Exploring Key Indicators of Community Involvement in Ecotourism Management
Abstract
This research tries to find key indicators of community involvement in ecotourism management that can ensure that local communities are involved and take part in ecotourism activities must uphold the values of ecotourism, minimize negative impacts; build awareness and appreciation of ecosystems and culture; provide positive opportunities for visitors and hosts; provide direct financial benefits for conservation; provide monetary benefits and empowerment for local residents and increase the hospitality of rural communities. This study uses a desk research method with data and information search techniques online, secondary sources, and other sources of scientific publications. Meanwhile, the analysis technique used is a descriptive qualitative analysis technique, analogy, and comparison of several research results and other scientific publications related to ecotourism management problems. The ecotourism which is directly adjacent to the conservation forest be able to measure the success based on community participation that namely the MOA method which consists of Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability can be used. The ecotourism which is located in the middle of a village or village settlement can be measured by first that ecotourism can integrate nature and tourism so that (1) a unique tourist attraction that is completely different from other types of tourism, (2) optimally maintains nature according to its main function, (3) can encourage the community's economy as a whole, both the community, investors, and local governments, (4) integrating nature and the tourism system to form attractive tourist attractions in the future. The second conclusion is that ecotourism as an opportunity for local workers and attracts government interest (1) can involve local workers as personnel in its operations, (2) attracts government attention to building public facilities, (3) attracts government attention to providing public transportation, terminals, systems passenger safety, information systems. This study uses only a desk research method with data and information search techniques online, secondary sources, and other sources of scientific publications. Key Indicators of Community Involvement in Ecotourism Management for ecotourism which is directly adjacent to the conservation forest, and ecotourism which is located in the village settlement.
References
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[25] Montes, J. and Kafley, B. (2019). Ecotourism discourses in Bhutan: contested perceptions and values. Tourism Geographies, 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1618905
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[27] Pookhao Sonjai, N., Bushell, R., Hawkins, M. and Staiff, R. (2018). Community-based ecotourism: beyond authenticity and the commodification of local people. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3): 252-267. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1503502
[28] Pornprasit, P. and Rurkkhum, S. (2019). Performance evaluation of community-based ecotourism: a case study in Satun province, Thailand. Journal of Ecotourism, 18(1): 42-59. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2017.1379529
[29] Pulido-Fernández, J. I. and López-Sánchez, Y. (2016). Are tourists really willing to pay more for sustainable destinations? Sustainability, 8(12), 1240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121240
[30] Rasoolimanesh, S. M. and Jaafar, M. (2016). Community participation in tourism development and conservation program in rural world heritage sites. In Tourism-from empirical research towards practical application. IntechOpen. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/62293
[31] Regmi, K. D. and Walter, P. G. (2016). Conceptualizing host learning in community-based ecotourism homestays. Journal of ecotourism, 15(1): 51-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1118108
[32] Sanjeev, G. M. and Birdie, A. K. (2019). The tourism and hospitality industry in India: emerging issues for the next decade. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110610646673
[33] Shani, A. and Arad, B. (2014). Climate change and tourism: Time for environmental skepticism. Tourism Management, 44: 82-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.02.014
[34] Sigala, M. (2016). Social media and the co-creation of tourism experiences. In The handbook of managing and marketing tourism experiences. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-290-320161033
[35] Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G. and Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Community participation in regional tourism development: a case study in North Halmahera Regency-Indonesia. Insights into Regional Development, 1(4): 318-333. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02342716/
[36] Stone, G. A. and Duffy, L. N. (2015). Transformative learning theory: A systematic review of travel and tourism scholarship. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 15(3): 204-224. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2015.1059305
[37] Tang, C. F. (2014). Assessing the tourism-led growth hypothesis and the demand for tourism in Malaysia/Tang Chor Foon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.998247
[38] Towner, N. (2015). Surf tourism and sustainable community development in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: Multiple stakeholder perspectives. European Journal of Tourism Research, 11: 166-170. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1503503
[39] Utama, I G. B. R. and Trimurti, C. P. The Implementation of the MOA Method in Ecotourism of Buyan-Tamblingan, Bali, Indonesia (March 23, 2021). I. Gusti Bagus Rai Utama, Christimulia Purnama Trimurti. (2021). The Implementation of the MOA Method in Ecotourism of Buyan-Tamblingan, Bali, Indonesia. International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(01), 957 - 970. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3811948
[40] Utama, I G. B. R., et al. (2021). Revisit Intention Regression Model of Agritourism Destinations of Pelaga and Buyan-Tamblingan, Bali, Indonesia. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12(6). Available at: https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/5695
[41] Utama, I. G. B. R. andTrimurti, C. P. (2019). The Ethical Development of Agritourism in Protected Territory Pelaga Badung Bali, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 21(2): 114-119. DOI:https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.21.2.114-119
[42] Vannelli, K., Hampton, M. P., Namgail, T. and Black, S. A. (2019). Community participation in ecotourism and its effect on local perceptions of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) conservation. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 24(2): 180-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1563929
[43] Widari, D. A. D. S., Antara, M. and Paturusi, S. A. (2019). Management Strategy of Jatiluwih Tourist Attraction as Part of World Cultural Heritage in Tabanan Regency, Bali Province. International Journal of Social Science Research, 7(1): 2327-5510. Available at: https://www.scilit.net/article/4e5d31f9124ec4c4bae932475f673af0
[44] Yu, Y., Mckinney, C. N., Caudill, S. B. and Mixon Jr, F. G. (2016). Athletic contests and individual robberies: An analysis based on hourly crime data. Applied Economics, 48(8): 723-730. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1085645
[45] Zanamwe, C., Gandiwa, E., Muboko, N., Kupika, O. L. and Mukamuri, B. B. (2018). Ecotourism and wildlife conservation-related enterprise development by local communities within Southern Africa: Perspectives from the greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation, South-Eastern Lowveld, Zimbabwe. Cogent Environmental Science, 4(1), 1531463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1531463
[46] Zee, Van der, E. and Vanneste, D. (2015). Tourism networks unraveled; a review of the literature on networks in tourism management studies. Tourism Management Perspectives, 15: 46-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.03.006
[47] Zolfani, S. H., Sedaghat, M., Maknoon, R. and Zavadskas, E. K. (2015). Sustainable tourism: a comprehensive literature review on frameworks and applications. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 28(1): 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.995895
[2] Barbosa, F., et al. (2017). Bordetella pertussis infections in travelers: data from the GeoSentinel global network. Journal of Travel Medicine, 24(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taw094
[3] Benge, L. and Neef, A. (2018). Tourism in Bali at the interface of resource conflicts, water crisis, and security threats. In The Tourism–Disaster–Conflict Nexus. Emerald Publishing Limited. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-726220180000019002
[4] Bhalla, P., Coghlan, A. and Bhattacharya, P. (2016). Homestays’ contribution to community-based ecotourism in the Himalayan region of India. Tourism Recreation Research, 41(2): 213-228. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2016.1178474
[5] Blumstein, D. T., Geffroy, B., Samia, D. S. and Bessa, E. (2017). Ecotourism’s promise and Peril. Springer Int. Publ. DOI, 10, 978-3.
[6] Buckley, R. C., Morrison, C. and Castley, J. G. (2016). Net effects of ecotourism on threatened species survival. PLoS One, 11(2), e0147988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147988
[7] Chandel, A. and Mishra, S. (2016). Ecotourism revisited: Last twenty-five years. Czech Journal of Tourism, 5(2): 135-154. DOI: https://doi.org/101515/cjot-2016-0008
[8] Chirenje, L. I., Giliba, R. A. and Musamba, E. B. (2013). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 11(1): 10-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2013.777198
[9] Cobbinah, P. B., Erdiaw-Kwasie, M. O. and Amoateng, P. (2015). Africa’s urbanisation: Implications for sustainable development. Cities, 47: 62-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.03.013
[10] Cohen, E. and Cohen, S. A. (2015). Tourism mobilities from emerging world regions: A response to commentaries. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(1): 68-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.956705
[11] Conway, T. and Cawley, M. (2016). Defining ecotourism: Evidence of provider perspectives from an emerging area. Journal of Ecotourism, 15(2): 122-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1153105
[12] D’Souza, C., et al. (2019). Sustainability for ecotourism: work identity and the role of community capacity building. Tourism recreation research, 44(4): 533-549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1654727
[13] De Urioste-Stone, S. M., Scaccia, M. D. and Howe-Poteet, D. (2015). Exploring visitor perceptions of the influence of climate change on tourism at Acadia National Park, Maine. Journal of outdoor recreation and tourism, 11: 34-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.07.001
[14] Dimitrovski, D. D., Todorović, A. T. and Valjarević, A. D. (2012). Rural tourism and regional development: Case study of development of rural tourism in the region of Gruţa, Serbia. Procedia environmental sciences, 14: 288-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.03.028
[15] Fennell, D. and Markwell, K. (2015). Ethical and sustainability dimensions of foodservice in Australian ecotourism businesses. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(1): 48-63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1080716
[16] Geffroy, B., Samia, D. S., Bessa, E. and Blumstein, D. T. (2015). How nature-based tourism might increase prey vulnerability to predators. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30(12): 755-765. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.010
[17] Geffroy, B., Samia, D. S., Bessa, E. and Blumstein, D. T. (2015). How nature-based tourism might increase prey vulnerability to predators. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30(12): 755-765. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.010
[18] Geffroy, B., Samia, D. S., Bessa, E. and Blumstein, D. T. (2016). Nature-based tourism and prey vulnerability to predators: a reply to FitzGerald and stronza. Trends in ecology & evolution, 31(2): 95-96.
[19] Gupta, S. K., Tiwari, S. and Voda, M. (2021). Stakeholders'satisfaction towards Sustainable Tourism Development In Pushkar Region Of Rajasthan. Geographia Technica, 16(1). DOI:https://doi.org/10.21163/GT_2021.161.08
[20] Gutierrez-Garcia, C., Swider, P. and Pawelec, P. (2019). Report on the Fourth World Scientific Congress of Combat Sports and Martial Arts under the perspective of martial arts tourism. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 19(2): 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14589/ido.19.2.1
[21] Hall, C. M. (2019). Constructing sustainable tourism development: The 2030 agenda and the managerial ecology of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7): 1044-1060. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560456
[22] Jenkins, C. L. (2015). Tourism policy and planning for developing countries: Some critical issues. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2): 144-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1045363
[23] Leung, X. Y. and Bai, B. (2013). How motivation, opportunity, and ability to impact travelers' social media involvement and revisit intention. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1-2): 58-77. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.751211
[24] Lu, J. and Nepal, S. K. (2009). Sustainable tourism research: An analysis of papers published in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Journal of sustainable Tourism, 17(1): 5-16. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802582480
[25] Montes, J. and Kafley, B. (2019). Ecotourism discourses in Bhutan: contested perceptions and values. Tourism Geographies, 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1618905
[26] Oxoli, D., Cannata, M., Terza, V. and Brovelli, M. A. (2019). Natural heritage management and promotion through free and open source software: A preliminary system design for the Insubriparks Project. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1101531
[27] Pookhao Sonjai, N., Bushell, R., Hawkins, M. and Staiff, R. (2018). Community-based ecotourism: beyond authenticity and the commodification of local people. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3): 252-267. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1503502
[28] Pornprasit, P. and Rurkkhum, S. (2019). Performance evaluation of community-based ecotourism: a case study in Satun province, Thailand. Journal of Ecotourism, 18(1): 42-59. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2017.1379529
[29] Pulido-Fernández, J. I. and López-Sánchez, Y. (2016). Are tourists really willing to pay more for sustainable destinations? Sustainability, 8(12), 1240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121240
[30] Rasoolimanesh, S. M. and Jaafar, M. (2016). Community participation in tourism development and conservation program in rural world heritage sites. In Tourism-from empirical research towards practical application. IntechOpen. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/62293
[31] Regmi, K. D. and Walter, P. G. (2016). Conceptualizing host learning in community-based ecotourism homestays. Journal of ecotourism, 15(1): 51-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1118108
[32] Sanjeev, G. M. and Birdie, A. K. (2019). The tourism and hospitality industry in India: emerging issues for the next decade. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110610646673
[33] Shani, A. and Arad, B. (2014). Climate change and tourism: Time for environmental skepticism. Tourism Management, 44: 82-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.02.014
[34] Sigala, M. (2016). Social media and the co-creation of tourism experiences. In The handbook of managing and marketing tourism experiences. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-290-320161033
[35] Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G. and Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Community participation in regional tourism development: a case study in North Halmahera Regency-Indonesia. Insights into Regional Development, 1(4): 318-333. Available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02342716/
[36] Stone, G. A. and Duffy, L. N. (2015). Transformative learning theory: A systematic review of travel and tourism scholarship. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 15(3): 204-224. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2015.1059305
[37] Tang, C. F. (2014). Assessing the tourism-led growth hypothesis and the demand for tourism in Malaysia/Tang Chor Foon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.998247
[38] Towner, N. (2015). Surf tourism and sustainable community development in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: Multiple stakeholder perspectives. European Journal of Tourism Research, 11: 166-170. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1503503
[39] Utama, I G. B. R. and Trimurti, C. P. The Implementation of the MOA Method in Ecotourism of Buyan-Tamblingan, Bali, Indonesia (March 23, 2021). I. Gusti Bagus Rai Utama, Christimulia Purnama Trimurti. (2021). The Implementation of the MOA Method in Ecotourism of Buyan-Tamblingan, Bali, Indonesia. International Journal of Modern Agriculture, 10(01), 957 - 970. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3811948
[40] Utama, I G. B. R., et al. (2021). Revisit Intention Regression Model of Agritourism Destinations of Pelaga and Buyan-Tamblingan, Bali, Indonesia. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12(6). Available at: https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/5695
[41] Utama, I. G. B. R. andTrimurti, C. P. (2019). The Ethical Development of Agritourism in Protected Territory Pelaga Badung Bali, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 21(2): 114-119. DOI:https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.21.2.114-119
[42] Vannelli, K., Hampton, M. P., Namgail, T. and Black, S. A. (2019). Community participation in ecotourism and its effect on local perceptions of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) conservation. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 24(2): 180-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2019.1563929
[43] Widari, D. A. D. S., Antara, M. and Paturusi, S. A. (2019). Management Strategy of Jatiluwih Tourist Attraction as Part of World Cultural Heritage in Tabanan Regency, Bali Province. International Journal of Social Science Research, 7(1): 2327-5510. Available at: https://www.scilit.net/article/4e5d31f9124ec4c4bae932475f673af0
[44] Yu, Y., Mckinney, C. N., Caudill, S. B. and Mixon Jr, F. G. (2016). Athletic contests and individual robberies: An analysis based on hourly crime data. Applied Economics, 48(8): 723-730. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1085645
[45] Zanamwe, C., Gandiwa, E., Muboko, N., Kupika, O. L. and Mukamuri, B. B. (2018). Ecotourism and wildlife conservation-related enterprise development by local communities within Southern Africa: Perspectives from the greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation, South-Eastern Lowveld, Zimbabwe. Cogent Environmental Science, 4(1), 1531463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1531463
[46] Zee, Van der, E. and Vanneste, D. (2015). Tourism networks unraveled; a review of the literature on networks in tourism management studies. Tourism Management Perspectives, 15: 46-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.03.006
[47] Zolfani, S. H., Sedaghat, M., Maknoon, R. and Zavadskas, E. K. (2015). Sustainable tourism: a comprehensive literature review on frameworks and applications. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 28(1): 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.995895
Published
2021-06-06
How to Cite
UTAMA, I Gusti Bagus Rai et al.
Exploring Key Indicators of Community Involvement in Ecotourism Management.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 808-817, june 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/6123>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.12.3(51).20.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.