The Establishment of International University Campuses as a Key Factor in the Development of Local Tourism in the Turkestan Region in Kazakhstan: Economic and Legal Aspects
Abstract
This article discusses legal and economic issues in the higher education and tourism industry in the context of Kazakhstan. The study revealed that the creation of international university campuses in the Turkestan region can enable to develop a local tourism and become an attractive tourist destination and international educational hub in Central Asia. It is suggested to establish these campuses in partnership with the world's leading universities based on the experience of Nazarbayev University. There is a great chance to attract international students and tourists as well as establish Kazakhstan's Silicon Valley. To create endowment funds and ensure the financial independence of universities, it is proposed to pass a special land granting law enabling regions to allocate land plots to universities on a gratuitous basis, as seen in practice in the USA. Additionally, it was concluded that this region in geographical, territorial, climatic terms as well as the historical role of Turkestan are very favourable for the development of international tourism. The research was conducted based on the documentary analysis method and secondary data analysis. Legal acts and state programs and acts launched by the government in higher education, tourism, and hospitality industries were collected from the official websites of state bodies and analyzed.
References
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[3] Altynbassov, B.O., Abdukarimova, Z.T., Bayanbayeva, A.R., & Mukhamejanuly S. 2020. Legal and organizational issues of the transformation of public universities into non-profit organizations in Kazakhstan. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 3 (49): 726-734.
[4] Amandykova, S.K., et al. 2016. The Role of Science and Education in the Formation of National Human Capital: Kazakhstani Experience. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(27).
[5] Arionesei, G., Ichim, A., & Vranciu, L. 2015. The role of universities in the development of business tourism. Ecoforum, 1 (6).
[6] Arutyunova, A. 2020. Development of the human factor in the conditions of the transforming Russian economy. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 940 012104. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/940/1/012104
[7] Askarov, А. 2018. Turkestan - dukhovnaya stolitsa Kazakhstan. Available at: https://www.kazpravda.kz/fresh/view/turkestan--duhovnaya-stolitsa-kazahstana
[8] Baimbetova, A.B. et al. 2021. Volunteering in the Tourism Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 1(49): 173 - 194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v12.1(49).15
[9] Cejas Martínez, M.F., et al. 2020. The Competencies of Human Talent Linked to the Development of Community Based Rural Tourism in the Province of Chimborazo Ecuador. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 6(46): 1400 - 1406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v11.6(46).10
[10] Den Heijer, A.C., & Curvelo Magdaniel, F.T.J. 2018. Campus-City Relations: Past, Present, and Future. In: Meusburger P., Heffernan M., Suarsana L. (eds) Geographies of the University. Knowledge and Space, vol 12. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75593-9_13
[11] Gheorghe, C.M., Moraru, A.V. & Anton, A. 2017. Student Mobility – Driver of Growth in the Travel and Tourism Industry; Case Study: Erasmus Students’ Travel Preferences. Romanian Economic Business Review, Romanian-American University, 12(4): 65-71.
[12] Hazelkorn, E. 2009. “Rankings and the Battle for World-Class Excellence: Institutional Strategies and Policy Choices. Higher Education Management and Policy, 21 (1): 1-22.
[13] Hebbert, M. 2018. The campus and the city: a design revolution explained. Journal of Urban Design, 23(6): 883-897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2018.1518710
[14] Hermawan, D. and Hutagalung, S.S. 2020. Coopetition as a Model of Tourism Participation Management in South Lampung Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 6(46): 1571 - 1580. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v11.6(46).27
[15] Levy, D. 2015. For-Profit versus Nonprofit Private Higher Education, International Higher Education. 12-13.
[16] Menin, A. 2017. The successful relationship between tourism and academic mobility (a model for increasing the demand of foreign students), European Journal of Economic and Financial Research, 2(2).
[17] Milian, R.P. & Rizk, J. 2018. Do university rankings matter? A qualitative exploration of institutional selection at three southern Ontario universities. Journal of further and higher education, 42(8): 1143-1155.
[18] Peacock, N. & Ladkin, A. 2002. Exploring relationships between higher education and industry. A case study of a university and the local tourism industry. Industry and higher education, 16(6): 393-401.
[19] Phillips, D. and Schweisfurth, M. 2014. Comparative and International Education: An Introduction to Theory, Method, and Practice. London: Bloomsbury.
[20] Prenatt, S. L. 1995. The endowment goose and its golden eggs. Journal of Accountancy, 180: 66-72.
[21] Rinaldi, C., Cavicchi, A. & Robinson, R.N.S. 2020. University contributions to co-creating sustainable tourism destinations, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1797056
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[23] Rungfamai, K. 2018. Governance of National Research University in Southeast Asia: the case of Chiang Mai University in Thailand, Studies in Higher Education, 43(7): 1268-1278.
[24] Sabzalieva, E. 2017. The policy challenges of creating a world-class university outside the global ‘core’. European Journal of Higher Education, 7(4): 424-439.
[25] Shattock, M. 2017. The ‘world class’ university and international ranking systems: what are the policy implications for governments and institutions? Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 1(1): 4-21.
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[28] Usher, A. 2017. "Some Notes on the Finances of Top Chinese Universities". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 3 October 2017. Available at: https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/some-notes-finances-top-chinese-universities
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[32] Endowment fund of Harvard University. 2020. Available at: https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/endowment
[33] Endowment fund of Stanford University. 2020. Available at: https://facts.stanford.edu
[34] Land-Grant College Act of 1862, or Morrill Act, Act of the USA Congress. 1862. Available at: www.britannica.com/topic/land-grant-university
[35] Morrill Act 1890, Act of the US Congress (1890). Available at: www.com/topic/land-grant-university
[36] Official Information Source of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2021. Available at: https://primeminister.kz
[37] Population estimates - Office for National Statistics, 2021. Available at: www.ons.gov.uk.
[38] Reviews of National Policies for Education – Higher Education in Kazakhstan 2017. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/publications/higher-education-in-kazakhstan-2017-9789264268531-en.htm
[39] Russell Group universities. 2019. The economic impact of our universities. Available at: https://russellgroup.ac.uk/about/the-economic-impact-of-our-universities
[40] State Program for the Development of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2016-2019. March 1, 2016. No. 205. Astana, 2016.
[41] State Program for the Development of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2020-2025. December 27, 2019. No. 988. Astana, 2019.
[42] State program for the Development of Tourism Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2019-2025. 2019. No. 912. Astana, 2019.
[43] Student numbers in UK higher education. 2021. Available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk
[44] UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2020. Data center: Student mobility country of origin.
[45] University of Bristol, Home/EU postgraduate research tuition fees of the. 2021. Available at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/students/support/finances/tuition-fees/pgr/home/
Published
2021-09-30
How to Cite
ALTYNBASSOV, Bakhyt et al.
The Establishment of International University Campuses as a Key Factor in the Development of Local Tourism in the Turkestan Region in Kazakhstan: Economic and Legal Aspects.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 6, p. 1454-1464, sep. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6426>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.6(54).03.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.