Research on the Effectiveness of Black-Faced Spoonbill Bird Tourism and Conservation Strategy. A Case Study of Shifen Community at Chi-Gu District of Tainan City
Abstract
In this study, the concept of ecotourism serves as the framework for the investigation of black-faced spoonbill tourism and conservation strategies implemented in Shifen, a community in the Chi-Gu District of Tainan City. It featured an examination of the formulation, planning, and implementation of the conservation strategies and conducted in-depth interviews on individuals from the public sector, local residents, tourists, and nongovernment organizations. Research results identified numerous problems: latent concerns regarding black-faced spoonbills as a tourism resource, poor awareness of ecotourism, difficulties in implementing black-faced spoonbill tourism and conservation strategies, and difficulty maintaining a balance between conservation and residents’ livelihoods. The government is advised to integrate the opinions and suggestions of local residents, promote community participation, and increase job opportunities for local residents to create a win-win model for the development of community-based ecotourism.
References
[1] Akinyemi, Babatope E. and Abbyssinia Mushunje. 2020. Community-based Ecotourism Project in Communities Adjacent to the Addo Elephant National Park: Will Households Pay for it? Koedoe, 62 (1): 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v62i1.1571
[2] Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1988. Tourism, Ecotourism and Proteced Areas. Parks, 2: 31–5.
[3] Chen, G.-Y., and Chen, Y.-Y. 2006. The Relations of Recreational Impacts Perception and Recreational Experience in Black-Faced Spoonbill Conservation Area. Journal of Tourism and Travel Research, 1: 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29689/JTTR.200610.0001
[4] Chen, H.-M., and Wang, M.-J. 2010. The Study of Local Tourism Operators' Attitudes toward Developing Ecotourism. Annals of Leisure and Recreation Research, 4 (2): 133–70. DOI: 10.6157/2010.4(2).5
[5] Chen, Wei-Jen, and Kuo, P.-T. 2008. Residents' Perception toward Tourism Impact-A Study of Wu-Tai, Pingtung. Journal of Commercial Modernization, 4 (3): 43–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6132/JCM.2008.4.3.04
[6] Kontogeorgopoulos, N., and Chulikavit, K. 2010. Supply-Side Perspectives on Ecotourism in Northern Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (5): 627–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.785
[7] Mtapuri, O., and Giampiccoli, A. 2019. Tourism, Community-based Tourism and Ecotourism: A Definitional Problematic. The South African Geographical Journal, 101 (1): 22–35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2018.1522598
[8] Narkūnienė, R., Gražulis, V. and Rbidane, I. A. 2017. Tourism Development Conditions in the Municipalities of Lithuania and Latvia Regions. CBU International Conference Proceedings, 5: 320–5. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.945
[9] Perkins, H., and Grace, D. A. 2009. Ecotourism: Supply of Nature or Tourist Demand? Journal of Ecotourism, 8 (3): 223–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040802534992
[10] Phelan, A., Ruhanen, L. and Mair, J. 2020. Ecosystem Services Approach for Community-based Ecotourism: Towards an Equitable and Sustainable Blue Economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28 (10): 1665–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1747475
[11] Scheyvens, R. 1999. Ecotourism and the Empowerment of Local Communities. Tourism Management, 20 (2): 245–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
[12] Sharply, Richard. 2002. Rural Tourism and the Challenge of Tourism Diversification: The Case of Cyprus. Tourism Management, 23 (3): 233–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00078-4
[13] Sheryl R. and Wall, G. 1999a. Ecotourism: Towards Congruence between Theory and Practice. Tourism Management, 20: 123–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00098-3
[14] Tsaur, S.-H., Lin, Y.-C. and Lin, J.-H. 2006. Evaluating Ecotourism Sustainability from the Integrated Perspective of Resource, Community and Tourism. Tourism Management, 27(4): 640–53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.006
[15] Wang, C.C., Cater, C. and Low, T. 2016. Political Challenges in Community-based Ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24 (11): 1555–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1125908
[16] Wearing, S. and Neil, J. 1999. Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[17] Wearing, S., et al. 2020. Exploring Tripartite Praxis for the REDD + Forest Climate Change Initiative through Community Based Ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28 (3): 377–93. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1676251
[18] Wright, N.S., and Reames, T. G. 2020. Unraveling the Links between Organizational Factors and Perceptions of Community Sustainability Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Community-Based Nongovernmental Organizations. Sustainability, 12 (12): 4986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124986
[19] Wu, Homer C., Tzung-Cheng Huan, and Chang-Ming Hung. 2005. Residents' Perceptions of Ecotourism and Attitudes toward Its Development in the Pescadores, Taiwan. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 18 (3): 1–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2005.18(3)1
[20] Wu, Yi-Yen, Wang, H.-L. and Ho, Y.-F. 2010. Urban Ecotourism: Defining and Assessing Dimensions Using Fuzzy Number Construction. Tourism Management 31 (6): 739–43. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.014
[21] Yen, J.-J. 2006. Discussing Perceptions of Local Community Residents on Ecotourism Impact from Social Structure Perspective. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 19 (3): 69–98. DOI:https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2006.19(3)4
[22] Zambrano, A. M. A., Broadbent, E. N. and Durham, W.H. 2010. Social and Environmental Effects of Ecotourism in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica: The Lapa Rios Case. Journal of Ecotourism, 9 (1): 62–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040902953076
[23] Ziffer, K.A. 1989. Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. Washington, DC: Conservation International.
[2] Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1988. Tourism, Ecotourism and Proteced Areas. Parks, 2: 31–5.
[3] Chen, G.-Y., and Chen, Y.-Y. 2006. The Relations of Recreational Impacts Perception and Recreational Experience in Black-Faced Spoonbill Conservation Area. Journal of Tourism and Travel Research, 1: 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29689/JTTR.200610.0001
[4] Chen, H.-M., and Wang, M.-J. 2010. The Study of Local Tourism Operators' Attitudes toward Developing Ecotourism. Annals of Leisure and Recreation Research, 4 (2): 133–70. DOI: 10.6157/2010.4(2).5
[5] Chen, Wei-Jen, and Kuo, P.-T. 2008. Residents' Perception toward Tourism Impact-A Study of Wu-Tai, Pingtung. Journal of Commercial Modernization, 4 (3): 43–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6132/JCM.2008.4.3.04
[6] Kontogeorgopoulos, N., and Chulikavit, K. 2010. Supply-Side Perspectives on Ecotourism in Northern Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (5): 627–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.785
[7] Mtapuri, O., and Giampiccoli, A. 2019. Tourism, Community-based Tourism and Ecotourism: A Definitional Problematic. The South African Geographical Journal, 101 (1): 22–35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2018.1522598
[8] Narkūnienė, R., Gražulis, V. and Rbidane, I. A. 2017. Tourism Development Conditions in the Municipalities of Lithuania and Latvia Regions. CBU International Conference Proceedings, 5: 320–5. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.945
[9] Perkins, H., and Grace, D. A. 2009. Ecotourism: Supply of Nature or Tourist Demand? Journal of Ecotourism, 8 (3): 223–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040802534992
[10] Phelan, A., Ruhanen, L. and Mair, J. 2020. Ecosystem Services Approach for Community-based Ecotourism: Towards an Equitable and Sustainable Blue Economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28 (10): 1665–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1747475
[11] Scheyvens, R. 1999. Ecotourism and the Empowerment of Local Communities. Tourism Management, 20 (2): 245–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
[12] Sharply, Richard. 2002. Rural Tourism and the Challenge of Tourism Diversification: The Case of Cyprus. Tourism Management, 23 (3): 233–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00078-4
[13] Sheryl R. and Wall, G. 1999a. Ecotourism: Towards Congruence between Theory and Practice. Tourism Management, 20: 123–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00098-3
[14] Tsaur, S.-H., Lin, Y.-C. and Lin, J.-H. 2006. Evaluating Ecotourism Sustainability from the Integrated Perspective of Resource, Community and Tourism. Tourism Management, 27(4): 640–53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.006
[15] Wang, C.C., Cater, C. and Low, T. 2016. Political Challenges in Community-based Ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24 (11): 1555–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1125908
[16] Wearing, S. and Neil, J. 1999. Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[17] Wearing, S., et al. 2020. Exploring Tripartite Praxis for the REDD + Forest Climate Change Initiative through Community Based Ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28 (3): 377–93. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1676251
[18] Wright, N.S., and Reames, T. G. 2020. Unraveling the Links between Organizational Factors and Perceptions of Community Sustainability Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Community-Based Nongovernmental Organizations. Sustainability, 12 (12): 4986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124986
[19] Wu, Homer C., Tzung-Cheng Huan, and Chang-Ming Hung. 2005. Residents' Perceptions of Ecotourism and Attitudes toward Its Development in the Pescadores, Taiwan. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 18 (3): 1–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2005.18(3)1
[20] Wu, Yi-Yen, Wang, H.-L. and Ho, Y.-F. 2010. Urban Ecotourism: Defining and Assessing Dimensions Using Fuzzy Number Construction. Tourism Management 31 (6): 739–43. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.014
[21] Yen, J.-J. 2006. Discussing Perceptions of Local Community Residents on Ecotourism Impact from Social Structure Perspective. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 19 (3): 69–98. DOI:https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2006.19(3)4
[22] Zambrano, A. M. A., Broadbent, E. N. and Durham, W.H. 2010. Social and Environmental Effects of Ecotourism in the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica: The Lapa Rios Case. Journal of Ecotourism, 9 (1): 62–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040902953076
[23] Ziffer, K.A. 1989. Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. Washington, DC: Conservation International.
Published
2021-03-29
How to Cite
HUANG, Chih-Jan; YANG, Yung-Nane.
Research on the Effectiveness of Black-Faced Spoonbill Bird Tourism and Conservation Strategy. A Case Study of Shifen Community at Chi-Gu District of Tainan City.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, p. 313-320, mar. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5953>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.2(50).01.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.