Soundscape Quality in Recreation Areas of Khao Yai National Park in Thailand
Abstract
Soundscape is an important component of national parks that are established for conserving biodiversity, natural resources and ecological processes, as well as serving tourism to inculcate conservation awareness. Nevertheless, anthropogenic noise from visitors is difficult to control and can disturb wildlife and visitor experiences. This study aims to illustrate the quality of soundscape in recreational areas of Khao Yai National Park (KYNP) based on soundscape components, sound pressure level, perception and the satisfaction of visitors on soundscape, and satisfaction on Sound pressure level in term of LAeq (dBA). Significant differences in the overall soundscape components, sound pressure level, perception and satisfaction on soundscape and satisfaction on sound pressure level at each recreational area were found. Noise from tourism also impacted the presence of wildlife in recreational areas. A correlation was identified between a higher nature-based experience and higher satisfaction on biophony and geophony. Soundscape satisfaction was influenced by satisfaction on sound pressure level, perceived soundscape, and some demographical factors (gender, the day of visit, hometown, recreational areas, visit frequency, income, education, and occupation). KYNP must monitor soundscape components, soundscape satisfaction, and sound pressure levels to maintain the quality of natural soundscape and visitor experiences in the recreational areas. Further research is recommended on using the proportion of soundscape components and sound pressure level as a key monitoring tool to determine the practical carrying capacity of tourists, as soundscape components can be changed due to sound pressure level and also affect the soundscape satisfaction of tourists.
References
[1] Abbott, L. C., et al. 2016. The influence of natural sounds on attention restoration. J Park Rec Admin, 34: 5–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2016-V34-I3-6893
[2] Barber, J.R., et al. 2011. Anthropogenic noise exposure in protected natural areas: Estimating the scale of ecological consequences. Landscape Ecology, 26: 1281–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9646-7
[3] Basner, M., et al. 2014. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet, 383: 1325–32. DOI:https://doi.org:/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X
[4] Benfield, J.A., Bell, P.A., Troup, L.J. and Soderstrom, N. 2010. Does anthropogenic noise in national parks impair memory? Environment and Behavior, 42(5): 693–706. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509351219
[5] Benfield, J.A., Taff, D., Newman, P. and Smyth, J. 2014. Natural sound facilitates mood recovery from stress. Ecopsychology, 6(3): 183-8. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2014.0028
[6] Blauvelt, A. L., Jaimes, C. A., Breindel, J.T. and Tetreault, Z.A. 2008. The effects of non-natural sounds on visitor park experiences in Puerto Rico. Massachusetts: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. DOI:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/212968592.pdf
[7] Burivalova, Z., et al. 2018. Using soundscapes to detect variable degrees of human influence on tropical forests in Papua New Guinea. Conservation Biology, 32(1): 205–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12968
[8] Butchart, S. H.M., et al. 2010. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science, 328 (5982): 1164–68. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1126/science.1187512
[9] Buxton, R.T., et al. 2017. Noise pollution is pervasive in U.S. protected areas. Science, 356 (6337): 531–33. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1126/science.aah4783
[10] Buxton, R.T., et al. 2021. A synthesis of health benefits of natural sounds and their distribution in national parks. PNAS, 118 (14): e2013097118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013097118
[11] Deichmanna, J. L., et al. 2017. Soundscape analysis and acoustic monitoring document impacts of natural gas exploration on biodiversity in a tropical forest. Ecological Indicators, 74: 39–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.002
[12] Duarte, M.H.L., et al. 2015. The impact of noise from open-cast mining on Atlantic forest biophony. Biological Conservation, 191: 623 – 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.08.006
[13] Dudley, N. 2008. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Publications Service.
[14] Dumyahn, S. L. and Pijanowski, B. C. 2011. Soundscape conservation. Landscape Ecology, 26: 1327–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9635-x
[15] Duquette, C.A., Loss, S.R., and Hovic, T.J. 2021. A meta-analysis of the influence of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial wildlife communication strategies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 00: 1-10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13880
[16] Francis, C. D., Kleist, N. J., Ortega, C. P. and Cruz, A. 2012. Noise pollution alters ecological services: enhanced pollination and disrupted seed dispersal. P Roy Soc Lond B Bio, 279: 2727–35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0230
[17] Gramann, J. 1999. The effect of mechanical noise and natural sound on visitor experiences in units of the national park system. Social Science Research Review, 1(1): 2 - 16. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=govdocs.
[18] Hebbali, A. 2020. olsrr: Tools for Building OLS Regression Models. R package version 0.5.3. Available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=olsrr
[19] Herrera-Montes, I. M. 2018. Protected area zoning as a strategy to preserve natural soundscapes, reduce anthropogenic noise intrusion, and conserve biodiversity. Tropical Conservation Science, 11: 1-15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918804344.
[20] Krause, B. and Payne, R. 2016. Wild Soundscapes: Discovering the Voice of the Natural World. Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press. Kindle.
[21] Latinopoulos, D. 2019. The role of ecotourism in the Prespa National Park in Greece. Evidence from a travel cost method and hoteliers’ perceptions. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(40): 1743 - 1754. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.14505/jemt.v10.8(40).04
[22] Levenhagen M.J., et al. 2021. Ecosystem services enhanced through soundscape management link people and wildlife. People and Nature 3: 176–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10156
[23] Liu Aili, et al. 2017. Soundscape and its influence on tourist satisfaction. The Service Industries Journal, 38(3-4): 164-81. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1080/02642069.2017.1382479
[24] Liu, Jiang, Yichao Xiong, Yajun Wang, and Tao Luo. 2018. Soundscape effects on visiting experience in City Park: A case study in Fuzhou, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 31: 38–47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.022
[25] Machlis, G. and McNutt, M. 2015. Parks for science. Science, 348 (6241): 1291. DOI:https://doi.org:/10.1126/science.aac5760
[26] Manning, R. et al. 2006. From landscapes to soundscapes: understanding and managing natural quiet in the national parks. In Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, The Sagamore, NY, USA, 9-11 April 2006. 601-6. Available at: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs-p-14/79-manning-p-14.pdf.
[27] Merchan, C., Diaz-Balteiro, L. and Soliño, M. 2014. Noise pollution in national parks: Soundscape and economic valuation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123: 1-9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.006.
[28] Newman P. et al. 2007. An adaptive approach to managing soundscapes in Muir Woods National Monument: A test of management actions. In The meeting of the George Wright Society. MN, USA, April 2006.
[29] Nunnally, JG. 1978. Psychometric theory. New York, USA: McGraw Hill.
[30] O’Neill, C.and Harald Yurk H. 2017. In-Air Noise Impact Assessment for Birds and Reptiles: Based on a Preliminary Design of the Third Crossing of the Cataraqui River, Kingston, ON. Document 01194, Version 1.0. Technical report by JASCO Applied Sciences for Golder Associates Ltd. Available at: https://thirdcrossing.cityofkingston.ca/documents/26467239/38278041/Appendix%20I%20-%20In%20Air%20Noise%20Impact%20Assessment%20for%20Birds%20and%20Reptiles%20-%20Final.pdf.
[31] Phumsathan, Sangsan. 2010. Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Khao Yai National Park Thailand. PhD. Diss., Texas A&M University. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8223
[32] Pijanowski, B. C., et al. 2011a. Soundscape ecology: The science of sound in the landscape. BioScience, 61(3): 203–16. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.6
[33] Pijanowski, B. et al. 2011b. What is soundscape ecology? An introduction and overview of an emerging new science. Landscape Ecology; 26: 1213–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9600-8
[34] R Core Team. 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
[35] Rojanachan, S., Phongkhieo, N.T. and Kaitpraneet, S. 2012. Soundscape perception of visitors to Khao Yai National Park. Thai J. For., 31(1): 78 – 86. Available at: http://www.tjf.forest.ku.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/9_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2.pdf
[36] Rossman, B. 2006. The Importance of Soundscapes in National Park Management. In David H, editor. People, Places, and Parks: Proceedings of the 2005 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites. Hancock, Michigan: The George Wright Society. Pp. 335-40.
[37] Sellars, R.W. 1997. Preserving nature in the national parks: a history. Yale University Press. http://www.georgewright.org/sellars.pdf
[38] Siikamäki, P. et al. 2015. Biodiversity attracts visitors to national parks. Biodivers Conserv, 24: 2521–2534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0941-5
[39] Department of National Parks, Plant and Wildlife Conservation [DNP]. 2021. Statistics of tourists vehicles and income in Thai national parks. Available at: http://webreg.dnp.go.th/park/index3.php?task=Report31
[40] Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. 2016. Guidance Note for Noise: Licence Applications, Surveys and Assessments in Relation to Scheduled Activities (NG4).
[2] Barber, J.R., et al. 2011. Anthropogenic noise exposure in protected natural areas: Estimating the scale of ecological consequences. Landscape Ecology, 26: 1281–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9646-7
[3] Basner, M., et al. 2014. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet, 383: 1325–32. DOI:https://doi.org:/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X
[4] Benfield, J.A., Bell, P.A., Troup, L.J. and Soderstrom, N. 2010. Does anthropogenic noise in national parks impair memory? Environment and Behavior, 42(5): 693–706. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509351219
[5] Benfield, J.A., Taff, D., Newman, P. and Smyth, J. 2014. Natural sound facilitates mood recovery from stress. Ecopsychology, 6(3): 183-8. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2014.0028
[6] Blauvelt, A. L., Jaimes, C. A., Breindel, J.T. and Tetreault, Z.A. 2008. The effects of non-natural sounds on visitor park experiences in Puerto Rico. Massachusetts: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. DOI:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/212968592.pdf
[7] Burivalova, Z., et al. 2018. Using soundscapes to detect variable degrees of human influence on tropical forests in Papua New Guinea. Conservation Biology, 32(1): 205–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12968
[8] Butchart, S. H.M., et al. 2010. Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science, 328 (5982): 1164–68. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1126/science.1187512
[9] Buxton, R.T., et al. 2017. Noise pollution is pervasive in U.S. protected areas. Science, 356 (6337): 531–33. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1126/science.aah4783
[10] Buxton, R.T., et al. 2021. A synthesis of health benefits of natural sounds and their distribution in national parks. PNAS, 118 (14): e2013097118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013097118
[11] Deichmanna, J. L., et al. 2017. Soundscape analysis and acoustic monitoring document impacts of natural gas exploration on biodiversity in a tropical forest. Ecological Indicators, 74: 39–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.002
[12] Duarte, M.H.L., et al. 2015. The impact of noise from open-cast mining on Atlantic forest biophony. Biological Conservation, 191: 623 – 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.08.006
[13] Dudley, N. 2008. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Publications Service.
[14] Dumyahn, S. L. and Pijanowski, B. C. 2011. Soundscape conservation. Landscape Ecology, 26: 1327–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9635-x
[15] Duquette, C.A., Loss, S.R., and Hovic, T.J. 2021. A meta-analysis of the influence of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial wildlife communication strategies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 00: 1-10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13880
[16] Francis, C. D., Kleist, N. J., Ortega, C. P. and Cruz, A. 2012. Noise pollution alters ecological services: enhanced pollination and disrupted seed dispersal. P Roy Soc Lond B Bio, 279: 2727–35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0230
[17] Gramann, J. 1999. The effect of mechanical noise and natural sound on visitor experiences in units of the national park system. Social Science Research Review, 1(1): 2 - 16. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427&context=govdocs.
[18] Hebbali, A. 2020. olsrr: Tools for Building OLS Regression Models. R package version 0.5.3. Available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=olsrr
[19] Herrera-Montes, I. M. 2018. Protected area zoning as a strategy to preserve natural soundscapes, reduce anthropogenic noise intrusion, and conserve biodiversity. Tropical Conservation Science, 11: 1-15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082918804344.
[20] Krause, B. and Payne, R. 2016. Wild Soundscapes: Discovering the Voice of the Natural World. Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press. Kindle.
[21] Latinopoulos, D. 2019. The role of ecotourism in the Prespa National Park in Greece. Evidence from a travel cost method and hoteliers’ perceptions. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(40): 1743 - 1754. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.14505/jemt.v10.8(40).04
[22] Levenhagen M.J., et al. 2021. Ecosystem services enhanced through soundscape management link people and wildlife. People and Nature 3: 176–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10156
[23] Liu Aili, et al. 2017. Soundscape and its influence on tourist satisfaction. The Service Industries Journal, 38(3-4): 164-81. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1080/02642069.2017.1382479
[24] Liu, Jiang, Yichao Xiong, Yajun Wang, and Tao Luo. 2018. Soundscape effects on visiting experience in City Park: A case study in Fuzhou, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 31: 38–47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.022
[25] Machlis, G. and McNutt, M. 2015. Parks for science. Science, 348 (6241): 1291. DOI:https://doi.org:/10.1126/science.aac5760
[26] Manning, R. et al. 2006. From landscapes to soundscapes: understanding and managing natural quiet in the national parks. In Proceedings of the 2006 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, The Sagamore, NY, USA, 9-11 April 2006. 601-6. Available at: https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs-p-14/79-manning-p-14.pdf.
[27] Merchan, C., Diaz-Balteiro, L. and Soliño, M. 2014. Noise pollution in national parks: Soundscape and economic valuation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123: 1-9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.006.
[28] Newman P. et al. 2007. An adaptive approach to managing soundscapes in Muir Woods National Monument: A test of management actions. In The meeting of the George Wright Society. MN, USA, April 2006.
[29] Nunnally, JG. 1978. Psychometric theory. New York, USA: McGraw Hill.
[30] O’Neill, C.and Harald Yurk H. 2017. In-Air Noise Impact Assessment for Birds and Reptiles: Based on a Preliminary Design of the Third Crossing of the Cataraqui River, Kingston, ON. Document 01194, Version 1.0. Technical report by JASCO Applied Sciences for Golder Associates Ltd. Available at: https://thirdcrossing.cityofkingston.ca/documents/26467239/38278041/Appendix%20I%20-%20In%20Air%20Noise%20Impact%20Assessment%20for%20Birds%20and%20Reptiles%20-%20Final.pdf.
[31] Phumsathan, Sangsan. 2010. Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Khao Yai National Park Thailand. PhD. Diss., Texas A&M University. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8223
[32] Pijanowski, B. C., et al. 2011a. Soundscape ecology: The science of sound in the landscape. BioScience, 61(3): 203–16. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.6
[33] Pijanowski, B. et al. 2011b. What is soundscape ecology? An introduction and overview of an emerging new science. Landscape Ecology; 26: 1213–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9600-8
[34] R Core Team. 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
[35] Rojanachan, S., Phongkhieo, N.T. and Kaitpraneet, S. 2012. Soundscape perception of visitors to Khao Yai National Park. Thai J. For., 31(1): 78 – 86. Available at: http://www.tjf.forest.ku.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/9_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2.pdf
[36] Rossman, B. 2006. The Importance of Soundscapes in National Park Management. In David H, editor. People, Places, and Parks: Proceedings of the 2005 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites. Hancock, Michigan: The George Wright Society. Pp. 335-40.
[37] Sellars, R.W. 1997. Preserving nature in the national parks: a history. Yale University Press. http://www.georgewright.org/sellars.pdf
[38] Siikamäki, P. et al. 2015. Biodiversity attracts visitors to national parks. Biodivers Conserv, 24: 2521–2534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0941-5
[39] Department of National Parks, Plant and Wildlife Conservation [DNP]. 2021. Statistics of tourists vehicles and income in Thai national parks. Available at: http://webreg.dnp.go.th/park/index3.php?task=Report31
[40] Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. 2016. Guidance Note for Noise: Licence Applications, Surveys and Assessments in Relation to Scheduled Activities (NG4).
Published
2021-09-12
How to Cite
YIMPRASERT, Waranya; TEAMPANPONG, Jiraporn; SOMNAM, Kwanjira.
Soundscape Quality in Recreation Areas of Khao Yai National Park in Thailand.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 5, p. 1324-1334, sep. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6360>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.12.5(53).17.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.