Management Effectiveness of Sheikh Baden National Park: Testing the Scope of Cultural Integrity
Abstract
A cross sectional-based research was conducted with the sole aim to assess the management effectiveness of Sheikh Baden National Park [SBNP] District Dera Ismail Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan with respect to cultural integrity. A sample size of 389 respondents were selected through simple random sampling to determine respondents attitude towards cultural integrity (independent variable) and management effectiveness of SBNP (dependent variable) through Likert scale as measurement tool. Further, descriptive (univaraite analysis) and inferential statistics (bivariate analysis) were carried out. With regards to bivariate results found that, an association of management effectiveness of SBNP was highly significant with historical events (p=0.004), introducing local culture to visitors (p=0.000), access to culturally rich areas (p=0.000), display of cultural events (p=0.000), handicrafts and food items production and promotion (p=0.000), alternate livelihood for disturbed communities (p=0.000) and trained wildlife staff (p=0.000). Improvements in promotion of SBNP and its related ecological, cultural and historical importance at mass scale by using both conventional and modern communication channels including mass media, print media, internet and social media etc. were major recommendations in light of the study.
References
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[2] Aman, T., et al. (2021). A Cross Sectional Analysis of Tourism Development and Social Development. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism, 12(2): 487-494.
[3] Amoah, M and. Wiafe, E. D. (2012). Livelihoods of fringe Communities and the impacts on the management of conservation area: The case of Kakum National Park in Ghana, International Forestry Review, 14 (2): 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org:/10.1505/146554812800923381
[4] Beba, O. L., Aniah, J. E. and Okaba, A. L. (2013). Sustainable livelihood in the Cross River National Park, Oban Division, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 4(16): 219-231.
[5] Bhat, J. A. and P. Yadav. (2016). Handicraft Sector: The Comforting Sector of Employment Review. Manag Stud and Econ System, 3(2): 111-117.
[6] Bouchenaki, M. (2003). The Interdependency of the Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage. ICOMOS 14th General Assembly and scientific symposium. I-5.
[7] Brenden, H. (2017). Organizational effectiveness and efficiency at different management levels, South Africa. Available at: http//www.smarthr.co.za
[8] Chang, J. (2006). Segmenting tourists to aboriginal cultural festivals: An example in the Rukai tribal area. Taiwan Tour Management, 27: 1224–1234.
[9] Etiosa, O. (2012). The impacts of event tourism on host communities. Case: the City of Pietarsaari. Central Ostrobothnia University of Applied Sciences.1-56.
[10] Fakhar, H. A. (2008). Factors affecting tourism, tourism potential and strategies for development as an Industry in Pakistan. Department of Business Administration, University of Gavela. 1-46.
[11] Forleo, B. M. and Palmieri, N. (2018). A framework for the assessing relational accessibility of protected areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194: 594-606.
[12] Gaki, E., Stella, K., Evangelia, P. and Dimitris, L. (2016). The evaluation of tourism satisfaction in island destinations: The case of the Ionian Islands of Greece. The case of the Ionian Islands of Greece, 56th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Cities & Regions: Smart, Sustainable, Inclusive?", 23-26 August 2016, Vienna, Austria. Vienna, Austria, European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve. 1-17.
[13] Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3): 403-428.
[14] Grappi, S. and Montanari. F. (2011). The role of social identification and hedonism in affecting tourist-patronizing behavior’s. The case of an Italian festival. Tourism Management, 32(5): 1128-1140.
[15] Hall, M. C. et al. (2003). Food tourism around the World. Development, Management and Markets. I-373.
[16] Haq, F and Ho Yin Wong, H. Y. (2011). Chapter 17: Exploring Marketing Strategies for Islamic Spiritual Tourism. 319-337.
[17] Hawthorn, D., Kirik, M., and Eagles, J. F. (2000). Evaluating management effectiveness of Parks and Park systems: a proposed methodology, University of Waterloo. 1-32.
[18] Heinonen, M. (2013). Metsahallitus Natural Heritage Services: applying IUCN protected area management categories in Finland; National IUCN Committee of Finland, Ministry of the Environment. 1-31.
[19] Henson, D. W., Malpas, R. C., and D’ Udine, F. A. C. (2016). Wildlife law enforcement in Sub-Saharan African protected areas: A review of best practices. Occasional paper of the IUCN species survival commission no. 58, IUCN. Xxii-65.
[20] Hockings, M. (2003). Systems for Assessing the Effectiveness of Management in Protected Areas. Bio Science, 53(9), 823-832.
[21] Holden, A. (2006). Tourism Studies and the Social Sciences. Chapter six: Anthropology and Tourism. 135 -156. Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN.
[22] Ioan-Franc, V. and Istoc, E. M. (2007). Cultural tourism and Sustainable Development. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 4(1): 89-96.
[23] Israr, M., et al. (2010). Role of Local Food and Handicrafts in Raising Eco-Tourism; The Northern Areas of Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 26(1): 119-124.
[24] Jain, R. and Thakkar, J. (2019). Experiencing Craft and Culture: An Emerging Cultural Sustainable Tourism Model in India. Cultural Sustainable Tourism. 29-35.
[25] Khan, W. A., (2012). National Parks in Pakistan. Wildlife of Pakistan. Pakistan Wildlife Foundation, 1(1): 11-13. Available at: https://www.wildlife.org,pk
[26] Khoshkhoo, M. H. I., Farahani, M. S. (2019). A Conceptual Framework for Cultural Tourists’ Perception of Travel with Focus on Spirituality (Case Study: Isfahan) Bagh-e Nazar, 15(68): 51-62.
[27] Mahmood, K., and Mishkatullah. (2015). Sheikh Badin National Park seeking attention of policy makers, weekly technology times, VI(49): 1-4. Available at: https://www.technologytimes.pk/2015/12/06/
[28] Mustafa, M. (2011). Potential of sustaining handicrafts as a tourism product in Jordan. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(2): 145-152.
[29] Nyawo, J., and Mubangizi, B. C. (2015). Art and Craft in local economic development: Tourism possibilities in Mtubatuba Local Municipality. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(2): 1-15.
[30] Oklobdzija, S. (2015). The Role of Events in Tourism Development. Bizinfo J., 6(2): 83-97.
[31] Quinn, B. (2009). Festivals, events and tourism. School of hospitality management and tourism. Dublin Institute of Technology. 1-48. DOI: 10.4135/9780857021076.n27
[32] Richards, G. (2018). Cultural Tourism: A review of recent research and trends. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36: 12-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.03.005
[33] Shaikh, S., M. F. Sultan and W. Akbar. (2020). Identifying the Opportunities and Challenges in Potential Cultural Heritage Tourism Destination- A Case of Sindh, Pakistan, Pakistan Business Review, 21(4): 743-761.
[34] Sheresheva, M., Polukhina, A., and Oborin, M. (2020). Marketing issues of sustainable tourism œ development in Russian regions. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 6(1): 33-38.
[35] Sina, M. S., Doratli, N., Nima M, S. & Moradiahari, F. (2016). Defining Cultural Tourism International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Sustainable Development (CASD-2016) London. 70-75.
[36] Smith, M. and Robinson, M. (2005). Cultural Tourism in a Changing World Politics, Participation and (Re) presentation Channel View Publications.1-290.
[37] Tan, K. K. H. (2018). The tourist gaze: leisure and travel in contemporary Societies. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(5): 631-634. DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2018.1462662
[38] Ullah, A., Khan, N. and Muhammad, Z. (2015). Diversity of life form and leaf size classes at Sheikh Badin National Park, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. South Asian Journal of Life Science, 3(1): 6-13.
[39] Zargham, H. (2007). Sustainable tourism development and handicrafts in the developing World. Transactions on ecology and the environment. Sustainable Development and Planning, III (102): 1011-1017.
[40] Gallup Pakistan. (2019). Cultural heritage and museum visits in Pakistan.1-47.
[41] Government of India Ministry of tourism & culture Department of tourism Market research Division (2003). Final report on 20-year perspective plan for development of sustainable tourism in Gujarat.1-708.
[42] ICOMOS (2002). International Cultural Tourism Charter principals and guidelines for managing tourism at places of cultural and heritage significance. 1-23.
[43] ICOMOS (2020). Annual report 2019. France. 4-39.
[44] OECD tourism trends and policies (2020). Key facts. https://www.oecd.org/
[45] Parks Canada (2019). Report on Gatherings on Indigenous Cultural Heritage. I-56. Retrieved from https://www.indigenousheritage.ca
[46] The statistical, economic and social research and training Centre for Islamic countries. (2017). International tourism in the OIC countries: prospects and challenges.1-58.
[47] U.S. Department of State (2008). National Parks, National Legacy. Environmental Journal USA. 13(7): 1-53. Available at: http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournals.html
[48] UNEP-WCMC (2016). World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.4. UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK. 5-11: Available at: http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual
[49] UNWTO (2017).Definitions Committee on Tourism and Competitiveness (CTC). Available at: http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/ctcdefinitionsenweb.pdf
[50] UNWTO (2018). Report on Tourism and Culture Synergies. Madrid: UNWTO
[51] WTO (2020). https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/tourism_e/tourism_e.htm/
Published
2021-09-11
How to Cite
AHMAD, Waqar et al.
Management Effectiveness of Sheikh Baden National Park: Testing the Scope of Cultural Integrity.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 5, p. 1290-1298, sep. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6356>. Date accessed: 08 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.12.5(53).14.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.