Stakeholders’ Synergies in Developing Smart Tourism Destination. A Phenomenographic Study
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the stakeholders' synergies in realising smart tourism destination. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenography approach. We adopted stakeholders' theory to valued stakeholder roles and perception in pursuing sustainability, competitiveness and managing smart tourism destination in Wonosobo, Indonesia. In-depth interviews with five main stakeholders' namely local government, media, tourism business, tourism community, and travel bloggers followed by three phenomenography qualitative data analysis stages. The findings have revealed some obstacles in implementing smart tourism from stakeholders' perspectives, such as human resource's ability, stakeholders' synergy, and government support. This study has also revealed six factors: public system development, digital promotion, Internet infrastructure, public and private sectors partnership, and human resources development to support smart tourism. This study has proposed the strategic plan for the local government to support smart tourism destinations, namely: partnerships, government support, human resource’s ability, and tourism business competitiveness, that will lead to smart tourism destinations. This study has provided a framework and managerial implication accordingly.
References
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[4] Boes, K., Buhalis, D. and Inversini, A. 2016. Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2): 108-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2015-0032
[5] Bornhorst, T., Ritchie, B. JR and Sheehan, L. 2010. Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders' perspectives. Tourism management, 31(5): 572-589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.008
[6] Buhalis, D. and Amaranggana, A. 2013. Smart tourism destinations. In: Zheng Xiang and Iis Tussyadiah (eds) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2014. Springer, Champ. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03973-2_40
[7] Buhalis, D. 2020. Technology in tourism from information communication technologies to eTourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: a perspective article. Tourism Review, 75(1): 267-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2019-0258
[8] Byrd, E.T, and Gustke, L. 2007. Using decision trees to identify tourism stakeholders: The case of two Eastern North Carolina counties. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3-4): 176-193. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050049
[9] Byrd, E.T. 2007. Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism review, 62(2): 6-13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370780000309
[10] Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C. and Nijkamp, P. 2011. Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2): 65-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
[11] Cetinski, V. and Perić, M. 2005. Public and Private Sector Synergy in Tourism and Partnership Models. 19 Biennial International Conference: Tourism & Hospitality Industry: New Trends in Tourism and Hospitality Management, Opatija, Croatia.
[12] Cotterell, D., Ferreira, J.-A., Hales, R. and Arcodia, C. 2020. Cultivating conscientious tourism caretakers: a phenomenographic continuum towards stronger sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(8): 1004-1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1577369
[13] Dangi, T. B. 2018. Exploring the Intersections of Emotional Solidarity and Ethic of Care: An Analysis of Their Synergistic Contributions to Sustainable Community Tourism Development. Sustainability, 10(8): 2713. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082713
[14] Deardorff, D. S, and Williams, G. 2006. Synergy leadership in quantum organizations. New York: Fesserdorff Consultants.
[15] Del Vecchio, P., Mele, G., Ndou, V. and Secundo, G. 2018. Creating value from social big data: Implications for smart tourism destinations. Information Processing & Management, 54(5): 847-860. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2017.10.006
[16] Dharmajaya, M. A., et al. 2020. How are MSMES promoted by millennials? Visual analysis of the GENPI website. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(6): 10678-10687. Accessed 11/01. Available at: https://archives.palarch.nl/index.php/jae/article/view/2751
[17] Dredge, D. 2006. Policy networks and the local organisation of tourism. Tourism management, 27(2): 269-280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.003
[18] Feyers, S., Stein, T. and Klizentyte, K. 2020. Bridging Worlds: Utilizing a Multi-Stakeholder Framework to Create Extension–Tourism Partnerships. Sustainability, 12(1): 80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010080
[19] Freeman, R. E. 2010. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach: Cambridge university press.
[20] Gascó, M. 2016. What makes a city smart? Lessons from Barcelona. In: (eds) 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2016.373
[21] Getz, D., Andersson, T. and Larson, M. 2006. Festival stakeholder roles: Concepts and case studies. Event management, 10(2-3): 103-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/152599507780676689
[22] Gomezelj Omerzel, D. 2011. Stakeholders' understanding of factors influencing tourism demand conditions: The case of Slovenia. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 17(1): 1-17. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.17.1.1
[23] Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C. and Lamsfus, C. 2015. Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behavior, 50: 558-563. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.043
[24] Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z. and Koo, C. 2015. Smart tourism: foundations and developments. Electronic markets, 25(3): 179-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-015-0196-8
[25] Hardy, A., and. Pearson, L. J 2018. Examining stakeholder group specificity: An innovative sustainable tourism approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8: 247-258. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.05.001
[26] Hardy, A. 2005. Using grounded theory to explore stakeholder perceptions of tourism. Journal of tourism and cultural change, 3(2): 108-133. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668490
[27] Herlan, S., Nurdin, H. and Wientor, R. M. 2019. The Synergy Of Penta-Helix Stakeholders In The Development Of Smart Destination In Dieng Tourism Area, Central Java - Indonesia. In: (eds) Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Life, Innovation, Change and Knowledge (ICLICK 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019/07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/iclick-18.2019.48
[28] Heslinga, J., Groote, P. and Vanclay, F. 2019. Strengthening governance processes to improve benefit-sharing from tourism in protected areas by using stakeholder analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(6): 773-787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1408635
[29] Hidayah, N., and Suherlan, H. 2020. Smart Tourism: Aksentuasi Kesiapan Homestay di Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus Tanjung Lesung, Pandeglang-Banten. Media Wisata, 18(1): 101-112. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36276/mws.v18i1.326
[30] Khan, M S., Woo, M., Nam, K. and Chathoth, P. K. 2017. Smart city and smart tourism: A case of Dubai. Sustainability, 9(12): 2279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122279
[31] Khazaei, A., Elliot, S. and Joppe, M. 2015. An application of stakeholder theory to advance community participation in tourism planning: the case for engaging immigrants as fringe stakeholders. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(7): 1049-1062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1042481
[32] Kontogianni, A., Alepis, E. and Patsakis, C. 2022. "Smart Tourism and Artificial Intelligence: Paving the Way to the Post-COVID-19 Era." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence-based Technologies. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 22, edited by Maria Virvou, George A Tsihrintzis, Lefteri H Tsoukalas and Lakhmi C Jain, 93-109. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80571-5_7
[33] Lee, P., Cannon Hunter, W. and Chung, N. 2020. Smart Tourism City: Developments and Transformations. Sustainability, 12(10): 3958. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103958
[34] Lin, D. and Simmons, D. 2017. Structured inter-network collaboration: Public participation in tourism planning in Southern China. Tourism Management, 63: 315-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.024
[35] Line, N. D. and Wang, Y. 2017. A multi-stakeholder market oriented approach to destination marketing. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(1): 84-93. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.03.003
[36] Lundberg, E. 2017. The importance of tourism impacts for different local resident groups: A case study of a Swedish seaside destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(1): 46-55. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.02.002
[37] Marques, J. and Santos, N. 2016. Developing business tourism beyond major urban centres: the perspectives of local stakeholders. Tourism and hospitality management, 22(1): 1-15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.22.1.3
[38] Marton, F. 1986. Phenomenography—A Research Approach to Investigating Different Understandings of Reality. Journal of Thought: 28-49. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589189
[39] Marton, F. 1992. Phenomenography and “the art of teaching all things to all men'’. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 5(3): 253-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839920050305
[40] Mehraliyev, F., et al. 2020. A state-of-the-art review of smart tourism research. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(1): 78-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2020.1712309
[41] Messori, S. and Escobar, S. D. 2021. COVID-19 the day after: smart tourism technologies to improve the tourism industry. Journal of Tourism Intelligence and Smartness 4(2): 239-255. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1860962
[42] Nicolaides, A. 2015. Tourism Stakeholder Theory in practice: instrumental business grounds, fundamental normative demands or a descriptive application?. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 4(2): 1-27. Available at: http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article25vol4(2)july-nov2015.pdf
[43] Nilsson, P. Å. 2007. Stakeholder Theory: The Need for a Convenor. The Case of Billund. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(2): 171-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701372099
[44] Nindito, H., Soeparno, H., Budi Santoso, C. and Alam Napitupulu, T. 2020. Technology Adoption of Smart Tourism in Indonesia: Systematic Literature Review. In: (eds) 2020 International Conference on Informatics, Multimedia, Cyber and Information System (ICIMCIS). 19-20 November. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIMCIS51567.2020.9354280
[45] Novais, M. A. 2022. Phenomenography. In Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing, edited by Dimitrios Buhalis: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800377486.phenomenography
[46] Putri, F. A., and Adinia, N.C. 2018. The Role of Communication in Sustainable Development Tourism: A Case Study on Community-based Tourism (Pokdarwis) in Nglanggeran Village. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 7(2): 153-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v7i2.9795
[47] Randle, E.J., and Hoye, R. 2016. Stakeholder perception of regulating commercial tourism in Victorian National Parks, Australia. Tourism Management, 54: 138-149. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.002
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Published
2022-03-31
How to Cite
HIDAYAH, Nurdin; SUHERLAN, Herlan; PUTRA, Fajar Kusnadi Kusumah.
Stakeholders’ Synergies in Developing Smart Tourism Destination. A Phenomenographic Study.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 2, p. 313-323, mar. 2022.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6886>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v13.2(58).02.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.