The Protection of Tourism Sites as Cultural Heritage in Wetlands within the Framework of International Law
Abstract
The article deals with the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands under international agreements. It highlights the concept of the cultural and natural heritage of wetlands, and then discusses the protection of the world cultural heritage of wetlands within the framework of UNESCO. The article also identifies cultural values under the Ramsar Convention. It focuses on the assessment of international protection of world cultural and natural heritage in wetlands. Finally, the article refers to the World Heritage of the Wilderness Wetlands. The article contributes to clarifying the absence of an independent legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The Study concluded that international agreements do not establish explicit international obligations on states. Hence the need for an international convention dedicated to the protection of cultural heritage in wetlands. The study also concluded that there is no judicial mechanism to limit the deterioration of cultural heritage in wetlands.
References
[1] Al-Hadithi, A. I. 1999. Protection of Cultural Property in International Law, DAR ELTHAKAFA for Publishing and Distribution, first edition.
[2] Al-Hashmi, M. H., Khan, M. M., and Ajmal, M. M. 2021. Implementing Sustainable Procurement Strategy in the Oil and Gas Sector: Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 12(2): 59-77.
[3] Alsamara, T., Farouk, G., and Halima, M. 2021. The role of the European court of justice in the management and protection of wetlands: a European states case study. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(2): 1-8.
[4] Davidson, N., and Coates 2, D. 2011. The Ramsar Convention and Synergies for Operationalizing the Convention on Biological Diversity's Ecosystem Approach for Wetland Conservation and Wise Use. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, 14(3-4): 199-205.
[5] Dyer, M. I., and Holland, M. M. 1988. UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program. BioScience, 38(9): 635-641.
[6] Gunn, J. 2021. Karst groundwater in UNESCO protected areas: a global overview. Hydrogeology Journal, 29(1): 297-314.
[7] Kotagama, S. W., and Bambaradeniya, C. N. B. 2006. An overview of the wetlands of Sri Lanka and their conservation significance. National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka, 7-16.
[8] Laltaika, E. 2022. Indigenous peoples’ participation and the management of wetlands in Africa: a review of the Ramsar Convention. Fundamentals of Tropical Freshwater Wetlands, 711-726.
[9] McInnes, R., Mariam, K A. and Pritchard, D. 2017. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Ramsar and World Heritage Conventions: Converging towards success, How cultural values and community participation contribute to positive conservation outcomes for internationally designated wetlands. Ramsar convention secretariat.
[10] McInnes, R., Ali, M., and Pritchard, D. 2017. Ramsar and World heritage Conventions: Converging towards success. In Ramsar: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.
[11] Meskic, Z., Albakjaji, M., Omerovic, E., and Alhussein, H. 2022. Transnational Consumer Protection in E-Commerce: Lessons Learned from the European Union and the United States. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 13(1): 1-15. DOI:http://doi.org/10.4018/IJSSMET.299972
[12] Muhammad, T. M., and Salah J A. 2008. International Protection of Cultural Property in International Humanitarian Law, Karbala Scientific Journal, VI(IV).
[13] Navid, D. 1989. The international law of migratory species: the Ramsar Convention. Nat. Resources J., 29: 1001.
[14] Nori, N. R., and Gupta, S. K. 2021. The Role of Industrial Ecology in Maximizing the Value of the Organization: A Case Study of Mineral Water Industry Organizations of Duhok City, Iraq. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 12(3): 34-53.
[15] Olivier, A. 2004. Great expectations: the English heritage approach to the management of the historic environment in England's wetlands. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 4(1): 155-168.
[16] Papayannis, T. 2008. Action for culture in Mediterranean wetlands. Med-INA, Mediterranean Institute for Nature and Arthropods.
[17] Papayannis, T., and Pritchard, D. 2012. Wetland cultural and spiritual values, and the Ramsar Convention. In Sacred Natural Sites (pp. 206-213). Routledge.
[18] Price, M. F. 2017. Managing MIDAs: Harmonising the management of multi-internationally designated areas-ramsar sites, World heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO Global geoparks. Mountain Research and Development, 37(3): 384-384.
[19] Reeder-Myers, L. A. 2015. Cultural heritage at risk in the twenty-first century: A vulnerability assessment of coastal archaeological sites in the United States. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 10(3): 436-445.
[20] Rouhi, J. 2017. Definition of cultural heritage properties and their valuesby the past. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(12): 7109-7114.
[21] Salih, M, M, B. 1999. Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage in International Treaties - International Protection of Antiquities, Artistic Creativity and Holy Places, dar elnahda larabia.
[22] Scott, D. A. and Jones, T. A. 1995. Classification and inventory of wetlands: A global overview. Vegetatio, 118(1): 3-16.
[23] Sonnenberg, M., Kühne, S., and Becker, M. 2013. Classification of Technical Operation Services for Renewable Energy Power Plants. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 4(2): 92-101.
[24] Stein, P. L. 2002. Protecting archaeological heritage in wetlands: The muddied waters of international, European, English and Australian law. Environmental Law Review, 4(1): 26-50.
[25] Tolentino Jr, A. S. 2003. Wetlands: Water, Life, Culture. Envtl. Pol'y & L., 33, 25.
[26] Tolentino, A. M. E. (2013). Cultural Values of Wetlands. Envtl. Pol'y & L., 43, 87.
[27] Toman, J. 2017. The protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict: Commentary on the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocol, signed on 14 May 1954 in The Hague, and on other instruments of international law concerning such protection. Routledge.
[28] Verschuuren, B. 2006. Sociocultural importance of wetlands in northern Australia. In Conserving Cultural and Biological Diversity: The Role of Sacred Natural Sites and Cultural Landscapes (pp. 141-150).
[29] Wieland, H., Polese, F., Vargo, S. L., and Lusch, R. F. 2012. Toward a service (eco) systems perspective on value creation. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 3(3): 12-25.
[30] Executive Decree No. 14-04, 2014. The Basic Law of the National Office of the Cultural Hangar of the Saharan Atlas.
[2] Al-Hashmi, M. H., Khan, M. M., and Ajmal, M. M. 2021. Implementing Sustainable Procurement Strategy in the Oil and Gas Sector: Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 12(2): 59-77.
[3] Alsamara, T., Farouk, G., and Halima, M. 2021. The role of the European court of justice in the management and protection of wetlands: a European states case study. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(2): 1-8.
[4] Davidson, N., and Coates 2, D. 2011. The Ramsar Convention and Synergies for Operationalizing the Convention on Biological Diversity's Ecosystem Approach for Wetland Conservation and Wise Use. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, 14(3-4): 199-205.
[5] Dyer, M. I., and Holland, M. M. 1988. UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program. BioScience, 38(9): 635-641.
[6] Gunn, J. 2021. Karst groundwater in UNESCO protected areas: a global overview. Hydrogeology Journal, 29(1): 297-314.
[7] Kotagama, S. W., and Bambaradeniya, C. N. B. 2006. An overview of the wetlands of Sri Lanka and their conservation significance. National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka, 7-16.
[8] Laltaika, E. 2022. Indigenous peoples’ participation and the management of wetlands in Africa: a review of the Ramsar Convention. Fundamentals of Tropical Freshwater Wetlands, 711-726.
[9] McInnes, R., Mariam, K A. and Pritchard, D. 2017. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Ramsar and World Heritage Conventions: Converging towards success, How cultural values and community participation contribute to positive conservation outcomes for internationally designated wetlands. Ramsar convention secretariat.
[10] McInnes, R., Ali, M., and Pritchard, D. 2017. Ramsar and World heritage Conventions: Converging towards success. In Ramsar: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.
[11] Meskic, Z., Albakjaji, M., Omerovic, E., and Alhussein, H. 2022. Transnational Consumer Protection in E-Commerce: Lessons Learned from the European Union and the United States. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 13(1): 1-15. DOI:http://doi.org/10.4018/IJSSMET.299972
[12] Muhammad, T. M., and Salah J A. 2008. International Protection of Cultural Property in International Humanitarian Law, Karbala Scientific Journal, VI(IV).
[13] Navid, D. 1989. The international law of migratory species: the Ramsar Convention. Nat. Resources J., 29: 1001.
[14] Nori, N. R., and Gupta, S. K. 2021. The Role of Industrial Ecology in Maximizing the Value of the Organization: A Case Study of Mineral Water Industry Organizations of Duhok City, Iraq. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 12(3): 34-53.
[15] Olivier, A. 2004. Great expectations: the English heritage approach to the management of the historic environment in England's wetlands. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 4(1): 155-168.
[16] Papayannis, T. 2008. Action for culture in Mediterranean wetlands. Med-INA, Mediterranean Institute for Nature and Arthropods.
[17] Papayannis, T., and Pritchard, D. 2012. Wetland cultural and spiritual values, and the Ramsar Convention. In Sacred Natural Sites (pp. 206-213). Routledge.
[18] Price, M. F. 2017. Managing MIDAs: Harmonising the management of multi-internationally designated areas-ramsar sites, World heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO Global geoparks. Mountain Research and Development, 37(3): 384-384.
[19] Reeder-Myers, L. A. 2015. Cultural heritage at risk in the twenty-first century: A vulnerability assessment of coastal archaeological sites in the United States. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 10(3): 436-445.
[20] Rouhi, J. 2017. Definition of cultural heritage properties and their valuesby the past. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(12): 7109-7114.
[21] Salih, M, M, B. 1999. Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage in International Treaties - International Protection of Antiquities, Artistic Creativity and Holy Places, dar elnahda larabia.
[22] Scott, D. A. and Jones, T. A. 1995. Classification and inventory of wetlands: A global overview. Vegetatio, 118(1): 3-16.
[23] Sonnenberg, M., Kühne, S., and Becker, M. 2013. Classification of Technical Operation Services for Renewable Energy Power Plants. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 4(2): 92-101.
[24] Stein, P. L. 2002. Protecting archaeological heritage in wetlands: The muddied waters of international, European, English and Australian law. Environmental Law Review, 4(1): 26-50.
[25] Tolentino Jr, A. S. 2003. Wetlands: Water, Life, Culture. Envtl. Pol'y & L., 33, 25.
[26] Tolentino, A. M. E. (2013). Cultural Values of Wetlands. Envtl. Pol'y & L., 43, 87.
[27] Toman, J. 2017. The protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict: Commentary on the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its Protocol, signed on 14 May 1954 in The Hague, and on other instruments of international law concerning such protection. Routledge.
[28] Verschuuren, B. 2006. Sociocultural importance of wetlands in northern Australia. In Conserving Cultural and Biological Diversity: The Role of Sacred Natural Sites and Cultural Landscapes (pp. 141-150).
[29] Wieland, H., Polese, F., Vargo, S. L., and Lusch, R. F. 2012. Toward a service (eco) systems perspective on value creation. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 3(3): 12-25.
[30] Executive Decree No. 14-04, 2014. The Basic Law of the National Office of the Cultural Hangar of the Saharan Atlas.
Published
2022-06-28
How to Cite
ALSAMARA, Tareck; GHAZI, Farouk; MALLAOUI, Halima.
The Protection of Tourism Sites as Cultural Heritage in Wetlands within the Framework of International Law.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 4, p. 975-984, june 2022.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7054>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.4(60).06.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.