Geopark Rinjani, Sport Tourism, and the Rise of Local Participation Post COVID in Lombok, Indonesia
Abstract
This study aims to determine the role model of local community participation in the post-pandemic Rinjani geopark sport tourism festival. The pandemic has caused a shift in tourism to focus on Nature, Eco, Wellness, and Adventure (NEWA). For this reason, the local community of Sembalun Village, a key gateway to an arduous trek up Mount Rinjani in West Nusa Tenggara Province, initiated a sport tourism event due to the natural resource potentials. Hence, this qualitative descriptive research unveils several motivations that underlie the festival's implementation, including economic, cultural, and natural environmental factors—a role model for local community participation based on these driving factors with a Bottom-Top approach.
References
[1] Adikampana, I.M. 2017. Community Based Tourism. Bali: Cakra Press.
[2] Anderson, R.M. et al. 2020. How Will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic? The Lancet, 395 (10228): 931–934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
[3] Arnstein, S.R. 1969. A Ladder Citizen Participation. Retrieved 07 November 2021. Available at: http://litgow-schmidt.dk/sherryarnstein/ladder-of-citizenparticipation.html
[4] Cohen, J. and Uphoff, N.T. 1977. Rural Development Participation: Concept and Measures for Project Design Implementation and Evaluation. New York: Cornell University Press.
[5] Damanik, J. and Weber, H.F. 2006. Ecotourism Planning: from theory to application. Yogyakarta: ANDI OFFSET.
[6] Dohlman, L. 2019. Globar Barin Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration. International Journal of Enviromental Research and Public Health, 16(1): 1182-1196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071182
[7] Filipova, M. 2008. Challenges before the achievement of a sustainable cultural tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14(2): 311-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.14.2.10
[8] Getz, D. 1991. Festivals, Special Events, and Tourism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
[9] Gupta, M. Das. 2003. Fostering community-driven development - What role for the State? Policy Research Working Paper Series. 2969. The World Bank Development Research Group. Retrieved 05 November 2021, from: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19186
[10] Hritz, N. and Craig, R. 2010. The Perceived Impacts of Sport Tourism: An Urban Host Community Perspective. Journal of Sport Management. 24 (2): 119–38. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.2.119
[11] Jaffar Abbas et al. 2021. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2(3): 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033
[12] Joseph Muiruri Njoroge et al. 2017. Sports Tourism and Perceived Socio- Economic Impact in Kenya: The Case of Machakos. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 23(2): 195–217. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.23.2.9
[13] Korten, D.C. 1986. Community Management: Asian Experince and Perspective. Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
[14] Kotler, P. 2009. Manajemen Pemasaran. Jakarta: Erlangga.
[15] Maslow, A.H. 1970. Motivation and personality. USA: Harper and Row Publication.
[16] Mikkelsen, B. 2003. Participatory Research Methods and Empowerment Efforts. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
[17] Moleong, L. J. 2017. Qualitative Research Methods. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya Offset.
[18] Nagarjuna, G. 2015. Local Community Involvement in Tourism: A Content Analysis of Websites of Wildlife Resorts. Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies, 10(1): 13–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12727/ajts.13.2
[19] Nugroho, M. S. 2019. Sikap masyarakat terhadap pengembangan Pantai Loang Baloq sebagai daya tarik wisata di Kota Mataram. Journal of Enterprise and Development (JED), 1(2): 60–71. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20414/jed.v1i02.979
[20] O'Sullivan, D., and Jackson, M. J. 2002. Festival tourism: a contributor to sustainable local economic development? Journal of sustainable tourism, 10(4): 325-342. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667171
[21] Peterson, K. I., and Crayton, C. 1995. The effect of an economic impact study on sponsorship development for a festival: A case study. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 2(3-4): 185-190. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3727/106527095792315503
[22] Pitana, I .G. and Gayatri, P. G. 2005. Tourism Sociology. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
[23] Richelle, C. and Misener, L. 2015. Understanding Urban Development through a Sport Events Portfolio: A Case Study of London, Ontario. Journal of Sport Management, 29 (1): 11–26. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1123/JSM.2013-0259
[24] Rinjanigeopark 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021, from: https://rinjanigeopark.com
[25] Rogerson, C.M. and Baum, T. 2020. COVID-19 and African Tourism Research Agendas. Development Southern Africa, 37(5): 727–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1818551
[26] Samaranch, J.A. 2001. Opening Ceremony 1st Sport & Tourism World Confrence. Spain: World Tourism Organization and the International Olympic Committee.
[27] Singh, K. 2007. Quantitative Social Research Methods. New Delhi: Sage Publication
[28] Slamet, Y. 1994. Pengembangan Masyarakat Berwawasan Partisipasi. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press.
[29] Stankova, M., and Vassenska, I. 2015. Raising cultural awareness of local traditions through festival tourism. Tourism & Management Studies, 11(1): 120-127. Available at: https://tmstudies.net/index.php/ectms/article/view/766
[30] Strydom, A. J., Saayman, M., and Saayman, A. 2006. The economic impact of the Volksblad Arts Festival. Acta Commercii, 6(1): 87-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v6i1.97
[31] Sudjatmoko 1983. The Human Dimension in Development. Jakarta: Andi Offset.
[32] Sunarti. 2003. Community Participation in Group Housing Development. Semarang: Planologi UNDIP.
[33] Timothy, D.J. and Boyd, S.W. 2003. Heritage Tourism. England: Pearson Education.
[34] Weed, M. 2008. Olympic tourism. United Kingdom: Elsevier Ltd.
[35] Xavier, R. and Iñaki, A.U. 2021. The Sustainability of Intangible Heritage in the COVID-19 Era Resilience, Reinvention, and Challenges in Spain. Sustainability, 13(5796): 1–25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115796
[36] Villiers 2001. Sport and Tourism Stimulate Development. Spain: World Tourism Organization and the International Olympic Committee.
[37] World Travel and Tourism Council. 2020. Coronavirus Puts up to 50 million Travel and Tourism Jobs at Risk Says WTTC. Retrieved November 05, 2021 from: https://www.wttc.org
[2] Anderson, R.M. et al. 2020. How Will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic? The Lancet, 395 (10228): 931–934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
[3] Arnstein, S.R. 1969. A Ladder Citizen Participation. Retrieved 07 November 2021. Available at: http://litgow-schmidt.dk/sherryarnstein/ladder-of-citizenparticipation.html
[4] Cohen, J. and Uphoff, N.T. 1977. Rural Development Participation: Concept and Measures for Project Design Implementation and Evaluation. New York: Cornell University Press.
[5] Damanik, J. and Weber, H.F. 2006. Ecotourism Planning: from theory to application. Yogyakarta: ANDI OFFSET.
[6] Dohlman, L. 2019. Globar Barin Drain: How Can the Maslow Theory of Motivation Improve Our Understanding of Physician Migration. International Journal of Enviromental Research and Public Health, 16(1): 1182-1196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071182
[7] Filipova, M. 2008. Challenges before the achievement of a sustainable cultural tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14(2): 311-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.14.2.10
[8] Getz, D. 1991. Festivals, Special Events, and Tourism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
[9] Gupta, M. Das. 2003. Fostering community-driven development - What role for the State? Policy Research Working Paper Series. 2969. The World Bank Development Research Group. Retrieved 05 November 2021, from: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/19186
[10] Hritz, N. and Craig, R. 2010. The Perceived Impacts of Sport Tourism: An Urban Host Community Perspective. Journal of Sport Management. 24 (2): 119–38. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.2.119
[11] Jaffar Abbas et al. 2021. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2(3): 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033
[12] Joseph Muiruri Njoroge et al. 2017. Sports Tourism and Perceived Socio- Economic Impact in Kenya: The Case of Machakos. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 23(2): 195–217. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.23.2.9
[13] Korten, D.C. 1986. Community Management: Asian Experince and Perspective. Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
[14] Kotler, P. 2009. Manajemen Pemasaran. Jakarta: Erlangga.
[15] Maslow, A.H. 1970. Motivation and personality. USA: Harper and Row Publication.
[16] Mikkelsen, B. 2003. Participatory Research Methods and Empowerment Efforts. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
[17] Moleong, L. J. 2017. Qualitative Research Methods. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya Offset.
[18] Nagarjuna, G. 2015. Local Community Involvement in Tourism: A Content Analysis of Websites of Wildlife Resorts. Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies, 10(1): 13–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12727/ajts.13.2
[19] Nugroho, M. S. 2019. Sikap masyarakat terhadap pengembangan Pantai Loang Baloq sebagai daya tarik wisata di Kota Mataram. Journal of Enterprise and Development (JED), 1(2): 60–71. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20414/jed.v1i02.979
[20] O'Sullivan, D., and Jackson, M. J. 2002. Festival tourism: a contributor to sustainable local economic development? Journal of sustainable tourism, 10(4): 325-342. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667171
[21] Peterson, K. I., and Crayton, C. 1995. The effect of an economic impact study on sponsorship development for a festival: A case study. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 2(3-4): 185-190. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3727/106527095792315503
[22] Pitana, I .G. and Gayatri, P. G. 2005. Tourism Sociology. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
[23] Richelle, C. and Misener, L. 2015. Understanding Urban Development through a Sport Events Portfolio: A Case Study of London, Ontario. Journal of Sport Management, 29 (1): 11–26. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1123/JSM.2013-0259
[24] Rinjanigeopark 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021, from: https://rinjanigeopark.com
[25] Rogerson, C.M. and Baum, T. 2020. COVID-19 and African Tourism Research Agendas. Development Southern Africa, 37(5): 727–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1818551
[26] Samaranch, J.A. 2001. Opening Ceremony 1st Sport & Tourism World Confrence. Spain: World Tourism Organization and the International Olympic Committee.
[27] Singh, K. 2007. Quantitative Social Research Methods. New Delhi: Sage Publication
[28] Slamet, Y. 1994. Pengembangan Masyarakat Berwawasan Partisipasi. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press.
[29] Stankova, M., and Vassenska, I. 2015. Raising cultural awareness of local traditions through festival tourism. Tourism & Management Studies, 11(1): 120-127. Available at: https://tmstudies.net/index.php/ectms/article/view/766
[30] Strydom, A. J., Saayman, M., and Saayman, A. 2006. The economic impact of the Volksblad Arts Festival. Acta Commercii, 6(1): 87-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v6i1.97
[31] Sudjatmoko 1983. The Human Dimension in Development. Jakarta: Andi Offset.
[32] Sunarti. 2003. Community Participation in Group Housing Development. Semarang: Planologi UNDIP.
[33] Timothy, D.J. and Boyd, S.W. 2003. Heritage Tourism. England: Pearson Education.
[34] Weed, M. 2008. Olympic tourism. United Kingdom: Elsevier Ltd.
[35] Xavier, R. and Iñaki, A.U. 2021. The Sustainability of Intangible Heritage in the COVID-19 Era Resilience, Reinvention, and Challenges in Spain. Sustainability, 13(5796): 1–25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115796
[36] Villiers 2001. Sport and Tourism Stimulate Development. Spain: World Tourism Organization and the International Olympic Committee.
[37] World Travel and Tourism Council. 2020. Coronavirus Puts up to 50 million Travel and Tourism Jobs at Risk Says WTTC. Retrieved November 05, 2021 from: https://www.wttc.org
Published
2022-06-28
How to Cite
BONANG, Dahlia et al.
Geopark Rinjani, Sport Tourism, and the Rise of Local Participation Post COVID in Lombok, Indonesia.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 4, p. 1207 - 1214, june 2022.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7073>. Date accessed: 26 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.4(60).25.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.