The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nature-Based Tourism in National Parks. Case Studies for Poland
Abstract
The study aims concern to nature-based tourism in national parks, to compare visitor behavior and visitors’ spatial and temporal distribution in national parks during the COVID-19 (2020) and pre- COVID-19 period (2017–2019). The research is based on a pyroelectric sensors data, entrance fees and questionnaire survey of visitors, in order to: (1) assess the spatial and temporal distribution and changes of visitors, (2) characterize changes in visitors’ behavior. The visitor number and spatial and temporal distribution changed during COVID-19 period. The visitor’s behavior identifies three visitor clusters depending on the strength of COVID-19 pandemic impact on stay on national parks: High fear visitors (HFV), Low fear visitors (LFV) and No fear visitors (NFV). Each cluster represents a different attitude toward the pandemic and its effects. The research was conducted in two national parks in Poland: Stołowe Mountains National Park and Karkonosze/Giant Mts. National Park. The resulting data were compared with data from previous years. A total of 935 respondents participated in the survey, which demonstrated a significant impact of the ongoing pandemic on many aspects of the behaviors. Most visitors argued that the pandemic had not changed their behavior because society began to perceive national parks as safe destination with a low probability of infection.
References
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[41] Young, B. and Chang, P.J. 2020. The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7): 1017-1035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895
[42] Zhang, H. et al. 2021, Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Annals of Tourism Research, 87: 103149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103149
[43] Zhilenko, V.Y. et al. 2021. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Economy and Environment. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(5): 1236-1241. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.5(53).08.
[2] Babbie, E. 2013. The Basics of Social Research 7th Edition. Boston: Chapman University, Cengage Learning.
[3] Beben, R., et. al. 2021. Tourist Behavioral Intentions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021. The Role of Reactance, Perceived Risk and Protection Motivation. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(8): 2129 – 2147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v12.8(56).12
[4] Bhadury, M. and English D. 2021. The effect of COVID-19 on visitation to US forest service wilderness. In Ø. Aas, M. Breiby, S.K. Selvaag, P.A. Eriksson, B. Børrestad (Eds.), The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations, MINA fagrapport 73, 96-97
[5] Bloom, D.E., and Cadarette, D. 2019. Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. Frontierts in Immunology, 10(549): 1-12. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549
[6] Bratić, M., et al. 2021. Should I Stay or Should I Go? Tourists’ COVID-19 Risk Perception and Vacation Behavior Shift. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063573
[7] Burkle, F.M. Jr. 2006. Globalization and disasters: Issues of public health State capacity and political action. Journal of International Affairs, 25(10) 241-265November, 10. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24358435
[8] Chang, C.L., McAleer, M., and Ramos, V. 2020. Charter for Sustainable Tourism after COVID-19. Sustainability 12, 3671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093671
[9] Chebli, A. and Foued, B.S. 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on tourist consumption behaviour: a perspective article. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 7(2): 196-207. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.31.2020.72.196.207
[10] Corlett, R.T. et al. 2020. Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 246, 108571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108571
[11] Couto, G. et al. 2020. The Impacts of COVID-19 Crisis over the Tourism Expectations of the Azores Archipelago Resident. Sustainability 12, 7612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187612
[12] Crouch, G.I. 2013. Homo sapiens on vacation: What can we learn from Darwin? Journal of Travel Research, 52(5): 575–590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512475219
[13] Farias-Torbidoni, E. et al. 2021. Changing visitor influx during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case of Serra de Collserola Natural Park, Barcelona. In Ø. Aas, M. Breiby, S.K. Selvaag, P.A. Eriksson, B. Børrestad (Eds.), The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations, MINA fagrapport, 73: 106-107.
[14] Gössling, S. 2020. Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environmental Change 12(4), 283–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00044-4
[15] Gössling S. et al. 2021. Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29(1), 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
[16] Gunter de Queiroz L., and Magro Lindenkamp T.C. 2021. Impacts of lockdown on the management of Brazilian National Parks. In Ø. Aas, M. Breiby, S.K. Selvaag, P.A. Eriksson, B. Børrestad (Eds.), The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations, MINA fagrapport, 73: 108-109
[17] Gursoy, D., Christina, G. C. and Hengxuan, O. C. 2020. COVID-19 Report for the Restaurant and Hotel Industry - Restaurhotel customers’ sentiment analysis: Would they come back? If they would, WHEN? Available at: https://uwi.edu/COVID19/sites/COVID19/files/COVID-19%20Summary%20Report%20-%20Restaurant%20and%20hotel%20customers%E2%80%99%20sentiment%20analysis.pdf
[18] Interface Tourisme. 2020. Étude prévisions de voyage post-COVID 19. Available at: https://www.tendancehotellerie.fr/articles-breves/communique-de-presse/13451-article/etude-interfacetourism-les-previsions-de-voyage-post-COVID-19
[19] Kock, F. et al. 2020. Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm, Annals of Tourism Research 85, 103053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103053
[20] Liu, A. et al. 2021, Visitor arrivals forecasts amid COVID-19: A perspective from the Europe team, Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103182
[21] Marques Santos, A. et al. 2020. Behavioural changes in tourism in times of COVID-19, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-92-76-20401-5, Available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC121262.
[22] McGinlay J. et al. 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Management of European Protected Areas and Policy Implications. Forests, 11, 1214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f11111214
[23] Neuburger, L. and Egger, R. 2020. Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7): 1003-1016. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807
[24] Newsome, D. 2020. The collapse of tourism and its impact on wildlife tourism destinations, Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(3) 295-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2020-0053
[25] Niewiadomski, P. 2020. COVID-19: from temporary de-globalisation to a re-discovery of tourism?, Tourism Geographies, 22 (3), 651-656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757749
[26] Power, D. et al. 2021. Trends in recreational walking trail usage in Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for practice. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 100477. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100477
[27] Qiu, R.T.R. et al. 2020, Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103182
[28] Randler C. et al. 2020. SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) Pandemic Lockdown Influences Nature-Based Recreational Activity: The Case of Birders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Heatlh, 17 (19). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197310
[29] Rogowski, M. 2018a. Spatio-temporal distribution of visitors on the summit of Śnieżka in 2015, Prace Geograficzne, 154: 107-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/20833113PG.18.011.9443
[30] Rogowski, M. 2018b Use of Monitoring System of Tourist Traffic (MSTT) in Stolowe Mts. National Park for Visitors description. Economics and Environment, 65: 87-98.
[31] Rogowski, M. 2020. Monitoring System of tourist traffic (MSTT) for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park, SW Poland. Journal of Mountain Science, 17(8): 2035-2047. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5965-y
[32] Rogowski, M. 2021, A method to analyze variability and seasonality the visitors in mountain national park in period 2017–2020 (Stołowe Mts. National Park; Poland). Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 35, 100407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100407
[33] Roman, M. et al. 2020. Respondents’ Involvement in Tourist Activities at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12, 9610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229610
[34] Rose, M. and Parks, V. 2021. Visitor monitoring during the COVID-19 Pandemic, COVID-19: Impacts on nature-based recreation and tourism. In Ø. Aas, M. Breiby, S.K. Selvaag, P.A. Eriksson, B. Børrestad (Eds.), The 10th MMV Conference: Managing outdoor recreation experiences in the Anthropocene – Resources, markets, innovations, MINA fagrapport, 73: 80-81.
[35] Rossello, J. et al. 2017. Infectious disease risk and international tourism demand. Health Policy Planing, 32(4): 538-548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw177
[36] Silva, L. 2021. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism: a case study from Portugal. An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1-3. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1875015
[37] SumWhere 2020, Sondage sur le tourisme post-COVID19, May 2020. Available at: https://www.sumwhere.co/2020/05/13/etude-sur-les-voyages-et-le-tourisme-post-COVID19
[38] Uglis, J. et al. 2022. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourist plans: a case study from Poland. Current Issues in Tourism, (25)3: 405-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1960803
[39] Vaishar, A. and Milada, S. 2022. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia Preliminary considerations. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2): 187-191. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1839027
[40] Xiao, X. et al. 2021, Social carrying capacity and emotion dynamics in urban national parks during the COVID-19 pandemic, Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 100451. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2021.100451
[41] Young, B. and Chang, P.J. 2020. The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7): 1017-1035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895
[42] Zhang, H. et al. 2021, Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Annals of Tourism Research, 87: 103149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103149
[43] Zhilenko, V.Y. et al. 2021. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Economy and Environment. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(5): 1236-1241. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.5(53).08.
Published
2022-03-31
How to Cite
ROGOWSK, Mateusz.
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Nature-Based Tourism in National Parks. Case Studies for Poland.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 2, p. 572-585, mar. 2022.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6912>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.2(58).25.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.