Perception of Knowledge of the Risk of the COVID -19 Pandemic Regarding Touring Intentions and Tourism Travel Recommendations

  • Rudyanto RUDYANTO Postgraduate Faculty of Economics Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia
  • Rudy PRAMONO Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia
  • Juliana JULIANA Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia

Abstract

Tourists consider the costs, energy, and safety of the COVID-19 pandemic that is currently hitting the world globally. Tourism travel is expected to remain the primary choice for economic recovery and improving family relations. This study uses Respondent-Driven Sampling and Snowball Sampling to collect 432 respondents via social media and the internet. This study used a structural equation model (SEM) to examine risk perceptions of risk-averse attitudes by mediating knowledge of pandemic risk, tourism travel, and travel intentions. The results showed that most of the prospective tourists showed a preference for tourism. Tourists pay attention to the dangers of performance, costs, time, tourism destinations, while the social-psychological risks posed by the COVID-19 pandemic have a low impact. The nature and behaviour of tourists to avoid pandemic risk cause pandemic risk to be less effective in reducing tourists' intention to travel. Understanding pandemic risk effectively reduces risk perceptions that potential tourists have on tourism travel. The purpose of travelling and the intent to recommend tourism travel harms risk avoidance attitudes higher than the risk perception of a pandemic. All tourism travel stakeholders must consider the mediating effect of risk perception and risk aversion attitudes in tourism.

References

[1] Apindo. 2020. Selama Pandemi, Industri Pariwisata Rugi Rp21 Triliun! Diakses tanggal 12 Juni 2020 dari htttp://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20200426/12/1232875/apindo-sel.
[2] Arrow, K.J. 1982. Risk perception in psychology and economics. Econ. Inq., 20, 1–9.
[3] Bauer, R.A. 1960. Consumer behavior as risk taking. In Dynamic Marketing for a Changing World, Proceedings of the 43rd Conference of the American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, USA, 15–17 June 1960; Hancock, R. S., Ed.; American Marketing Association: Chicago, IL, USA'.
[4] Board, C.T. 2020. Analyses (III) on Industries Most Affected by Covid-19 in 2020 - Tourism Industry in 2020. Available online: https://www.askci.com/news/chanye/20200319/0937581158202.shtml
[5] Boksberger, P.E., Bieger, T., Laesser, C. 2007. Multidimensional Analysis of perceived risk in commercial air travel. Journal Air Transportation Management, 13, 90–96' DOI:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2006.10.003
[6] Chai, S.S., Cao, Y.M., Long, C.F. 2011. A study on the factors affecting tourists' risk perception based on the multiple regression model. Journal Ocean University of China Social Science, 3, 60–67.' DOI:10.1080/13683500.2020.1857712
[7] Chen, M.H., Jang, S.C., & Kim, W.G. 2007. The impact of the SARS outbreak on Taiwanese hotel stock performance: An event-study approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26, 200–212'. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.11.004
[8] Chen, N., Qiao, G.H., Liu, L. 2009. Tourism association studies risk perception and outbound tourists travel preferences - Tourists in Beijing. Geography, 6, 97–102.' DOI:10.1007/s11069-016-2208-1
[9] Cheng, L., Zhang, T.H., Fu, Y. 2015. Urban residents' cognition of haze-fog weather and its impact on their urban tourism destination choice. Tourism Tribune, 30, 37–47.'
[10] Cheron, E.J., Ritchie, J.R.B. 1982. Leisure activities and perceived risk. Journal of Leisure Research, 14, 139–154. DOI:10.1080/1528008X.2015.1115267
[11] Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y. 2016. An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82, 643–658. DOI:10.1007/s11069-016-2208-1
[12] De-Andrade, M.L., Sturion, G.L., Rondinel Mendoza, N.V. 2016. Risk perception by food handlers in the tourism sector. Vigil. Sanit. Em. Debate Soc. Cienc. Tecnol., 4, 23–33. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17103514
[13] Deng, L.F., Zheng, X.Y., Zhou, Z.C. 2016. Objective and subjective knowledge: Knowledge level of the college students on nuclear energy and its impact toward their attitudes. Science Social, 6, 85–109.
[14] Dolnicar, S. 2005. Understanding barriers to leisure travel: Tourist fears as a marketing basis. Journal Vacation Marketing, 11, 197–208.
[15] Floyd, M.F., Pennington-Gray, L. 2004. Profiling risk perceptions of tourists. Annual Tourism Research, 31, 1051–1054. DOI:10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.011
[16] Fuchs, G., Reichel, A. 2011. An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32, 266–276. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.012.
[17] Glowka, G., Zehrer, A. 2019. Tourism family-business owners' risk perception: Its impact on destination development. Sustainability, 11, 6992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246992.
[18] Gong, D.X., Du, X.Y. 2019. Analysis on tourists' willingness in rural tourism and its influencing factors - Taking Huining county, Gansu province as an example. Journal Research Development Marketing, 35, 1108–1112.
[19] Guo, Y.Z., Chen, Y., Huang, J.F. 2015. Travel intentions of Chinese residents to Japan based on a multidimensional interactive decision tree model. Tourism Tribune, 1, 42–53.
[20] Han, H., Lee, S., Hyun, S.S. 2019. Role of internal and external museum environment in increasing visitors' cognitive/affective/healthy experiences and loyalty. International Journal Environment Research of Public Health, 16, 4537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224537
[21] Han, J.Y. 2005. The relationships of perceived risk to personal factors, knowledge of destination, and travel purchase decisions in international leisure travel. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
[22] Hu, Q.Z. 2011. Review of research on tourists' risk perception. Business Culture, 8, 331–332. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1412874
[23] Hu, Y.Y. 2018. A study on the financial literacy and risk attitude's influence on household financial portfolio. Master's Thesis, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China, 2018.
[24] Hua, H.Y., Liu, S.M., Li,W. 2010. A study on the correlations between the reasons for tourist churn in scenic areas and tourists' travel intention after serious natural disasters: A case study of Sichuan tourism industry after Wenchuan earthquake. Humanities Social Science Journal, Hainan. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103514.
[25] Huang, J., Jennifer, M.C.H. 2002. Earthquake devastation and recovery in tourism: The Taiwan Case. Tourism Management, 2, 145–154. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17103514
[26] Hwang, J., Lee, J.H. 2019a. A strategy for enhancing senior tourists' well-being perception: Focusing on the experience economy. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 36, 1–16.
[27] Hwang, J., Lee, J.H. 2019b. Antecedents and consequences of brand prestige of package tour in the senior tourism industry. Asia Pacific Journal Tourism Research, 24, 679–695. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100609.
[28] Hwang, J., Lee, J.H. 2019c. Relationships among senior tourists' perceptions of tour guides' professional competencies, rapport, satisfaction with the guide service, tour satisfaction, and word of mouth. Journal of Travel Research, 58, 1331–1346. DOI:10.3390/su12083182
[29] Hwang, J., Lee, J.H. 2019d. Understanding customer-customer rapport in a senior group package context. International Journal Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31, 2187–2204.
[30] Jia, A.S. 2018. Study on influencing factors of rural residents' tourism intention based on Probit model: Taking Zhengzhou as an example. Journal of Shangqiu Vocational Technology College, 17, 47–51.
[31] Jin, Y.C., Park, Y. 2019. An integrated approach to determining rural tourist satisfaction factors using the IPA and conjoint Analysis. International Journal of Environment Research Public Health, 16, 3848. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203848
[32] Jin, Y.J., Liu, Z. 2016. Statistical inference problems of non-probability sampling under the background of big data. Journal of Statistics Research, 33, 11–17.'
[33] Juliana, J., et al. 2021. Study of Community Based Tourism in the District West Java. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 16(2), 277–285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160207
[34] Kaharuddin, K., Napitupulu, J., Juliana, J., Pramono, R., Saragih, E.L.L. 2021. Determinants of tourist attraction of the heritage tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(2), 507–514. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.12.2(50).19
[35] Kahn, B.E., and Wansink, B.T. 2004. The Influence of assortment structure on perceived variety and consumption quantities. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 519-533. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/380286
[36] Kaplan, L.B., Szybillo, G.J., Jacoby, J. 1974. Components of perceived risk in product purchase: a cross-validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 287–291. DOI:10.1037/h0036657
[37] Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M.J., Marques, C.P., Lima, J. 2012. Understanding and managing the rural tourism experience: The case of a historical village in Portugal. Tourism Management Perspective, 4, 207–214. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.08.009
[38] Kesehatan, K. 2020. Kemkes.go.id/resources/download/info-terkini/COVID-dokumenresmi/PencegahandanPengendalianCoronavirusDisease(COVID-19).pdf.
[39] Kozak, M., Crotts, J.C., Law, R. 2007. The impact of the perception of risk on international travellers. International Journal Tourism Research, 9, 233–242. DOI:10.1002/JTR.607
[40] Kuklinski, J.H., Metlay, D.S., Kay, W.D. 1982. Citizen knowledge and choices on the complex issue of nuclear energy. American Journal of Politic Science, 26, 615–642.'
[41] Kristiana, Y., Pramono, R., Brian, R. 2021. Adaptation strategy of tourism industry stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, Volume 8 Issue 4, 213-223. DOI:https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no4.0213
[42] Lai, W.T., Chen, C.F. 2011. Behavioral intentions of public transit passengers. The roles of service quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and involvement. Journal of Transportation Policy, 18, 318–325. DOI:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.09.003
[43] Larsen, S., Brun, W., Ogaard, T. 2009. What tourists worry about. Construction of a scale measuring tourist worries. Tourism Management, 30, 260–265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.004
[44] Lepp, A., Gibson, H. 2003. Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annual Touism Research, 30, 606–624. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00024-0
[45] Li, J., Pearce, P.L., Wu, B.H. 2015. The impact of smog on risk perception and satisfaction of international and domestic tourists in Beijing. Tourism Tribune, 30, 48–59'.
[46] Li, Z. M., Sheng, F.F. 2020. The influence of COVID-19 pandemic on industry and consumption in China and its countermeasures. Jiangxi Social Science, 40, 5–15. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140556
[47] Li, F.A. 2008. Study on the factors about tourism risk sense based on logit model. A case study of earthquake in Sichuan on May 12. Tourism Forum, 6, 31–36.'
[48] Liu, C., Wang, X.F., Li, Y. 2019. Studying on the influence of college students' attitude towards hepatitis B risk on their willingness to vaccine in Tianjin, Chin. Health Service Management, 3, 231–234.
[49] Liu, C.J., Gao, J. 2008. A Cognitive analysis of travel risks based on the conceptual models of risk perception: A case study of inhabitants in Shanghai. Tourism Science, 22, 37–43. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1857712
[50] Liu, C.X. 2019. The power of knowledge: Factors influencing public perception of risk. An exploratory analysis based on a popular science intervention experiment and investigation. Shandong Social Science, 11, 96–109.
[51] Lola, L.L., Gregg, C.O. 1999. The role of aspiration level in risky choice: A comparison of cumulative prospect theory and SP /A theory. Journal of Mathematical Psychology., 43, 286–313. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/jmps.1999.1259
[52] Lou, S.D. 2004. Tourism risk and prevention. Business Economic, 119–120, 127.
[53] Luo, C.L., Zhu, X.D. 2015. Empirical study on factors influencing customers' intention of Yu Ebao based on TAM/TPB with perceived risk. Journal of Modern Information, 35, 143–149.
[54] Manzoor, F., Wei, L.B., Asif, M. 2019. The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International Journal Environment Research of Public Health, 2019, 16, 3785. DOI:10.3390/ijerph16193785
[55] Maser, B., Weiermair, K. 1998. Travel decision-making: From the vantage point of perceived risk and information preferences. Journal Travel Tourism Marketing, 7, 107–121. DOI:10.1300/J073v07n04_06
[56] McCreary, A., Fatoric, S., Seekamp, E. 2018. The Influences of place meanings and risk perceptions on visitors' willingness to pay for climate change adaptation planning in a nature-based tourism destination. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 36, 121–140.
[57] Milo, K.J., Yoder, S.L. 1991. Recovery from natural disaster: Travel writers and tourist destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 36–39.'
[58] Mitchell, V.W., Vassos, V. 1998. Perceived risk and risk reduction in holiday purchases: A cross-cultural and gender analysis. Journal of Euromarketing, 6, 47–79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X8000900105
[59] Mo, K., Zheng, P. 2014. Old-age tourism wishes empirical analysis of factors affecting: Based on push-pull theory. Research of Development Marketing, 30, 758–762'.
[60] Mohseni, S., Jayashree, S., Rezaei, S., Kasim, A., Okumus, F. 2018. Attracting tourists to travel companies' websites: The structural relationship between website brand, personal value, shopping experience, perceived risk and purchase intention. Current Issues Tourism, 21, 616–645. DOI:10.1080/13683500.2016.1200539
[61] Moutinho, L. 1987. Consumer behaviour in tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 21, 5–44.
[62] Mowen, J., Minor, M. 1988. Consumer Behavior, 5th ed.; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 176.'
[63] Pennings, J.M E., Wansink, B., Meulenberg, M.T.G. 2002. A note on modeling consumer reactions to a crisis: The case of the Mad Cow disease. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19, 91–100.
[64] Qi, C.X., Gibson, H.J., Zhang, J.J. 2009. Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: The case of China and the Beijing Olympic games. Journal Sport Tourism, 14, 43–67. DOI:10.1080/14775080902847439
[65] Qiu, F.D., Wang, J.A. 2005. Survey on tourism decision-making process. Tourism Science, 19, 1–5.'
[66] Quintal, V.A., Lee, J.A., Soutar, G.N. 2010. Risk, uncertainty, and the theory of planned behaviour: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31, 797–805. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006
[67] Reisinger, Y. 2005a. Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal Travel Research, 43, 212–225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
[68] Reisinger, Y. 2005b. Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal Travel Research, 43, 212–225.
[69] Roehl, W.S., Fesenmaier, D.R. 1992. Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30, 17–26. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203000403
[70] Roscoe, J.T. 1975. Fundamental Research Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
[71] Saurabh, K., Nandan, T. 2019. Role of financial knowledge, financial socialization, and financial risk attitude in financial satisfaction of Indian individuals. International Journal Indian Culture Business Management, 18, 104–122.
[72] Schroeder, T.C., Tonsor, G.T., Pennings, J.M.E. 2007. Consumer food safety risk perceptions and attitudes: Impacts on beef consumption across countries. Nephron Clinical Practice, 7, 1–27.
[73] Sekaran, Uma, Bougie, R. 2018. Research Method for Business – A Skill Building-Approach, 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.'
[74] Sonmez, S.F., Graefe, A.R. 1998. Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annual Tourism Research, 25, 112–144.
[75] Statistik, B.P. 2020. Kunjungan wisatawan mancanegara pada Januari-Februari 2020.
[76] Stone, R.N., Nhaug, K.G.O. 1993. Perceived risk: Further considerations for the marketing discipline. European Journal of Marketing, 27, 39–50. DOI:10.1108/03090569310026637
[77] Thien, S.L., Rasid, M., Abd, K.M.R. 2018. A serial mediation model of financial knowledge on the intention to invest: The central role of risk perception and attitude. Journal Behavior Finance, 20, 74–79.'
[78] Tomas, K., Jiri, V. 2018. Political security risks for tourism: The spatial perception of the Middle East by potential Czech tourists. Geografie, 123, 379–405.
[79] Tsaur, S.H., Tzeng, G.H., Wang, K.C. 1997. Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives. Annual Tourism Research, 24, 796–812.'
[80] Verhage, B.J. 1990. Perceived risk: A cross-cultural phenomenon? International Journal Research Marketing, 7, 297–303. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(90)90007-A
[81] Wang, G., Xu, Y.Q. 2020. The influence factor of public perceived risk: A two-dimensional examination from interest and information. Journal Northeast University Social Science, 22, 73–80.'
[82] Wang, Y.H., Lu, J., Zuo, W.C. 2019. A study on the factors influencing consumers' perception of food additives risk from the perspective of generalized virtual economy-Taking Wuxi as an example. Research Generation Virtual Economics, 10, 19–24. Wansink, B. Consumer reactions to food safety. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103514
[83] Weber, E.U., Blais, A.R., Betz, N.E. 2002. A Domain-Specific Risk-Attitude Scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavior Decision Making, 15, 263–290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.414
[84] Weber, E.U., Milliman, W.R.A. 1997. Perceived risk attitudes: Relating risk perception to risky choice. Management Science., 43, 123–144. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.2.123
[85] Wen, X. 2018. Impact Mechanism of tourism risk perception based on psychological theory and brain cognitive science. Neuroquantology, 16, 546–552. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103514
[86] Wu, G.Q. 2015. A review of tourism risk perception at home and abroad. Social Science, 12, 83–87. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/252/4/042032
[87] Wu, G.Q. 2017. Dimension selection and demarcation of city residents' outbound tourism risk perception: Taking Shanghai city as an example. Areal Research and Development 36, 109–114.'
[88] Xu, F., Li, S.S., Niu, W.X. 2019. How to manage tourist destination risk effectively? Evidence from southern Xinjiang. Nankai Business Review, 1, 66–75.
[89] Xu, H., Xu, S.R., Wang, R.Z. 2013. Study on dimension identification and variance analysis of consumers' perceived risk in travel. Tourism Tribune, 28, 71–80.
[90] Yao, H.B., Hou, P.P. 2019. A Study on Female Tourism Risk Perception Dimension. Consumer Economic, 3, 88–96'.
[91] Yavas, U. 1987. Foreign travel behaviour in a growing vacation market: Implications for tourism marketers. European Journal of Marketing, 21, 57–69.'
[92] Yu, F.Q., Hu, P.H., Du, S.S. 2019. Research on data quality control of network questionnaire. Stat. Deci., 16, 10–14.
[93] Zeng, Z.Y.L., Wang, X.W., Wang, Z.W. 2017. Empirical research of the relationship between related knowledge, attitude and behavior of hypertension patients based on the structural equation model. Journal of Central South University Medical Science, 42, 195–201.
[94] Zhang, A.P., Yu, H. 2017. Risk perception and risk reduction of domestic tourists impacted by haze pollution in Beijing. Research of Science, 39, 1148–1159. DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/20185304031
[95] Zhang, H.Z., Chen, Q.Q., Ye, L.R. 2019. Analysis on the participation intention and influencing factors of leisure agricultural tourism tourists-Taking Jingning county as an example. Product Research, 7, 53–81.
[96] Zhang, J.Y., Guo, X.R., Wu, X.W. 2018. KAP Investigation and influential factor study of medication risk among residents. China Pharmaceutical Journal., 29, 1445–1448'.
[97] Zhang, P.C., Chi, X.L., Wu, M.X. 2012. A study of characteristics and relationship among sexual health knowledge, sexual attitude, and sex-related behaviour in Chinese college students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 849–853'.
[98] Zhang, T.H., Cheng, Y.J. 2008. A review of consumer perceived risk theory. Marketing Herald, 4, 40–44'.
[99] Zhao, Y.L., Mao, D.W., Zhong, L.L. 2016. The influence of service quality in ethnic villiages tourism on tourists' behavioral intention. J. Sichuan Norm. Univ. Soc. Sci., 4, 80–89.
[100] Zhao, Q. 2018. The influence of financial knowledge and risk attitude on the behavior of credit - empirical evidence based on CHFS. Journal Financial Development Research, 4, 57–62.'
[101] Zhao, Y.N. 2012. Research on the influence of information factor on risk attitude of college students. Educational Research Monthly, 11, 76–79. DOI:10.4236/jssm.2020.131003
[102] Zhu, J.H., Zhang, J., Liu, F.J. 2013. Risk Perception changes and differences analysis for natural sightseeing tourists - A case study of Jiuzhaigou. Research Environment of Yangtze Basin, 22, 793–800'.
[103] Zhu, S.Y. 2015. Chinese outbound tourists risk perception and their information source preference. Community Research, 5, 163–168. DOI:10.1080/21568316.2013.783740
Published
2021-06-23
How to Cite
RUDYANTO, Rudyanto; PRAMONO, Rudy; JULIANA, Juliana. Perception of Knowledge of the Risk of the COVID -19 Pandemic Regarding Touring Intentions and Tourism Travel Recommendations. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 4, p. 929-947, june 2021. ISSN 2068-7729. Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6176>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.4(52).08.