Kazakhstan-EN.pdf
[48] The World Bank Group. 2021. “Carbon Pricing Dashboard.” The World Bank Group. 2021. Available at: https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data
[49] UNECE. 2019. Kazakhstan Environmental Performance Reviews. Geneva. Available at: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-08/ECE_CEP_185_Eng_0.pdf
[50] United Nations. 2021. “Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data - Detailed Data by Party.” United Nations Climate Change. 2021. Available at: https://di.unfccc.int/detailed_data_by_party
Published
2022-09-02
How to Cite
KOZHIKOV, Marat; KAPSALYAMOV, Bauyrzhan.
Greenhouse Gas Trading Scheme in the Republic of Kazakhstan - Seven Years from Its Creation, Problems and Solutions.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 5, p. 1321 - 1338, sep. 2022.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7199>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.5(61).10.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.