Geriatric Problems in Medical Tourism

  • Mikhail A. OSADCHUK Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation - Sechenov University, Russia
  • Maxim V. TRUSHIN Kazan Federal University, Russia
  • Karina S. SOLODENKOVA Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation - Sechenov University, Russia
  • Natal'ya V. KIREEVA Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation - Sechenov University, Russia

Abstract

Tourism activities have become an important part of daily life worldwide, with tourism turning into one of the largest global industries. Despite this wide recognition, tourism and tourist travels of old people as health preservation factors did not receive sufficient coverage in academic research on aging. However, it should be noted that tourism is a pivotal healthcare activity that improves the wellbeing of old people and promotes healthy aging. This is why health tourism for aged people will eventually become an essential aspect of healthy aging and an attractive tendency of the tourism industry (and medical tourism in particular) in the following decades. Tourism gives people the opportunity to take a break from everyday routine, improve their health and establish a restorative social environment, so aged people tend to associate tourism with quality of life. People who travel both online and offline do not simply learn to use these technologies: they learn to live in those two realms. Thus, engagement in tourism is an important healthcare activity that improves the wellbeing of old people and effectively promotes healthy aging.

References

[1] Acharya, S., Lin, V. and Dhingra, N. 2018. The role of health in achieving the sustainable development goals. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(9): 591-591A. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.221432
[2] Aguirre, L. E., and Villareal, D. T. 2015. Physical Exercise as Therapy for Frailty. Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series, 83: 83–92. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1159/000382065
[3] Álvarez-García, J. et al. 2018. Active Ageing: Mapping of Scientific Coverage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12): E2727. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122727
[4] Anderson, R. et al. 2016. Jump: Virtual reality video. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 35(6), 198: 1-13. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1145/2980179.2980257
[5] Behrens, R. H., and Carroll, B. 2012. Travel trends and patterns of travel-associated morbidity. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 26(3): 791–802. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2012.05.002
[6] Bell, S. L. et al. 2018. From therapeutic landscapes to healthy spaces, places and practices: A scoping review. Social Science and Medicine, 196: 123–130. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.035
[7] Benjuya, N., Melzer, I., and Kaplanski, J. 2004. Aging-induced shifts from a reliance on sensory input to muscle cocontraction during balanced standing. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59(2): 166–171. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/59.2.M166
[8] Bogicevic, V. et al. 2019. Virtual reality presence as a preamble of tourism experience: The role of mental imagery. Tourism Management, 74: 55–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.02.009
[9] Bordnick, P. S. et al. 2005. Virtual reality cue reactivity assessment in cigarette smokers. Cyberpsychology and Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society, 8(5): 487–492. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.487
[10] Borrmann, M., et al. 2020. Strategy for Deployment of Integrated Healthy Aging Regions Based Upon an Evidence-Based Regional Ecosystem-The Styria Model. Frontiers in Medicine, 7: 510475. DOI:http://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.510475
[11] Brunette G. W. 2017. CDC yellow book 2018: Health information for international travel. Oxford University Press.
[12] Cao, X. 2020. COVID-19: Immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 20(5): 269–270. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3
[13] Capaldi, C. A. et al. 2015. Flourishing in nature: A review of the benefits of connecting with nature and its application as a wellbeing intervention. International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(4): 1–16. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v5i4.449
[14] Carmichael, F., and Ercolani, M. G. 2015. Age-training gaps across the European Union: How and why they vary across member states. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 6: 163–175. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2015.04.002
[15] Chan, C.-S., Chiu, H. Y., and Marafa, L. M. 2017. The Mainland Chinese market for nature tourism in Hong Kong. Tourism Geographies, 19(5): 801–822. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1360387
[16] Chang, L.-C. 2014. The relationship between nature-based tourism and autonomic nervous system function among older adults. Journal of Travel Medicine, 21(3): 159–162. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/jtm.12108
[17] Chen, C.-C., and Petrick, J. F. 2013. Health and Wellness Benefits of Travel Experiences: A Literature Review. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6): 709–719. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513496477
[18] Chen, C.-C., Petrick, J. F., and Shahvali, M. 2016. Tourism Experiences as a Stress Reliever: Examining the Effects of Tourism Recovery Experiences on Life Satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2): 150–160. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514546223
[19] Chen, G., Huang, S. (Sam), and Zhang, D. 2017. Understanding Chinese vacationers’ perceived destination restorative qualities: Cross-cultural validation of the perceived destination restorative qualities scale. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 34(8): 1115–1127. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1298494
[20] Cho, J. et al. 2018. Physical activity and all-cause mortality in Korean older adults. Annals of Human Biology, 45(4): 337–345. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2018.1478448
[21] Cleaver, M., and Muller, T. E. 2002. I Want to Pretend I’m Eleven Years Younger: Subjective Age and Seniors’ Motives for Vacation Travel. Social Indicators Research, 60(1): 227–241. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021217232446
[22] Connolly, R., Prendiville, R., Cusack, D., and Flaherty, G. 2017. Repatriation of human remains following death in international travellers. Journal of Travel Medicine, 24(2): 82. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taw082
[23] Darrat, M., and Flaherty, G. T. 2019. Retrospective analysis of older travellers attending a specialist travel health clinic. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 5: 17. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-019-0094-8
[24] De Luca, V., et al. 2021. “One Health” Approach for Health Innovation and Active Aging in Campania (Italy). Frontiers in Public Health, 9: 360. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.658959
[25] Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J., and Delgadillo-Chase, D. 2017. If, Why, and When Subjective Well-Being Influences Health, and Future Needed Research. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being, 9(2): 133–167.
[26] Drygas, W. et al. 2013. Epidemiology of physical activity in adult Polish population in the second decade of the 21st century. Results of the NATPOL 2011 study. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 26(6): 846–855. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2478/s13382-013-0160-9
[27] Du, M., Tao, L., Liu, M., and Liu, J. 2021. Tourism experiences and the lower risk of mortality in the Chinese elderly: A national cohort study. BMC Public Health, 21(1): 996. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11099-8
[28] Eperon, G., and Chappuis, F. 2015. Elderly travellers: Review and advices. Revue Medicale Suisse, 11(473): 1028–1032.
[29] Feng, W., and Wang, P. 2020. Research Upon the Relativity Between Digital Media and Tourism. In A. Marcus and E. Rosenzweig (Eds.). Case Studies in Public and Personal Interactive Systems, 12202: 594–607. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49757-6_43
[30] Ferrer, J. G. et al. 2016. Social Tourism and Healthy Ageing. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4): 297–307. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2048
[31] Finch, N. 2014. Why are women more likely than men to extend paid work? The impact of work-family life history. European Journal of Ageing, 11(1): 31–39. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-013-0290-8
[32] Fiocco, A. J. et al. 2021. Virtual tourism for older adults living in residential care: A mixed-methods study. PloS One, 16(5): e0250761. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250761
[33] Fiorillo, A., and Gorwood, P. 2020. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 63(1): e32. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.3
[34] Flaherty, G. T., Rossanese, A., Steffen, R., and Torresi, J. 2018. A golden age of travel: Advancing the interests of older travellers. Journal of Travel Medicine, 25(1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay088
[35] Flavián, C., Ibáñez-Sánchez, S., and Orús, C. 2019. The impact of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies on the customer experience. Journal of Business Research, 100: 547–560. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.050
[36] Gu, D. et al. 2016. Tourism Experiences and Self-Rated Health Among Older Adults in China. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(4): 675–703. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0898264315609906
[37] Gu, X. et al. 2021. Evaluating Residents’ Perceptions of Nature-Based Tourism with a Factor-Cluster Approach. Sustainability, 13(1): 199. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/su13010199
[38] Han, C. T. J., and Flaherty, G. 2015. Profile of Travelers with Preexisting Medical Conditions Attending a Specialist Travel Medicine Clinic in Ireland. Journal of Travel Medicine, 22(5): 312–317. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1111/jtm.12221
[39] Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., and Frumkin, H. 2014. Nature and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35: 207–228. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443
[40] Hill, D. R. 2006. The burden of illness in international travelers. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354(2): 115–117. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp058292
[41] Holt-Lunstad, J. et al. 2015. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 10(2): 227–237. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352
[42] Hossin, M. Z., Björk, J., and Koupil, I. 2020. Early-life social and health determinants of adult socioeconomic position: Associations and trends across generations. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(5): 412–420. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213209
[43] Hsu, C. H. C., and Kang, S. K. 2009. Chinese Urban Mature Travelers’ Motivation and Constraints by Decision Autonomy. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 26(7): 703–721. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1080/10548400903284537
[44] Hsu, C. H. C., Cai, L. A., and Wong, K. K. F. 2007. A model of senior tourism motivations—Anecdotes from Beijing and Shanghai. Tourism Management, 28(5): 1262–1273. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.09.015
[45] Huang, Y.-C., Backman, S. J., Backman, K. F., and Moore, D. 2013. Exploring user acceptance of 3D virtual worlds in travel and tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 36: 490–501. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.009
[46] Iaccarino, G. et al. 2020. Age and Multimorbidity Predict Death Among COVID-19 Patients: Results of the SARS-RAS Study of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979), 76(2): 366–372. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15324
[47] Ignasiak, Z. et al. 2017. Functional capacities of Polish adults of 60-87 years and risk of losing functional independence. Annals of Human Biology, 44(6): 502–509. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2017.1328071
[48] Izaks, G. J., and Westendorp, R. G. J. 2003. Ill or just old? Towards a conceptual framework of the relation between ageing and disease. BMC geriatrics, 3: 7. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-3-7
[49] Kasović, M., Štefan, L., and Zvonař, M. 2020. Domain-Specific and Total Sedentary Behavior Associated with Gait Velocity in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Physical Fitness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2): E593. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020593
[50] Kazeminia, A., Del Chiappa, G., and Jafari, J. 2015. Seniors’ Travel Constraints and Their Coping Strategies. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1): 80–93. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513506290
[51] Kim, H., Woo, E., and Uysal, M. 2015. Tourism experience and quality of life among elderly tourists. Tourism Management, 46: 465–476. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.002
[52] Kobayashi, T. et al. 2021. Prospective Study of Engagement in Leisure Activities and All-Cause Mortality Among Older Japanese Adults. Journal of Epidemiology. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20200427
[53] Kock, F. et al. 2020. Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm. Annals of Tourism Research, 85: 103053. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103053
[54] Kupczyk, J. 2015. The Importance of Rehabilitation at Rehabilitation and Improvement Stays for the Functional Fitness of Older People. PhD diss., Academy of Physical Education Eugeniusz Piasecki, Poznań, Poland.
[55] LaRocque, R. C., et al. 2012. Global TravEpiNet: A national consortium of clinics providing care to international travelers--analysis of demographic characteristics, travel destinations, and pretravel healthcare of high-risk US international travelers, 2009-2011. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 54(4), 455–462. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir839
[56] Lee, I.-M. et al. 2012. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet, 380(9838): 219–229. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9
[57] Lee, J. 2020. Associations between Physical Activity and Liver Cancer Risks and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23): E8943. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238943
[58] Lee, T. K. et al. 2017. Guidelines for the prevention of travel-associated illness in older adults. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 3: 10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-017-0054-0
[59] Li, S., and Tang, Y. 2020. A Simple Framework of Smart Geriatric Nursing considering Health Big Data and User Profile. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2020: 5013249. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5013249
[60] Lindner, S., et al. 2021. Development of a Binational Framework for Active and Healthy Ageing (AHA) Bridging Austria and Slovenia in a Thermal Spa Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2): E639. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020639
[61] Lu, N. et al. 2020. The Possibility of Sustainable Urban Horticulture Based on Nature Therapy. Sustainability, 12(12): 5058. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/su12125058
[62] Malcolm, M., Frost, H., and Cowie, J. 2019. Loneliness and social isolation causal association with health-related lifestyle risk in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Systematic Reviews, 8(1): 48. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-0968-x
[63] Malkov, S. V. et al. 2005. Antitumor features of Bacillus oligonitrophilus KU-1 strain. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, 38(2): 96–104.
[64] Martín-María, N. et al. 2017. The Impact of Subjective Well-being on Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies in the General Population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 79(5): 565–575. DOI:http://doi.org/10,1097/PSY.0000000000000444
[65] Nagarajan, N. R., and Sixsmith, A. 2021. Policy Initiatives to Address the Challenges of an Older Population in the Workforce. Ageing International. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-021-09442-w
[66] Nagarajan, N. R., Wada, M., Fang, M. L., and Sixsmith, A. 2019. Defining organizational contributions to sustaining an ageing workforce: A bibliometric review. European Journal of Ageing, 16(3): 337–361. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00499-w
[67] Narushima, M., Liu, J., and Diestelkamp, N. 2018. Lifelong learning in active ageing discourse: Its conserving effect on wellbeing, health and vulnerability. Ageing and Society, 38(4): 651–675. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X16001136
[68] Newman, D. B., Tay, L., and Diener, E. 2014. Leisure and Subjective Well-Being: A Model of Psychological Mechanisms as Mediating Factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(3): 555–578. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9435-x
[69] Osadchuk, M. A. et al. 2020b. Rehabilitation Tourism Opportunities in the Russian Federation for Recovering COVID-19 Patients. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 11(7): 1871–1876. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.7(47).25
[70] Osadchuk, M. A., Osadchuk, A. M., Mironova, E. D., and Solodenkova, K. S. 2021. Global and Russian Reproductive Care in the Context of Medical Tourism: Ethical, Social, Economic and Political Issues. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(6): 1537–1549. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.6(54).10
[71] Osadchuk, M. A., Osadchuk, A. M., Solodenkova, K. S., and Trushin, M. V. 2020a. Health Medical Tourism: The Present and the Future. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 11(4): 809–818. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.4(44).04
[72] Osiński, W. 2003. Anthropomotorics. University of Physical Education Publishing.
[73] Ou, S.-M., Chen, Y.-T., Shih, C.-J., and Tarng, D.-C. 2017. Impact of physical activity on the association between lipid profiles and mortality among older people. Scientific Reports, 7(1): 8399. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07857-7
[74] Partridge, L., Deelen, J., and Slagboom, P. E. 2018. Facing up to the global challenges of ageing. Nature, 561(7721): 45–56. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0457-8
[75] Paterson, D. H., Jones, G. R., and Rice, C. L. 2007. Ageing and physical activity: Evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98 Suppl 2: S69-108.
[76] Pitkänen, K., Lehtimäki, J., and Puhakka, R. 2020. How do Rural Second Homes Affect Human Health and Well-being? Review of Potential Impacts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18): E6748. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186748
[77] Prime, H., Wade, M., and Browne, D. T. 2020. Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 75(5): 631–643. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
[78] Qiu, M., Sha, J., and Scott, N. 2021. Restoration of Visitors through Nature-Based Tourism: A Systematic Review, Conceptual Framework, and Future Research Directions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5): 2299. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052299
[79] Ramakrishnan, R., et al. 2021. Objectively measured physical activity and all cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 143: 106356. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106356
[80] Ramos-Sesma, V., Górgolas-Hernández Mora, M., and Ramos-Rincón, J. M. 2018. The elderly traveller. Revista Clinica Espanola, 218(8): 426–434. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2018.03.017
[81] Rebelo, F., Noriega, P., Duarte, E., and Soares, M. 2012. Using virtual reality to assess user experience. Human Factors, 54(6): 964–982. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812465006
[82] Rogers, M. E. 2003. Finding the right balance. Developing falls assessment and prevention programs for the aging. Adv. Phys. Ther. Assist, 31: 37–39.
[83] Rowiński, R. et al. 2017. Participation in leisure activities and tourism among older people with and without disabilities in Poland. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 73: 82–88. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.07.025
[84] Ryan, A. S. 2010. Exercise in aging: Its important role in mortality, obesity and insulin resistance. Aging Health, 6(5): 551–563. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2217/ahe.10.46
[85] Sirgy, M. J., Kruger, P. S., Lee, D.-J., and Yu, G. B. 2011. How Does a Travel Trip Affect Tourists’ Life Satisfaction? Journal of Travel Research, 50(3): 261–275. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510362784
[86] Stewart, B. T. et al. 2016. Road Traffic and Other Unintentional Injuries Among Travelers to Developing Countries. The Medical Clinics of North America, 100(2): 331–343. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.011
[87] Strandell, H., and Wolf, P. 2019. Ageing Europe—Looking at the lives of older people in the EU - Eurostat 2019 report, 157. Available at: http://www.age-platform.eu/sites/default/files/Ageing_Europe-Eurostat_report_2019.pdf
[88] Subramanian, A., Barnes, J., Vemulapalli, N., and Chhawri, S. 2017. Virtual Reality Museum of Consumer Technologies. In J. I. Kantola, T. Barath, S. Nazir, and T. Andre (Eds.). Springer International Publishing.
[89] Tang, V. et al. 2019. An IoMT-based geriatric care management system for achieving smart health in nursing homes. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 119(8): 1819–1840. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2019-0024
[90] Tung, V. W. S., and Ritchie, J. R. B. 2011. Investigating the Memorable Experiences of the Senior Travel Market: An Examination of the Reminiscence Bump. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28(3): 331–343. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.563168
[91] Tziraki, C., et al. 2020. Rethinking palliative care in a public health context: Addressing the needs of persons with non-communicable chronic diseases - CORRIGENDUM. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 21: e60. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1017 / S1463423620000602
[92] Umiastowska, D., and Kupczyk, J. 2020. Factors Differentiating the Level of Functional Fitness in Polish Seniors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5): E1699. DOI:http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051699
[93] van der Ploeg, H. P. et al. 2012. Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(6): 494–500. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2174
[94] Walker, A. 2009. Commentary: The emergence and application of active aging in Europe. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 21(1): 75–93. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/08959420802529986
[95] Woo, E., Kim, H., and Uysal, M. 2016. A Measure of Quality of Life in Elderly Tourists. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1): 65–82. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9355-x
[96] Zeng, Y. et al. 2017. Survival, disabilities in activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning among the oldest-old in China: A cohort study. Lancet, 389(10079): 1619–1629. DOI:http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30548-2
[97] China Statistics. 2020. The People’s Republic of China 2019. National Economic and social development statistical bulletin. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202002/t20200228_1728917.html
[98] IT: Tencent 2019 Ditigal Life Report [EB/OL]. 2019. Available at: http://www.199it.com/archives/880232.html
[99] OECD. 2018a. Working Better with Age: Japan. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/working-better-with-age-japan_9789264201996-en
[100] OECD. 2018b. Working Better with Age: Korea. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/working-better-with-age-korea_9789264208261-en
[101] OECD. 2018c. Ageing and Employment Policies: United States 2018: Working Better with Age and Fighting Unequal Ageing. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/ageing-and-employment-policies-united-states-2018_9789264190115-en
[102] Statistics Canada. 2017a. A portrait of the population aged 85 and older in 2016 in Canada. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-200-X2016004. Available at: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016004/98-200-x2016004-eng.cfm
[103] Statistics Canada. 2017b. Census in brief: Dwellings in Canada. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-200-X2016005. Available at: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016005/98-200-x2016005-eng.cfm
[104] United Nations. 2015a. World population prospects: The 2015 revision, key findings and advance tables. United Nations.
[105] United Nations. 2015b. Resolution n. A/70/L.1 adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development., 35. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf
[106] WHO Executive Board. 2019. Recommendation n. EB146/23. Report on the Proposal for a Decade of Healthy Ageing 2020–2030. Available at: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB146/B146_23-en.pdf
[107] World Bank and WHO. 2019. Healthy China: Deepening Health Reform in China. World Bank. Available at: http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31458
Published
2021-12-29
How to Cite
OSADCHUK, Mikhail A. et al. Geriatric Problems in Medical Tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 8, p. 2177 - 2187, dec. 2021. ISSN 2068-7729. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6661>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.