Species Diversity of Mangroves in Central Zambales, Philippines
Abstract
The Philippines being an archipelagic country has one of the most diverse mangrove ecosystems. Species composition and diversity assessment are vital for sustainable management and conservation activities of mangrove resources. The diversity of mangroves was assessed to determine the status of the mangrove ecosystem in the central part of Zambales, Philippines. Data were gathered using a random quadrat sampling method in the twelve pre-selected stations. Each quadrat measures 1 meters and the quantitative description of each plant species was determined. There were a total of 15 mangrove species surveyed in the area, under seven families, which family Rhizophoraceae was the most represented, with six species, and families Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Myrsinaceae were only represented with one species each. Shannon’s Diversity Index showed that the mangrove ecosystems in Botolan had “very low” diversity (SDI=1.71) and Iba had “low” diversity (SDI=2.11). Anthropogenic sources such as agri-aqua and encroachment served as the major driving forces in the diversity of mangroves. Other threats include solid waste disposal, quarrying, oil spill, organic fertilizer run-off, and soil erosion among others. These may threaten species that could eventually cause greater biodiversity and economic loss. Hence, protection, conservation, and sustainable management be given priority.
References
[1] Aheto, D. K., et al. 2016. Community-based mangrove forest management: Implications for local livelihoods and coastal resource conservation along the Volta estuary catchment area of Ghana. Ocean & Coastal Management, 127: 43-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.006
[2] Camacho, L., et al. 2020. Sustainable mangrove rehabilitation: Lessons and insights from community-based management in the Philippines and Myanmar. APN Science Bulletin, 10(1). DOI: 10.30852/sb.2020.983
[3] Charrua, A.B., et al. 2020. Assessment of the vulnerability of coastal mangrove ecosystems in Mozambique. Ocean and Coastal Management, 189: 105145. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105145
[4] Deguit, E.T., Smith, R.P., Jatulan, W.P. and White, A.T. 2004. Participatory coastal resource assessment training guide. Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines. 134 p
[5] Dufrene, M. and Legendre, P. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs, 67(3): 345-366.
[6] Duke, N. C. 2006. Rhizophora apiculate, R. mucronata, R stylosa, R.x annamalai, R. x lamarckii (Indo West Pacific stilt mangrove). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Available at: http://www.traditionaltree.org.
[7] Duke, N., et al. 2010a. Avicennia marina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178828A7619457 Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178828A7619457.en
[8] Duke, N., et al. 2010b. Avicennia officinalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178820A7616950. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178820A7616950.en
[9] Duke, N., et al. 2010c. Avicennia rumphiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178809A7613129. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178809A7613129.en
[10] Duke, N., et al. 2010d. Bruguiera cylindrica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178840A7623394. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178840A7623394.en
[11] Duke, N., et al. 2010e. Bruguiera sexangula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178843A7624351. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178843A7624351.en
[12] Duke, N., et al. 2010f. Ceriops decandra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178853A7627935. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178853A7627935.en
[13] Duke, N., et al. 2010g. Heritiera littoralis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178852A7627492. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178852A7627492.en
[14] Duke, N., et al. 2010h. Rhizophora apiculata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T31382A9623321. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T31382A9623321.en
[15] Duke, N., et al. 2010i. Rhizophora mucronata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Specie. 2010: e.T178825A7618520. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178825A7618520.en
[16] Ellison, J. et al. 2010c. Rhizophora stylosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178850A7626520. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178850A7626520.en
[17] Ellison, J. et al. 2010a. Aegiceras corniculatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178797A7608891. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178797A7608891.en
[18] Ellison, J. et al. 2010b. Excoecaria agallocha. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178842A7623953. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178842A7623953.en
[19] Ellison, J. et al. 2010d. Xylocarpus granatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178845A7624881. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178845A7624881.en.
[20] Garcia, K.B., Malabrigo, Jr. P.L. and Gevaña, D.T. 2014. Philippines’ mangrove ecosystem: status, threats, and conservation. Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia Status challenges and Management Strategies. Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London.
[21] Gevaña, D., Pulhin, J., and Tapia, M. 2019. Fostering climate change mitigation through a community-based approach: Carbon stock potential of community-managed mangroves in the Philippines. In Krishnamurthy, Jonathan, Srinivasalu, Glaeser (Eds.), Coastal Management: Global Challenges and Innovations (pp. 271-282).
[22] Giesen, W., Wulffraat, S., Zieren, M. and Scholten, L. 2006. Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia (PDF online downloadable). RAP publication 2006/07 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok.
[23] Gilmanlman, E. Ellison, J., Duke, N. and Field, C. 2008. Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options. A Review. Available at: https://appliedecology.cals.ncsu.edu/
[24] Kathiresan, K. and Bingham, B. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangroves ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol, 40: 81-251.
[25] Kathiresan, K. et al. 2010a. Sonneratia alba. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178804A7611432. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178804A7611432.en
[26] Kathiresan, K., et al. 2010b. Sonneratia caseolaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178796A7608551. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178796A7608551.en
[27] Nguyen, H. 2014. The relation of coastal mangrove changes and adjacent land-use: A review of Southeast Asia and Kien Giang, Vietnam. Ocean and Coastal Management, 90 (2014): 1-10.
[28] Paz-Alberto, A.M. 2005/ Biodiversity. Published by the Institute for Climate Change and Environmental Management, Central Luzon State University, Philippines
[29] Paz-Alberto, A.M., Serrano, S.C., Galvez, C. T. and Gojo Cruz, P.H.P. 2015. Plant diversity in the forest ecosystem of Carranglan Watershed. Silliman Journal, 56(1): 73-94.
[30] Paz-Alberto, Paz-Alberto, A.M., Celestino, A.B. and Sigua, G.C. 2014. Phytoremediation of Pb in the sediment of a mangrove ecosystem. J Soils Sediments 14: 251–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0752-9
[31] Primavera, J.H. 2000. Development and conservation of mangroves in the Philippines. Institutional issues. Ecol, 35: 91-106.
[32] Sigua, G., Paz-Alberto, A.M. and Vismonte, J.L.D. 2015. Diversity and phytoremediation potential of mangroves for copper contaminated sediments in Subic Bay, Philippines. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 5. 50-59. Available at: www.ijapaes.com
[33] International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species Ver. 2021.1. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/
[2] Camacho, L., et al. 2020. Sustainable mangrove rehabilitation: Lessons and insights from community-based management in the Philippines and Myanmar. APN Science Bulletin, 10(1). DOI: 10.30852/sb.2020.983
[3] Charrua, A.B., et al. 2020. Assessment of the vulnerability of coastal mangrove ecosystems in Mozambique. Ocean and Coastal Management, 189: 105145. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105145
[4] Deguit, E.T., Smith, R.P., Jatulan, W.P. and White, A.T. 2004. Participatory coastal resource assessment training guide. Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines. 134 p
[5] Dufrene, M. and Legendre, P. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs, 67(3): 345-366.
[6] Duke, N. C. 2006. Rhizophora apiculate, R. mucronata, R stylosa, R.x annamalai, R. x lamarckii (Indo West Pacific stilt mangrove). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Available at: http://www.traditionaltree.org.
[7] Duke, N., et al. 2010a. Avicennia marina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178828A7619457 Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178828A7619457.en
[8] Duke, N., et al. 2010b. Avicennia officinalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178820A7616950. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178820A7616950.en
[9] Duke, N., et al. 2010c. Avicennia rumphiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178809A7613129. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178809A7613129.en
[10] Duke, N., et al. 2010d. Bruguiera cylindrica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178840A7623394. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178840A7623394.en
[11] Duke, N., et al. 2010e. Bruguiera sexangula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178843A7624351. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178843A7624351.en
[12] Duke, N., et al. 2010f. Ceriops decandra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178853A7627935. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178853A7627935.en
[13] Duke, N., et al. 2010g. Heritiera littoralis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178852A7627492. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178852A7627492.en
[14] Duke, N., et al. 2010h. Rhizophora apiculata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T31382A9623321. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T31382A9623321.en
[15] Duke, N., et al. 2010i. Rhizophora mucronata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Specie. 2010: e.T178825A7618520. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178825A7618520.en
[16] Ellison, J. et al. 2010c. Rhizophora stylosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178850A7626520. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178850A7626520.en
[17] Ellison, J. et al. 2010a. Aegiceras corniculatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178797A7608891. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178797A7608891.en
[18] Ellison, J. et al. 2010b. Excoecaria agallocha. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178842A7623953. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178842A7623953.en
[19] Ellison, J. et al. 2010d. Xylocarpus granatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178845A7624881. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178845A7624881.en.
[20] Garcia, K.B., Malabrigo, Jr. P.L. and Gevaña, D.T. 2014. Philippines’ mangrove ecosystem: status, threats, and conservation. Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia Status challenges and Management Strategies. Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London.
[21] Gevaña, D., Pulhin, J., and Tapia, M. 2019. Fostering climate change mitigation through a community-based approach: Carbon stock potential of community-managed mangroves in the Philippines. In Krishnamurthy, Jonathan, Srinivasalu, Glaeser (Eds.), Coastal Management: Global Challenges and Innovations (pp. 271-282).
[22] Giesen, W., Wulffraat, S., Zieren, M. and Scholten, L. 2006. Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia (PDF online downloadable). RAP publication 2006/07 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok.
[23] Gilmanlman, E. Ellison, J., Duke, N. and Field, C. 2008. Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options. A Review. Available at: https://appliedecology.cals.ncsu.edu/
[24] Kathiresan, K. and Bingham, B. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangroves ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol, 40: 81-251.
[25] Kathiresan, K. et al. 2010a. Sonneratia alba. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178804A7611432. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178804A7611432.en
[26] Kathiresan, K., et al. 2010b. Sonneratia caseolaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178796A7608551. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178796A7608551.en
[27] Nguyen, H. 2014. The relation of coastal mangrove changes and adjacent land-use: A review of Southeast Asia and Kien Giang, Vietnam. Ocean and Coastal Management, 90 (2014): 1-10.
[28] Paz-Alberto, A.M. 2005/ Biodiversity. Published by the Institute for Climate Change and Environmental Management, Central Luzon State University, Philippines
[29] Paz-Alberto, A.M., Serrano, S.C., Galvez, C. T. and Gojo Cruz, P.H.P. 2015. Plant diversity in the forest ecosystem of Carranglan Watershed. Silliman Journal, 56(1): 73-94.
[30] Paz-Alberto, Paz-Alberto, A.M., Celestino, A.B. and Sigua, G.C. 2014. Phytoremediation of Pb in the sediment of a mangrove ecosystem. J Soils Sediments 14: 251–258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0752-9
[31] Primavera, J.H. 2000. Development and conservation of mangroves in the Philippines. Institutional issues. Ecol, 35: 91-106.
[32] Sigua, G., Paz-Alberto, A.M. and Vismonte, J.L.D. 2015. Diversity and phytoremediation potential of mangroves for copper contaminated sediments in Subic Bay, Philippines. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 5. 50-59. Available at: www.ijapaes.com
[33] International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species Ver. 2021.1. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/
Published
2022-06-03
How to Cite
SERRANO, Shirly C. et al.
Species Diversity of Mangroves in Central Zambales, Philippines.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 3, p. 782 - 789, june 2022.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/7002>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.3(59).17.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.