Community-Based Tourism and Stakeholder’s Collaboration: Lessons between Mexico and Spain
Abstract
Community-based tourism is widely advocated by academics and professionals as a potential contributor to the conservation and development of a tourism destination. However, other practitioners have questioned whether sustainability goals can be achieved through this form of tourism. Of the various factors reported in the literature that hinder the success of sustainable tourism, the lack of effective collaboration among stakeholders is prominent. This study focuses on stakeholder theories and investigates the contributions of stakeholder collaborations to community-based tourism. For this research, an exploratory design was adopted, in-depth interviews with stakeholders were conducted and the websites of community-based tourism companies in both destinations, Mexico and Spain, were analysed. The results revealed the beginning towards a more local, responsible and sustainable tourism among the stakeholders of community-based tourism. However, community-based tourism in Mexico and Spain has accelerated the replication of this type of tourism, in both tour operators and larger companies, which affects the development of fair trade and the use of natural resources, neglecting communities and benefiting others interests in the tourism industry. Therefore, in remote and resource-poor destinations, the lack of community empowerment and participation jeopardizes the long-term survival of the ecosystems and the local communities themselves.
References
[1] Aldape Pérez, G. (2010). La configuración del espacio turístico en Cancún, Quintana Roo, México. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.
[2] Ambe, T. A., et al. (2010). Ecological tourism and Cameroon–opportunities and threats. Ecotourism: Development, management and impact, 113-133.
[3] Araujo, L. M., & Bramwell, B. (2002). Partnership and regional tourism in Brazil. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4): 1138–1164.
[4] Bien, A. (2010). Bridging the gap between policies and the field in sustainable tourism through new international networks. February, Retrieved, 9, 18.
[5] Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2000). Collaboration and partnerships in tourism planning. Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practice and sustainability, 2: 1-19.
[6] Bricker, K., & Donohoe, H. (2015). Demystifying theories in tourism research. CABI.
[7] Cañada, E. and Gascón, J. 2007. Turismo y desarrollo: herramientas para una mirada crítica, Managua.
[8] Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
[9] DATATUR (2020). Ranking Mundial del Turismo Internacional. Available at: http://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/RankingOMT.aspx
[10] del Turismo, O. M. (1999). Código Ético Mundial para el Turismo. Código Ético Mundial para el Turismo.
[11] Diamantis, D. (2018). Stakeholder ecotourism management: exchanges, coordination and adaptations. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3): 203-205. DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2018.1502122
[12] Esparon, M., Gyuris, E., & Stoeckl, N. (2014). Does ECO certification deliver benefits? An empirical investigation of visitors’ perceptions of the importance of ECO certification's attributes and of operators’ performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(1): 148-169.
[13] Farrelly, T. A. (2011). Indigenous and democratic decision-making: Issues from community-based ecotourism in the Boumā National Heritage Park, Fiji. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7): 817-835.
[14] Fernández Alcantud, A., López Morales, J. M., & Perles Ribes, J. F. (2016). La situación de la actividad turística en España: ante nuevos récords y retos. Economistas, 150: 97-105.
[15] García Cabrera, A. M., García Soto, M. G., & Gutiérrez Pérez, F. J. (2019). La empresa turística en España: estructura actual y retos institucionales para su desarrollo y competitividad. Economistas, 162: 170-178
[16] Gil, A. R., & Bellido, N. E. P. (2018). Nichos de negocio y empleabilidad juvenil como factores de desarrollo rural sostenible en la ‘España deshabitada’. 122Diciembre 2018, 135.
[17] Graci, S. (2013). Collaboration and partnership development for sustainable tourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(1): 25-42.
[18] Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating: Finding common ground for multiparty problems.
[19] INE (2020) Instituto Nacional de Estadística. España. https://www.ine.es/
[20] Instituto Nacional de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos Personales(2016) México: http://inicio.ifai.org.mx/
[21] Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable tourism, 17(2): 169-189.
[22] López Pardo, G. (2013). Políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo del turismo naturaleza en comunidades y pueblos indígenas en México. Patrimonio cultural y turismo, 19.
[23] Maldonado, C. (2005). Pautas metodológicas para el análisis de experiencias de turismo comunitario. International Labour Organization.
[24] Marzuki, A., & Hay, I. (2016). Stakeholder. Encyclopaedia of Tourism, 896-898.
[25] Mateos, M. R., & Rojas, R. D. H. (2019). Microempresas de artesanía, turismo y estrategias de desarrollo local: retos y oportunidades en una ciudad histórico-patrimonial (Córdoba, España). Estudios Geográficos, 79(285): 529-553.
[26] Mbaiwa, J. E. 2008. “Local community attitudes towards wildlife conservation and community-based natural resources management in Ngamiland District, Botswana”. In Natural resources management and people, Edited by: Schuster, B. and Thakadu, O. T. Gaborone, Botswana: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
[27] Mearns, K. (2003). Community-based tourism: the key to empowering the Sankuyo community in Botswana. Africa Insight, 33(1/2): 29-32.
[28] Mitchell, R. E., & Reid, D. G. (2001). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1): 113139.
[29] Murphy, P. E. (1983). Tourism as a community industry—an ecological model of tourism development. Tourism Management, 4(3): 180-193.
[30] OECD (2019) Estudio de la política turística de México. OECD Publishing.
[31] OECD. (2016a). Innovative Financing Approaches for Tourism SMEs. OECD Publishing.
[32] Prentice, R. (1993). Community-driven tourism planning and residents' preferences. Tourism Management, 14(3): 218-227.
[33] Ruhanen, L. (2013). Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1): 80-98.
[34] Ruíz Lavalle, P. (2002). Proyecto ecoturístico de los Pueblos Mancomunados, tendencias del turismo del futuro: la integración de redes de proyectos comunitarios. Turismo rural, agroturismo y ecoturismo, Rafael Monroy y Hortencia Colín,(Editores), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México.
[35] Ryan, C., & Stewart, M. (2009). Eco-tourism and luxury–the case of Al Maha, Dubai. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), 287-301.
[36] Sakata, H., & Prideaux, B. (2013). An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: a bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6): 880-899.
[37] Simmons, D. G. (1994). Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism management, 15(2): 98-108.
[38] Snyman, S. (2014). The impact of ecotourism employment on rural household incomes and social welfare in six southern African countries. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14(1-2): 37-52.
[39] Soria, I. D., & Coit, J. C. L. (2013). Reflexiones sobre el turismo de proximidad como una estrategia para el desarrollo local. Cuadernos de Turismo, (32): 65-88.
[40] Sosa, I. P., & Ferrer, T. N. (2014). Evolución histórica de dos destinos turísticos internacionales. Costa Canaria y Costa Brava.
[41] Stone, L. S., & Stone, T. M. (2011). Community-based tourism enterprises: challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1): 97-114.
[42] Taylor, S. R. (2017). Issues in measuring success in community-based Indigenous tourism: elites, kin groups, social capital, gender dynamics and income flows. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3): 433-449.
[43] Torres, R. M., & Momsen, J. D. (2005). Gringolandia: The construction of a new tourist space in Mexico. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2): 314-335.
[44] Towner, N. (2018). Surfing tourism and local stakeholder collaboration. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3): 268-286.
[45] TURESPAÑA (2019) Plan estratégico de marketing 2018-2020.
[46] Van der Ploeg, J. D. (2008). Camponeses e Impérios Alimentares; lutas por autonomia e sustentabilidade na era da globalicação. UFRGS Editora.
[47] Vera, L. E. H., Paladines, G. V., & Velasco, J. E. S. (2017). Gestión del turismo comunitario como alternativa de desarrollo local. Comunidad Yunguilla. Quito. Revista Publicando, 4(11 (2)): 427-441.
[48] Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. (2002). The development of community-based tourism: Re-thinking the relationship between tour operators and development agents as intermediaries in rural and isolated area communities. Journal of sustainable tourism, 10(3): 191-206.
[49] William, T. 2007. New geographies of the American West: Land use and the changing patterns of place. Washington, DC: Island Press.
[50] Wondirad, A., Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2020). Stakeholder collaboration as a major factor for sustainable ecotourism development in developing countries. Tourism Management, 78:104024.
[51] World Tourism Organization. (2003) Tourism and Poverty alleviation. Madrid.
[52] Yin, R. K. (2009). Introduction: how to know whether and when to use case studies as a research method. Case study research: Design and methods, 3-24.
[53] Yodsuwan, C., & Butcher, K. (2012). Determinants of tourism collaboration member satisfaction in Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1): 63-80.
[54] Zapata, M. J., Hall, C. M., Lindo, P., & Vanderschaeghe, M. (2011). Can community-based tourism contribute to development and poverty alleviation? Lessons from Nicaragua. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(8): 725-749.
[55] Zhuang, H., Lassoie, J. P., & Wolf, S. A. (2011). Ecotourism development in China: prospects for expanded roles for non-governmental organisations. Journal of Ecotourism, 10(1): 46-63.
[2] Ambe, T. A., et al. (2010). Ecological tourism and Cameroon–opportunities and threats. Ecotourism: Development, management and impact, 113-133.
[3] Araujo, L. M., & Bramwell, B. (2002). Partnership and regional tourism in Brazil. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4): 1138–1164.
[4] Bien, A. (2010). Bridging the gap between policies and the field in sustainable tourism through new international networks. February, Retrieved, 9, 18.
[5] Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2000). Collaboration and partnerships in tourism planning. Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practice and sustainability, 2: 1-19.
[6] Bricker, K., & Donohoe, H. (2015). Demystifying theories in tourism research. CABI.
[7] Cañada, E. and Gascón, J. 2007. Turismo y desarrollo: herramientas para una mirada crítica, Managua.
[8] Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
[9] DATATUR (2020). Ranking Mundial del Turismo Internacional. Available at: http://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/RankingOMT.aspx
[10] del Turismo, O. M. (1999). Código Ético Mundial para el Turismo. Código Ético Mundial para el Turismo.
[11] Diamantis, D. (2018). Stakeholder ecotourism management: exchanges, coordination and adaptations. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3): 203-205. DOI: 10.1080/14724049.2018.1502122
[12] Esparon, M., Gyuris, E., & Stoeckl, N. (2014). Does ECO certification deliver benefits? An empirical investigation of visitors’ perceptions of the importance of ECO certification's attributes and of operators’ performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(1): 148-169.
[13] Farrelly, T. A. (2011). Indigenous and democratic decision-making: Issues from community-based ecotourism in the Boumā National Heritage Park, Fiji. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7): 817-835.
[14] Fernández Alcantud, A., López Morales, J. M., & Perles Ribes, J. F. (2016). La situación de la actividad turística en España: ante nuevos récords y retos. Economistas, 150: 97-105.
[15] García Cabrera, A. M., García Soto, M. G., & Gutiérrez Pérez, F. J. (2019). La empresa turística en España: estructura actual y retos institucionales para su desarrollo y competitividad. Economistas, 162: 170-178
[16] Gil, A. R., & Bellido, N. E. P. (2018). Nichos de negocio y empleabilidad juvenil como factores de desarrollo rural sostenible en la ‘España deshabitada’. 122Diciembre 2018, 135.
[17] Graci, S. (2013). Collaboration and partnership development for sustainable tourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(1): 25-42.
[18] Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating: Finding common ground for multiparty problems.
[19] INE (2020) Instituto Nacional de Estadística. España. https://www.ine.es/
[20] Instituto Nacional de Transparencia, Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos Personales(2016) México: http://inicio.ifai.org.mx/
[21] Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable tourism, 17(2): 169-189.
[22] López Pardo, G. (2013). Políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo del turismo naturaleza en comunidades y pueblos indígenas en México. Patrimonio cultural y turismo, 19.
[23] Maldonado, C. (2005). Pautas metodológicas para el análisis de experiencias de turismo comunitario. International Labour Organization.
[24] Marzuki, A., & Hay, I. (2016). Stakeholder. Encyclopaedia of Tourism, 896-898.
[25] Mateos, M. R., & Rojas, R. D. H. (2019). Microempresas de artesanía, turismo y estrategias de desarrollo local: retos y oportunidades en una ciudad histórico-patrimonial (Córdoba, España). Estudios Geográficos, 79(285): 529-553.
[26] Mbaiwa, J. E. 2008. “Local community attitudes towards wildlife conservation and community-based natural resources management in Ngamiland District, Botswana”. In Natural resources management and people, Edited by: Schuster, B. and Thakadu, O. T. Gaborone, Botswana: International Union for Conservation of Nature.
[27] Mearns, K. (2003). Community-based tourism: the key to empowering the Sankuyo community in Botswana. Africa Insight, 33(1/2): 29-32.
[28] Mitchell, R. E., & Reid, D. G. (2001). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1): 113139.
[29] Murphy, P. E. (1983). Tourism as a community industry—an ecological model of tourism development. Tourism Management, 4(3): 180-193.
[30] OECD (2019) Estudio de la política turística de México. OECD Publishing.
[31] OECD. (2016a). Innovative Financing Approaches for Tourism SMEs. OECD Publishing.
[32] Prentice, R. (1993). Community-driven tourism planning and residents' preferences. Tourism Management, 14(3): 218-227.
[33] Ruhanen, L. (2013). Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1): 80-98.
[34] Ruíz Lavalle, P. (2002). Proyecto ecoturístico de los Pueblos Mancomunados, tendencias del turismo del futuro: la integración de redes de proyectos comunitarios. Turismo rural, agroturismo y ecoturismo, Rafael Monroy y Hortencia Colín,(Editores), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México.
[35] Ryan, C., & Stewart, M. (2009). Eco-tourism and luxury–the case of Al Maha, Dubai. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), 287-301.
[36] Sakata, H., & Prideaux, B. (2013). An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: a bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6): 880-899.
[37] Simmons, D. G. (1994). Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism management, 15(2): 98-108.
[38] Snyman, S. (2014). The impact of ecotourism employment on rural household incomes and social welfare in six southern African countries. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14(1-2): 37-52.
[39] Soria, I. D., & Coit, J. C. L. (2013). Reflexiones sobre el turismo de proximidad como una estrategia para el desarrollo local. Cuadernos de Turismo, (32): 65-88.
[40] Sosa, I. P., & Ferrer, T. N. (2014). Evolución histórica de dos destinos turísticos internacionales. Costa Canaria y Costa Brava.
[41] Stone, L. S., & Stone, T. M. (2011). Community-based tourism enterprises: challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1): 97-114.
[42] Taylor, S. R. (2017). Issues in measuring success in community-based Indigenous tourism: elites, kin groups, social capital, gender dynamics and income flows. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3): 433-449.
[43] Torres, R. M., & Momsen, J. D. (2005). Gringolandia: The construction of a new tourist space in Mexico. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 95(2): 314-335.
[44] Towner, N. (2018). Surfing tourism and local stakeholder collaboration. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3): 268-286.
[45] TURESPAÑA (2019) Plan estratégico de marketing 2018-2020.
[46] Van der Ploeg, J. D. (2008). Camponeses e Impérios Alimentares; lutas por autonomia e sustentabilidade na era da globalicação. UFRGS Editora.
[47] Vera, L. E. H., Paladines, G. V., & Velasco, J. E. S. (2017). Gestión del turismo comunitario como alternativa de desarrollo local. Comunidad Yunguilla. Quito. Revista Publicando, 4(11 (2)): 427-441.
[48] Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. (2002). The development of community-based tourism: Re-thinking the relationship between tour operators and development agents as intermediaries in rural and isolated area communities. Journal of sustainable tourism, 10(3): 191-206.
[49] William, T. 2007. New geographies of the American West: Land use and the changing patterns of place. Washington, DC: Island Press.
[50] Wondirad, A., Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2020). Stakeholder collaboration as a major factor for sustainable ecotourism development in developing countries. Tourism Management, 78:104024.
[51] World Tourism Organization. (2003) Tourism and Poverty alleviation. Madrid.
[52] Yin, R. K. (2009). Introduction: how to know whether and when to use case studies as a research method. Case study research: Design and methods, 3-24.
[53] Yodsuwan, C., & Butcher, K. (2012). Determinants of tourism collaboration member satisfaction in Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1): 63-80.
[54] Zapata, M. J., Hall, C. M., Lindo, P., & Vanderschaeghe, M. (2011). Can community-based tourism contribute to development and poverty alleviation? Lessons from Nicaragua. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(8): 725-749.
[55] Zhuang, H., Lassoie, J. P., & Wolf, S. A. (2011). Ecotourism development in China: prospects for expanded roles for non-governmental organisations. Journal of Ecotourism, 10(1): 46-63.
Published
2021-09-30
How to Cite
SOSA TINOCO, Mariana Monserrat; AULET SERRALLONGA, Silvia; VIDAL CASELLAS, María Dolors.
Community-Based Tourism and Stakeholder’s Collaboration: Lessons between Mexico and Spain.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 6, p. 1716-1728, sep. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6450>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.6(54).27.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.