A Cluster Study of Community-Based Tourism Terminology
Abstract
The lack of an official definition of “community-based tourism” (CBT) from the United Nations has caused the academics in the literature to debate the philosophy of the terminology. This paper collects and studies a list of CBT terminology changes in chronological order. Further observation reveals how the works in the CBT literature area have been mainly written by four groups of authors: 1) academics, 2) local government, NGOs, and 4) international organizations. A cluster of 90 CBT works are displayed through word cloud analysis presents evidence of the differences among these three different groups. The results show how the academics have a stronger focus on “community participation”, the government on “product placement”, and the international organizations on “development goals”. These results may allow future communities to more easily decide on which group of authors would suit them more when applying CBT practices.
References
[1] Albert, M., Richon, M., Vinals, M. J., & Witcomb, A. (Eds.). 2012. Community development through World Heritage. WH papers 31. Paris: UNESCO.
[2] Asker, S., Boronyak, L., Naomi, N., & Paddon, M. 2010. Effective community-based tourism: A best practice manual. APEC/Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, Gold Coast, Australia.
[3] Baryamujura, M., & Bibangambah, H.k. 2015 A Guide on Community Based Tourism. COBATI: Kampala, Uganda.
[4] Beeton, S. 2006. Community development through tourism. Landlinks Press.
[5] Boonratana, R. 2010. Community-based tourism in Thailand: The need and justification for an operational definition. Kasetsart Journal: Social Sciences, 31(2), 280-289.
[6] Brohman, J. 1996. New Directions in Tourism for the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1): 48-70:60.
[7] Buckley, R. 2012. Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of tourism research, 39(2): 528-546.
[8] Connell, J., & Rugendyke, B. (Eds.). 2008. Tourism at the grassroots: Villagers and visitors in the Asia-Pacific. Routledge.
[9] Curcija, M., Breakey, N., & Driml, S. 2019. Development of a conflict management model as a tool for improved project outcomes in community-based tourism. Tourism Management, 70: 341-354.
[10] Denman, R. 2001. Guidelines for community-based ecotourism development. WWF International.
[11] Dodds, R., Ali, A., & Galaski, K. 2018. Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(13), 1547-1568.
[12] Fries, R., Correa, M., Pool, D. and Rodriguez, A. 2006. Nature-Oriented Tourism in Ecuador: An Assessment Applying the Value Chain and Nature, Wealth and Power Frameworks, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC.
[13] Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. 2015. Between theory and practice: A conceptualization of community-based tourism and community participation. Loyola Journal of Social Sciences.
[14] Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. 2018. Community-based tourism development model and community participation. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7(4): 1-27.
[15] Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. 2009. Community-based tourism: A success. ICRT Occasional paper, 11(1): 37.
[16] Green, G. P., & Goetting, A. 2010. Community assets: Building the capacity for development. Mobilizing communities: Asset building as a community development strategy, 1-13.
[17] Hamzah, A., & Khalifah, Z. 2009. Handbook on Community Based Tourism:" how to Develop and Sustain CBT". APEC Secretariat.
[18] Harwood, S. 2010. Planning for community based tourism in a remote location. Sustainability, 2(7): 1909-1923.
[19] Heimerl, F., Lohmann, S., Lange, S., & Ertl, T. 2014. Word cloud explorer: Text analytics based on word clouds. In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1833-1842). IEEE.
[20] Henry, G. 2009. Good Practices in Community-Based Tourism in the Caribbean. St. Michael, Barbados: Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO). http://www.onecaribbean.org
[21] Hidalgo, A. 2016. 2022 Tourism Strategy Development Plan. Paris: Mairie de Paris.
[22] Higgins-Desbiolles, F. 2006. More than an ‘industry’: The forgotten power of tourism as a social force. Tourism Management, 27 (6): 1192–1208.
[23] Hiwasaki, L. 2006. Community-based tourism: A pathway to sustainability for Japan's protected areas. Society and Natural Resources, 19(8): 675-692.
[24] Hung, K., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Ingram, L. J. 2011. Testing the efficacy of an integrative model for community participation. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3): 276-288.
[25] Jafari, J. 2001. Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century. In Smith, V.L. and Brent, M. (Ed.), Hosts and guests revisited: tourism issues of the 21st century. (pp. 28-40). Elmsford, USA: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
[26] Jamal, T., & Dredge, D. 2014. Tourism and community development issues. R. Sharpley and D. Telfer, Tourism and Development. Concepts and Issues, Second Edition. London: Channel View, 178-204.
[27] Jamieson, W. 1993. Planning for small town cultural tourism. In " Cultural Tourism: International Scientific Symposium, 10th ICOMOS General Assembly, Sri Lanka" (pp. p-90).
[28] Kaur, P., Jawaid, A., & Othman, N. B. A. 2016. The Impact of Community-Based Tourism on Community Development in Sarawak. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1): 15-26.
[29] Kibicho, W. 2008. Community-based tourism: A factor-cluster segmentation approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2): 211-231.
[30] Kontogeorgopoulos, N., Churyen, A., & Duangsaeng, V. 2014. Success factors in community- based tourism in Thailand: The role of luck, external support, and local leadership. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(1): 106–124.
[31] Leksakundilok A. 2006. Community participation in ecotourism development in Thailand. Ph.D. Dissertation. Geosciences: University of Sydney
[32] Lucchetti, V. G., & Font, X. 2013. Community based tourism: Critical success factors. ICRT occasional paper, 27: 1-20.
[33] Manning, E. 2004. Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations. Madrid: UNWTO. http://www.tourisk.org
[34] Mayaka, M., Croy, W. G., & Cox, J. W. 2019. A dimensional approach to community-based tourism: Recognising and differentiating form and context. Annals of Tourism Research, 74: 177-190.
[35] Moscardo, G. 2008. Community capacity building: An emerging challenge for tourism development. Building community capacity for tourism development, 1-15.
[36] Mtapuri, O. & Giampiccoli, A. 2016. Towards a comprehensive model of community-based tourism development. South African Geographical Journal, 98(1): 154-168.
[37] Nair, V., & Hamzah, A. 2015. Successful community-based tourism approaches for rural destinations: The Asia Pacific experience. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5): 429-439.
[38] Natori, M. 2001. A Guide Book for Tourism Based Community Development. Aptec Osaka-Japan.
[39] Ndlovu, N., & Rogerson, C. M. 2003. Rural local economic development through community-based tourism: the Mehloding hiking and horse trail, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Africa Insight, 33(1/2): 124-129.
[40] Ndlovu, N., & Rogerson, C. M. 2004. The local economic impacts of rural community-based tourism in the Eastern Cape. Tourism and development issues in contemporary South Africa, 436.
[41] Nkemngu, A. P. 2015. Quality of life and tourism impacts: a community perspective. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(1): 1-13.
[42] Okazaki, E. 2008. A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of sustainable tourism, 16(5): 511-529.
[43] Onyx, J. & Bullen, P. 200). Measuring social capital in five communities. The journal of applied behavioral science, 36(1): 23-42.
[44] Pedrana, M. 2013. Local economic development policies and tourism: An approach to sustainability and culture. Regional Science Inquiry Journal, 5(1): 91-99.
[45] Peeters, P. M., et al. 2015. Research for TRAN Committee-From responsible best practices to sustainable tourism development. European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, Transport and Tourism.
[46] Phillips, R., & Wong, C. (Eds.). 2016. Handbook of community well-being research.
[47] Pinel, D. P. 1968. Create a good fit: A community-based tourism planning model. gen, 1986(97).
[48] Ruiz-Ballesteros, E., & Cáceres-Feria, R. 2016. Community-building and amenity migration in community-based tourism development. An approach from southwest Spain. Tourism Management, 54: 513-523.
[49] Simpson, M. C. 2008. Community benefit tourism initiatives - A conceptual oxymoron? Tourism management, 29(1): 1-18.
[50] Suansri, P. 2003. Community based tourism handbook. Bangkok: Responsible Ecological Social Tour (REST).
[51] Tasci, A. D. 2011. Destination branding and positioning. Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications, 113-129.
[52] Tasci, A.D.A, Croes, R., & Bartels Villanueva, J. 2014. Rise and fall of community-based tourism–facilitators, inhibitors and outcomes. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 6(3): 261-276.
[53] Tosun, C. 2000. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism management, 21(6), 613-633.
[54] Vafadari, K. 2012. Sustainable GIAHS Tourism: Feasibility Study- with the Example of the Ifugao Rice Terraces (IRT). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) GIAHS.
[55] Vafadari, K. 2013. Planning sustainable tourism for agricultural heritage landscapes. Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 32: 75-89.
[56] von der Weppen, J., & Cochrane, J. 2012. Social enterprises in tourism: An exploratory study of operational models and success factors. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3): 497-511.
[57] Weaver, D. 2010. Community-based tourism as strategic dead-end. Tourism Recreation Research, 35 (2): 206–208.
[58] Yamashita, S. 2011. Community-based associations for sustainable tourism development: Fostering sustainable development in developing countries.
[59] ASEAN. 2015. ASEAN tourism strategic plan 2016–2025. Jakarta: Association of Southeast Asian Nations. http://www.asean.org/storage/2012/05/ATSP-2016-2025.pdf
[60] ASEAN. 2016. ASEAN Community-based tourism standard. Jakarta: Association of Southeast Asian Nations. https://www.asean.org/storage/2012/05/ASEAN-Community-Based-Tourism-Standard.pdf
[61] BLM (Bureau of the Land Management). 2019. Travel and Tourism Action Plan: To implement the National Travel and Tourism Strategy for the United States. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington Office, Washington, DC.
[62] BMZ (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2018. Tourism in development cooperation. Press Release. https://www.bmz.de/de/zentrales_downloadarchiv/Service/ITB/bmz_fly_itb_105x210_en_01_web.pdf
[63] City of Sydney. 2013. Sustainable Sydney 2030 Community Strategic Plan; Council of the City of Sydney: Sydney, Australia.
[64] COMCEC (Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation). 2018. Destination Development and Institutionalization Strategies In the OIC Member Countries. Ankara: COMCEC. http://www.comcec.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/11-TUR-AN.pdf
[65] DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government). 2006. The Community Development Challenge. London: HM Government.
[66] DED (Department of Economic Development). 2018. Dubai Economic Report 2018. Government of Dubai.
[67] DEH (Department for Environment and Heritage). 2004. Steps to Sustainable Tourism. Planning a sustainable future for tourism, heritage and the environment. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
[68] DRCD (Department of Rural and Community Development). 2016. Tourism Development & Innovation: Strategy for Investment 2016-2022. Government of Ireland.
[69] DTTAS (Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport). 2018. Tourism Action Plan 2019-2021. Government of Ireland.
[70] EPGC (The Economic Planning Group of Canada). 2013. A Guide to Community Tourism Planning in Nova Scotia. Government of Canada.
[71] ESRT & WWF Vietnam. 2013. Vietnam community based tourism handbook: a market-based approach. http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/dmdocuments/CBT HandbookENonepage.pdf
[72] FI (Friends-International). 2018. Child Welfare and The Travel Industry – Global Good Practice Guidelines. https://thinkchildsafe.org/wp_content/uploads/2018/05/GlobalGuidelines_ChildWelfareAndTheTravelIndustry_2018_book.pdf
[73] GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit). 2014. Tourism planning in development cooperation: A handbook. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Press Release. https://www.mascontour.info/images/PDF/2_GIZ-Handbook_Tourism_Development_Cooperation.pdf
[74] IACD (International Association for Community Development). 2015. Strategic Plan 2016-2020. Glasgow: IACD.
[75] IACD (International Association for Community Development). 2019. People, Place and Power: the soul of community development. Practice Insights Magazine, 16. https://www.iacdglobal.org/practice-insights-magazine/
[76] ILO (International Labour Organization). 2011. Rural Development through Decent Work. Geneva, CH: ILO.
[77] INTERREG IVC, European Union, & National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism. 2014. Good Practice Guide: Host. http://www.charts-interreg4c.eu/good-practices/host-communities/
[78] ITC and UNWTO (International Trade Centre and United Nations World Tourism Organization). 2017. ITC-UNWTO National tourism export strategies. Geneva: ITC, UNWTO.
[79] MBIEDOC (Ministry of Business Innovation & Employment and Department of Conservation). 2019. New Zealand-Aotearoa government tourism strategy - enrich New Zealand-Aotearoa through sustainable tourism growth. Wellington: Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment and Department of Conservation.
[80] MFCG (Ministry of Finance & Corporate Governance). 2015. Medium-Term Development Strategy 2016 to 2020. Government of Antigua and Barbuda
[81] MTCE (Ministry of Tourism & Creative Economy). 2012. Strategic Plan Sustainable Tourism and Green Jobs for Indonesia. International Labour Organization (ILO) Country Office Jakarta, Indonesia.
[82] MTE (Ministry of Tourism and Entertainment). 2015. National Community Tourism Policy and Strategy. Government of Jamaica.
[83] NDT (National Department of Tourism). 2016. Operational Guidelines for Community-Based Tourism in South Africa. Pretoria: National Department of Tourism.
[84] OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2014. Tourism and the Creative Economy.OECD Studies on Tourism. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264207875-en
[85] OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2020. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/6b47b985-en
[86] Republic of Rwanda. 2009. Rwanda Tourism Policy. Minstry of Trade and Industry, Kigali.
[87] SADC (Southern African Development Community). 2012. Regional infrastructure development master plan: Tourism (TFCAs) sector plan. Gaborone: SADC.
[88] TFTC (Task Force on Travel & Competitiveness). 2012. National Travel & Tourism Strategy 2012. Washington.
[89] The Mountain Institute. 2003. Community-based tourism for conservation and development: A training manual. Washington, DC, and Bangkok, Thailand: The Mountain Institute and RECOFTC.
[90] TIES (International Ecotourism Society). 2007. Oslo Statement on Ecotourism. International Ecotourism Society. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/commercial/ttf/251npancc4.pdf
[91] TSPC (The Tourism Strategic Planning Committee). 2019. Cumberland region Tourism Development Strategy 2019-2022. Village of Cumberland, Canada.
[92] UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2013. Sustainable tourism: Contribution to economic growth and sustainable development. Geneva, Switzerland. https://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/ciem5d2_en.pdf
[93] UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2007. United Nations Development Agenda: Developement for All. New York: United Nations.
[94] UNECA and IGAD (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Inter-governmental Authority on Development). 2013. Sustainable tourism master plan for the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region 2013-2023. Kigali: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
[95] United Nations. 1955. Social progress through community development. New York: United Nations Bureau of Social Affairs.
[96] United Nations. 1987. Report of the world commission on environment and development: our common future. UN Documents.
[97] United Nations. 2019. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019. New York: United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf
[98] UNWTO. 2006. ST-EP Initiative–The work of UNWTO in connection with the Sustainable Tourism–Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP) initiative CE/78/10. UNWTO Executive Council Documents, 2006(1): 1-21.
[99] UNWTO. 2008a. International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division. Series M No. 83/Rev.1
[100] UNWTO. 2013a. Position Paper on Tourism Policy and Strategic Planning. Madrid: UNWTO. https://www.unwto.org/policy-destination-management
[101] UNWTO. 2013b. Sustainable tourism for development guidebook (2013). Madrid: UNWTO.
[102] UNWTO. 2018. On The Ground Fostering Tourism for Development. Madrid: UNWTO.
[103] WALGA (Western Australian Local Government Association). 2019. Local Government and Tourism Discussion Paper. Railway Parade, West Leederville, Australia
[104] WEF (World Economic Forum). 2020. Argentina’s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness. The Case for Promoting and Preserving Cultural, Natural and Heritage Assets in Tourism. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
[105] World Bank. 2017. Mali - Rural Community Development Project. Independence Evaluation Group, Project Performance Assessment Report 120119. Washington DC.: World Bank.
[106] WTO (World Trade Organization). 2018. Mainstreaming trade to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/sdg_e.htm
[107] WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2019. Economic Impact 2019. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. https://www.slovenia.info/uploads/dokumenti/raziskave/raziskave/world2019.pdf
[108] WWF (World Wildlife Fund). 2001. Guidelines for community- based ecotourism development. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International.
[2] Asker, S., Boronyak, L., Naomi, N., & Paddon, M. 2010. Effective community-based tourism: A best practice manual. APEC/Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre, Gold Coast, Australia.
[3] Baryamujura, M., & Bibangambah, H.k. 2015 A Guide on Community Based Tourism. COBATI: Kampala, Uganda.
[4] Beeton, S. 2006. Community development through tourism. Landlinks Press.
[5] Boonratana, R. 2010. Community-based tourism in Thailand: The need and justification for an operational definition. Kasetsart Journal: Social Sciences, 31(2), 280-289.
[6] Brohman, J. 1996. New Directions in Tourism for the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1): 48-70:60.
[7] Buckley, R. 2012. Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of tourism research, 39(2): 528-546.
[8] Connell, J., & Rugendyke, B. (Eds.). 2008. Tourism at the grassroots: Villagers and visitors in the Asia-Pacific. Routledge.
[9] Curcija, M., Breakey, N., & Driml, S. 2019. Development of a conflict management model as a tool for improved project outcomes in community-based tourism. Tourism Management, 70: 341-354.
[10] Denman, R. 2001. Guidelines for community-based ecotourism development. WWF International.
[11] Dodds, R., Ali, A., & Galaski, K. 2018. Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(13), 1547-1568.
[12] Fries, R., Correa, M., Pool, D. and Rodriguez, A. 2006. Nature-Oriented Tourism in Ecuador: An Assessment Applying the Value Chain and Nature, Wealth and Power Frameworks, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC.
[13] Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. 2015. Between theory and practice: A conceptualization of community-based tourism and community participation. Loyola Journal of Social Sciences.
[14] Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. 2018. Community-based tourism development model and community participation. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7(4): 1-27.
[15] Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. 2009. Community-based tourism: A success. ICRT Occasional paper, 11(1): 37.
[16] Green, G. P., & Goetting, A. 2010. Community assets: Building the capacity for development. Mobilizing communities: Asset building as a community development strategy, 1-13.
[17] Hamzah, A., & Khalifah, Z. 2009. Handbook on Community Based Tourism:" how to Develop and Sustain CBT". APEC Secretariat.
[18] Harwood, S. 2010. Planning for community based tourism in a remote location. Sustainability, 2(7): 1909-1923.
[19] Heimerl, F., Lohmann, S., Lange, S., & Ertl, T. 2014. Word cloud explorer: Text analytics based on word clouds. In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1833-1842). IEEE.
[20] Henry, G. 2009. Good Practices in Community-Based Tourism in the Caribbean. St. Michael, Barbados: Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO). http://www.onecaribbean.org
[21] Hidalgo, A. 2016. 2022 Tourism Strategy Development Plan. Paris: Mairie de Paris.
[22] Higgins-Desbiolles, F. 2006. More than an ‘industry’: The forgotten power of tourism as a social force. Tourism Management, 27 (6): 1192–1208.
[23] Hiwasaki, L. 2006. Community-based tourism: A pathway to sustainability for Japan's protected areas. Society and Natural Resources, 19(8): 675-692.
[24] Hung, K., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Ingram, L. J. 2011. Testing the efficacy of an integrative model for community participation. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3): 276-288.
[25] Jafari, J. 2001. Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century. In Smith, V.L. and Brent, M. (Ed.), Hosts and guests revisited: tourism issues of the 21st century. (pp. 28-40). Elmsford, USA: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
[26] Jamal, T., & Dredge, D. 2014. Tourism and community development issues. R. Sharpley and D. Telfer, Tourism and Development. Concepts and Issues, Second Edition. London: Channel View, 178-204.
[27] Jamieson, W. 1993. Planning for small town cultural tourism. In " Cultural Tourism: International Scientific Symposium, 10th ICOMOS General Assembly, Sri Lanka" (pp. p-90).
[28] Kaur, P., Jawaid, A., & Othman, N. B. A. 2016. The Impact of Community-Based Tourism on Community Development in Sarawak. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1): 15-26.
[29] Kibicho, W. 2008. Community-based tourism: A factor-cluster segmentation approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2): 211-231.
[30] Kontogeorgopoulos, N., Churyen, A., & Duangsaeng, V. 2014. Success factors in community- based tourism in Thailand: The role of luck, external support, and local leadership. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(1): 106–124.
[31] Leksakundilok A. 2006. Community participation in ecotourism development in Thailand. Ph.D. Dissertation. Geosciences: University of Sydney
[32] Lucchetti, V. G., & Font, X. 2013. Community based tourism: Critical success factors. ICRT occasional paper, 27: 1-20.
[33] Manning, E. 2004. Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations. Madrid: UNWTO. http://www.tourisk.org
[34] Mayaka, M., Croy, W. G., & Cox, J. W. 2019. A dimensional approach to community-based tourism: Recognising and differentiating form and context. Annals of Tourism Research, 74: 177-190.
[35] Moscardo, G. 2008. Community capacity building: An emerging challenge for tourism development. Building community capacity for tourism development, 1-15.
[36] Mtapuri, O. & Giampiccoli, A. 2016. Towards a comprehensive model of community-based tourism development. South African Geographical Journal, 98(1): 154-168.
[37] Nair, V., & Hamzah, A. 2015. Successful community-based tourism approaches for rural destinations: The Asia Pacific experience. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5): 429-439.
[38] Natori, M. 2001. A Guide Book for Tourism Based Community Development. Aptec Osaka-Japan.
[39] Ndlovu, N., & Rogerson, C. M. 2003. Rural local economic development through community-based tourism: the Mehloding hiking and horse trail, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Africa Insight, 33(1/2): 124-129.
[40] Ndlovu, N., & Rogerson, C. M. 2004. The local economic impacts of rural community-based tourism in the Eastern Cape. Tourism and development issues in contemporary South Africa, 436.
[41] Nkemngu, A. P. 2015. Quality of life and tourism impacts: a community perspective. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(1): 1-13.
[42] Okazaki, E. 2008. A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of sustainable tourism, 16(5): 511-529.
[43] Onyx, J. & Bullen, P. 200). Measuring social capital in five communities. The journal of applied behavioral science, 36(1): 23-42.
[44] Pedrana, M. 2013. Local economic development policies and tourism: An approach to sustainability and culture. Regional Science Inquiry Journal, 5(1): 91-99.
[45] Peeters, P. M., et al. 2015. Research for TRAN Committee-From responsible best practices to sustainable tourism development. European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, Transport and Tourism.
[46] Phillips, R., & Wong, C. (Eds.). 2016. Handbook of community well-being research.
[47] Pinel, D. P. 1968. Create a good fit: A community-based tourism planning model. gen, 1986(97).
[48] Ruiz-Ballesteros, E., & Cáceres-Feria, R. 2016. Community-building and amenity migration in community-based tourism development. An approach from southwest Spain. Tourism Management, 54: 513-523.
[49] Simpson, M. C. 2008. Community benefit tourism initiatives - A conceptual oxymoron? Tourism management, 29(1): 1-18.
[50] Suansri, P. 2003. Community based tourism handbook. Bangkok: Responsible Ecological Social Tour (REST).
[51] Tasci, A. D. 2011. Destination branding and positioning. Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications, 113-129.
[52] Tasci, A.D.A, Croes, R., & Bartels Villanueva, J. 2014. Rise and fall of community-based tourism–facilitators, inhibitors and outcomes. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 6(3): 261-276.
[53] Tosun, C. 2000. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism management, 21(6), 613-633.
[54] Vafadari, K. 2012. Sustainable GIAHS Tourism: Feasibility Study- with the Example of the Ifugao Rice Terraces (IRT). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) GIAHS.
[55] Vafadari, K. 2013. Planning sustainable tourism for agricultural heritage landscapes. Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 32: 75-89.
[56] von der Weppen, J., & Cochrane, J. 2012. Social enterprises in tourism: An exploratory study of operational models and success factors. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3): 497-511.
[57] Weaver, D. 2010. Community-based tourism as strategic dead-end. Tourism Recreation Research, 35 (2): 206–208.
[58] Yamashita, S. 2011. Community-based associations for sustainable tourism development: Fostering sustainable development in developing countries.
[59] ASEAN. 2015. ASEAN tourism strategic plan 2016–2025. Jakarta: Association of Southeast Asian Nations. http://www.asean.org/storage/2012/05/ATSP-2016-2025.pdf
[60] ASEAN. 2016. ASEAN Community-based tourism standard. Jakarta: Association of Southeast Asian Nations. https://www.asean.org/storage/2012/05/ASEAN-Community-Based-Tourism-Standard.pdf
[61] BLM (Bureau of the Land Management). 2019. Travel and Tourism Action Plan: To implement the National Travel and Tourism Strategy for the United States. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Washington Office, Washington, DC.
[62] BMZ (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2018. Tourism in development cooperation. Press Release. https://www.bmz.de/de/zentrales_downloadarchiv/Service/ITB/bmz_fly_itb_105x210_en_01_web.pdf
[63] City of Sydney. 2013. Sustainable Sydney 2030 Community Strategic Plan; Council of the City of Sydney: Sydney, Australia.
[64] COMCEC (Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation). 2018. Destination Development and Institutionalization Strategies In the OIC Member Countries. Ankara: COMCEC. http://www.comcec.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/11-TUR-AN.pdf
[65] DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government). 2006. The Community Development Challenge. London: HM Government.
[66] DED (Department of Economic Development). 2018. Dubai Economic Report 2018. Government of Dubai.
[67] DEH (Department for Environment and Heritage). 2004. Steps to Sustainable Tourism. Planning a sustainable future for tourism, heritage and the environment. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
[68] DRCD (Department of Rural and Community Development). 2016. Tourism Development & Innovation: Strategy for Investment 2016-2022. Government of Ireland.
[69] DTTAS (Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport). 2018. Tourism Action Plan 2019-2021. Government of Ireland.
[70] EPGC (The Economic Planning Group of Canada). 2013. A Guide to Community Tourism Planning in Nova Scotia. Government of Canada.
[71] ESRT & WWF Vietnam. 2013. Vietnam community based tourism handbook: a market-based approach. http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/dmdocuments/CBT HandbookENonepage.pdf
[72] FI (Friends-International). 2018. Child Welfare and The Travel Industry – Global Good Practice Guidelines. https://thinkchildsafe.org/wp_content/uploads/2018/05/GlobalGuidelines_ChildWelfareAndTheTravelIndustry_2018_book.pdf
[73] GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit). 2014. Tourism planning in development cooperation: A handbook. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Press Release. https://www.mascontour.info/images/PDF/2_GIZ-Handbook_Tourism_Development_Cooperation.pdf
[74] IACD (International Association for Community Development). 2015. Strategic Plan 2016-2020. Glasgow: IACD.
[75] IACD (International Association for Community Development). 2019. People, Place and Power: the soul of community development. Practice Insights Magazine, 16. https://www.iacdglobal.org/practice-insights-magazine/
[76] ILO (International Labour Organization). 2011. Rural Development through Decent Work. Geneva, CH: ILO.
[77] INTERREG IVC, European Union, & National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism. 2014. Good Practice Guide: Host. http://www.charts-interreg4c.eu/good-practices/host-communities/
[78] ITC and UNWTO (International Trade Centre and United Nations World Tourism Organization). 2017. ITC-UNWTO National tourism export strategies. Geneva: ITC, UNWTO.
[79] MBIEDOC (Ministry of Business Innovation & Employment and Department of Conservation). 2019. New Zealand-Aotearoa government tourism strategy - enrich New Zealand-Aotearoa through sustainable tourism growth. Wellington: Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment and Department of Conservation.
[80] MFCG (Ministry of Finance & Corporate Governance). 2015. Medium-Term Development Strategy 2016 to 2020. Government of Antigua and Barbuda
[81] MTCE (Ministry of Tourism & Creative Economy). 2012. Strategic Plan Sustainable Tourism and Green Jobs for Indonesia. International Labour Organization (ILO) Country Office Jakarta, Indonesia.
[82] MTE (Ministry of Tourism and Entertainment). 2015. National Community Tourism Policy and Strategy. Government of Jamaica.
[83] NDT (National Department of Tourism). 2016. Operational Guidelines for Community-Based Tourism in South Africa. Pretoria: National Department of Tourism.
[84] OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2014. Tourism and the Creative Economy.OECD Studies on Tourism. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264207875-en
[85] OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2020. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/6b47b985-en
[86] Republic of Rwanda. 2009. Rwanda Tourism Policy. Minstry of Trade and Industry, Kigali.
[87] SADC (Southern African Development Community). 2012. Regional infrastructure development master plan: Tourism (TFCAs) sector plan. Gaborone: SADC.
[88] TFTC (Task Force on Travel & Competitiveness). 2012. National Travel & Tourism Strategy 2012. Washington.
[89] The Mountain Institute. 2003. Community-based tourism for conservation and development: A training manual. Washington, DC, and Bangkok, Thailand: The Mountain Institute and RECOFTC.
[90] TIES (International Ecotourism Society). 2007. Oslo Statement on Ecotourism. International Ecotourism Society. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/commercial/ttf/251npancc4.pdf
[91] TSPC (The Tourism Strategic Planning Committee). 2019. Cumberland region Tourism Development Strategy 2019-2022. Village of Cumberland, Canada.
[92] UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2013. Sustainable tourism: Contribution to economic growth and sustainable development. Geneva, Switzerland. https://unctad.org/meetings/en/SessionalDocuments/ciem5d2_en.pdf
[93] UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2007. United Nations Development Agenda: Developement for All. New York: United Nations.
[94] UNECA and IGAD (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Inter-governmental Authority on Development). 2013. Sustainable tourism master plan for the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region 2013-2023. Kigali: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
[95] United Nations. 1955. Social progress through community development. New York: United Nations Bureau of Social Affairs.
[96] United Nations. 1987. Report of the world commission on environment and development: our common future. UN Documents.
[97] United Nations. 2019. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019. New York: United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf
[98] UNWTO. 2006. ST-EP Initiative–The work of UNWTO in connection with the Sustainable Tourism–Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP) initiative CE/78/10. UNWTO Executive Council Documents, 2006(1): 1-21.
[99] UNWTO. 2008a. International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division. Series M No. 83/Rev.1
[100] UNWTO. 2013a. Position Paper on Tourism Policy and Strategic Planning. Madrid: UNWTO. https://www.unwto.org/policy-destination-management
[101] UNWTO. 2013b. Sustainable tourism for development guidebook (2013). Madrid: UNWTO.
[102] UNWTO. 2018. On The Ground Fostering Tourism for Development. Madrid: UNWTO.
[103] WALGA (Western Australian Local Government Association). 2019. Local Government and Tourism Discussion Paper. Railway Parade, West Leederville, Australia
[104] WEF (World Economic Forum). 2020. Argentina’s Travel and Tourism Competitiveness. The Case for Promoting and Preserving Cultural, Natural and Heritage Assets in Tourism. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
[105] World Bank. 2017. Mali - Rural Community Development Project. Independence Evaluation Group, Project Performance Assessment Report 120119. Washington DC.: World Bank.
[106] WTO (World Trade Organization). 2018. Mainstreaming trade to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/sdg_e.htm
[107] WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2019. Economic Impact 2019. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. https://www.slovenia.info/uploads/dokumenti/raziskave/raziskave/world2019.pdf
[108] WWF (World Wildlife Fund). 2001. Guidelines for community- based ecotourism development. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International.
Published
2021-12-29
How to Cite
SAY, Dietermar.
A Cluster Study of Community-Based Tourism Terminology.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 8, p. 2082 - 2095, dec. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6652>. Date accessed: 14 nov. 2024.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.