Assessment of Overtourism Manifestations by Visitors of Russian Destinations. The Case from Sochi
Abstract
The article continues the study of the reasons influencing the risk of overtourism-related challenges in Sochi resort. Some elements of influence of the area overcrowding as the main manifestation of overtourism on the visitors have been studied. The relationship between various aspects of the visitors' perception of people congestion in the resort city has been considered. Attention has been paid to such most informative factors as socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics of the visitors and the existence of conflicts between holidaymakers and the locals. The reasons that annoy tourists during their stay in Sochi have been analyzed. Based on the fact of a relatively small number of conflicts between tourists and locals, as well as a fairly high overall satisfaction of the visitors, it may be concluded that there is no unconditional impact of overtourism on the quality of the experience of the visitors to the Sochi resort. Identification of the factors of overcrowding influence on tourists satisfaction and loyalty and expanding the visitor experience monitoring toolkit can be useful as well for managing tourism development in well-developed tourism destinations.
References
References
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[36] Popp, M. 2012. Positive and Negative Urban Tourist Crowding: Florence, Italy, Tourism Geographies, 14(1): 50-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.597421
[37] Postma, A. and Schmuecker, D. 2017. Understanding and overcoming negative impacts of tourism in city destinations: Conceptual model and strategic framework. J. Tour. Futures, 3: 144–156.
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[1] Akhmedzhanova, R. 2020. "Sochi will soon crack": how the resort is experiencing an unprecedented influx of tourists. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/405269-sochi-skoro-tresnet-kak-kurort-perezhivaet-besprecedentnyy-naplyv-turistov
[2] Alvarez-Sousa, A. 2018. The Problems of Tourist Sustainability in Cultural Cities: Socio-Political Perceptions and Interests Management. Sustainability, 10(2), 503.
[3] Andereck, K.L. and Vogt, C.A. 2000. The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1): 27-36.
[4] Arnberger, A. and Brandenburg, C. 2007. Past on-site experience, crowding perceptions, and use displacement of visitor groups to a peri-urban national park. Environmental management, 40(1): 34.
[5] Bell, C. M., Needham, M. D. and Szuster, B. W. 2011. Congruence among encounters, norms, crowding, and management in a marine protected area. Environmental Management, 48(3): 499–513.
[6] Bimonte, S. and Punzo, L.F. 2016. Tourist development and host-guest interaction: an economic exchange theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 58: 128-139.
[7] Chigarev, D.V. 2019. Tourismphobia and overtourism as the main travel trends of 2018. In: Tourist and recreation complex in the system of regional development, Proceedings of the VII International Scientific and Practical Conference. Krasnodar region, Nebug settlement, Russia, from 17th to 21st April 2019; Krasnodar: Kuban State University: 274-279.
[8] Doods, R. and Butler, R. 2019. Overtourism: Issues, Realities and Solutions, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 299.
[9] Doxey, G. V. 1975. A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants, methodology and research inferences. The impact of tourism. Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings of the Travel Research Association, San Diego
[10] Eroglu, S. A. and Machleit, K. 1990. An empirical study of retail crowding: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Retailing, 66(2): 201–220.
[11] Eroglu, S. A., Machleit, K. and Barr, T. F. 2005. Perceived retail crowding and shopping satisfaction: The role of shopping values. Journal of Business Research, 58(8): 1146–1153.
[12] Eusébio, C., Carneiro, M. and Caldeira, A. 2016. A structural equation model of tourism activities, social interaction and the impact of tourism on youth tourists' QOL. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 6(2): 85-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTP.2016.077966
[13] Filloux, J-C. 1993. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917). PROSPECTS: the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), 23(1/2): 303–320. Available at: http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/durkheie.pdf
[14] Fleishman, L., Feitelson, E., and Salomon, I. 2004. The role of cultural and demographic diversity in crowding perception. Tourism Analysis, 9: 23–40.
[15] García-Hernández, M., Calle-Vaquero, M. and Yubero, C. 2017. Cultural heritage and urban tourism: historic city centres under pressure. Sustainability, 9 (1346): 1-19.
[16] Goodwin, H. 2019. Overtourism: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Tourismus Wissen – quarterly April 2019. Available at: https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/TWG16-Goodwin.pdf
[17] Hair, Jr., et al. 2006. Multivariate Data Analysis (6th Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc.
[18] Ho, R. 2006. Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis and interpretation with SPSS. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
[19] Huete, R. and Mantecón, A. 2018. El auge de la turismofobia ¿hipótesis de investigación o ruido ideológico? Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16(1): 9-19.
[20] Jin, Q., Hu, H. and Kavan, P. 2016. Factors Influencing Perceived Crowding of Tourists and Sustainable Tourism Destination Management. Sustainability, 8, 976.
[21] Kalyukov, E. and Doronov, I. 2020. The head of the Federal Tourism Agency assessed the timing of "catching up" losses from the pandemic. Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/business/17/06/2020/5ee9e8219a79471069ce2480
[22] Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M.J. and Eusébio, C. 2015. Diverse socializing patterns in rural tourist experiences – a segmentation analysis, Current Issues in Tourism, 21(4): 401-421. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1087477
[23] Kerdpitak, C. and Heuer, K. 2016. Key Success Factors of Tourist Satisfaction in Tourism Services Provider. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 32(4).
[24] Kim, J-H. 2014. The antecedents of memorable tourism experiences: The development of a scale to measure the destination attributes associated with memorable experiences, Tourism Management, 44: 34-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.02.007
[25] Konstantinov, М. 2020. A record number of Sochi beaches have been awarded the Blue Flag award. Available at: https://www.kuban.kp.ru/online/news/3853716/
[26] Kravchenko, S. 2020. Fears of contracting the coronavirus in Sochi did not scare off tourists. Caucasian Knot. Available at: https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/351662/
[27] Li, L., Zhang, J., Nian, S. and Zhang, H. 2017. Tourists’ perceptions of crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction: A second-order structural model. Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res., 22: 1250–1260.
[28] Mandić, A., Mrnjavac, Z. and Kordić, L. 2018. Tourism infrastructure, recreational facilities and tourism development. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 24(1): 41-62.
[29] Marin, L. D., et al. 2011. Motivation and acceptability norms of human-caused sound in Muir Woods National Monument. Leisure Sciences, 33(2): 147–161.
[30] Milano, C. 2017. Overtourism and Tourismphobia: Global Trends and Local Contexts. Ostelea School of Tourism and Hospitality: Barcelona, Spain.
[31] Mitt. 2019. Tourism market statistics 2019. Available at: https://www.mitt.ru/Stati/statistika2019
[32] Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., and Galí, N. 2018. Overtourism: Residents' perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity-case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3): 277–296.
[33] Navarro Jurado, E., Damian, I. M., and Fernández-Morales, A. 2013. Carrying capacity model applied in coastal destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 43: 1–19. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.005
[34] Neuts, B. and Nijkamp, P. 2012. Tourist Crowding Perception and Acceptability in Cities: An Applied Modelling Study on Bruges. Annals of Tourism Research. 39: 2133-2153. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.016
[35] Papathanassis, A. 2017. Over-Tourism and Anti-Tourist Sentiment: An Exploratory Analysis and Discussion, “Ovidius” University Annals. Econ. Sci. Ser, XVII: 288–293.
[36] Popp, M. 2012. Positive and Negative Urban Tourist Crowding: Florence, Italy, Tourism Geographies, 14(1): 50-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.597421
[37] Postma, A. and Schmuecker, D. 2017. Understanding and overcoming negative impacts of tourism in city destinations: Conceptual model and strategic framework. J. Tour. Futures, 3: 144–156.
[38] Rasoolimanesh, S.M. et al. 2019. Examining the effects of personal factors and travel characteristics on tourists’ perceived crowding. European Journal of Tourism Research, 22: 5-19.
[39] Schmidt, D. and Keating, J. 1979. Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 86: 680–700.
[40] Shelby, B. and Heberlein, T.A. 1986. Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Oregon State University Press.
[41] Sim, K.W. et al. 2018. An analysis on perceived crowding level reported by domestic visitors of South Korean National Parks: a multilevel ordered logit approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(3): 281-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1422527
[42] Steen Jacobsen, J.K., Iversen, N.M. and Hem, L.E. 2019. Hotspot crowding and over-tourism: Antecedents of destination attractiveness, Annals of Tourism Research, 76: 53-66. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.02.011
[43] Stokols, D. 1972. A Social-Psychological Model of Human Crowding Phenomena. Journal of the American Planning Association – J AMER PLANN ASSN., 38. 72-83. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/01944367208977409
[44] Suthathip, S. 2014. Factors Affecting Tourist Satisfaction: An Empirical Study in the Northern Part of Thailand. SHS Web of Conferences, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201027
[45] Tsegoyev, V. 2020. Pandemic effect: why the global economic downturn due to coronavirus could be worse than the 2008 crisis. Available at: https://russian.rt.com/business/article/731992-mirovaya-ekonomika-krizis
[46] Usher, L. E. and Gómez, E. 2017. Managing stoke: Crowding, conflicts, and coping among Virginia Beach surfers. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 35(2): 9–24.
[47] Vargas-Sanchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N. and Plaza-Mejıa, M.D.L.A. 2011. Explaining residents’ attitudes to tourism: is a universal model possible? Annals of Tourism Research, 38 (2): 460-480.
[48] Vetitnev, A.M. and Bobina, N.V. 2015. Residents’ perceptions of the 2014 Sochi Olympic Games. Leisure Studies, 36 (1): 108-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1105857
[49] Vetitnev, A.M. and Chigarev, D.V. 2019. The attitude of host destination residents towards tourists as the indicator of problems of overtourism and tourismphobia. The case of the city resort of Sochi. Service and Tourism: Current Challenges, 13(4): 112-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/1995-0411-2019-10411
[50] Zehrer, A. and Raich, F. 2016. The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction. J. Hosp. Tour. Manag. 29: 88–98.
[51] Federal Agency for Tourism. 2018. The head of Rostourism Oleg Safonov took part in the opening meeting of the hospitality committee. Available at: https://www.russiatourism.ru/news/14812/
[52] Federal Agency for Tourism. 2020. Tourism enterprises entered the list of strategic organizations for the first time. Available at: https://www.russiatourism.ru/news/16809/
[53] Interfax Tourism. 2019. Golodets: the growth of domestic tourism since the beginning of the year was 10%. Available at: https://tourism.interfax.ru/ru/news/articles/62821/
[54] IUBH. 2019. Study: How tourists react to overtourism. Available at: https://blog.iubh.de/en/study-how-tourists-react-to-overtourism/
[55] KrasnodarMedia.su. 2020. Tourists in the fall are considered: how many people have rested in Sochi over the summer. Available at: https://krasnodarmedia.su/news/994479/
[56] Rambler. Travel. 2020. Russians were seized by a "suitcase mood" Available at: https://travel.rambler.ru/news/44291772/?utm_content=travel_media&utm_medium=read_more&utm_source=copylink
[57] Russian Public Opinion Research Center. 2019. Summer results – 2019. Available at: https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=9917
[58] Russian Public Opinion Research Center. 2020. Domestic tourism: a course for expansion! Available at: https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=236&uid=10140
[59] Sochi Municipal Administration. 2020. Policy brief on the results of the socio-economic development of the city of Sochi 2019. Available at: https://sochi.ru/zhizn-goroda/ekonomika/sots-ekon-razv-sochi/143233/
[60] Strategic Research Center of Rosgosstrakh. 2012. Middle class in Russia is 15% of the whole population. Available at: http://www.rgs.ru/media/CSR/Middle%20class%202012.pdf
[61] The Russian state news agency Novosti. 2020. Rostourism has passed into direct subordination to the government. Available at: https://ria.ru/20200605/1572549007.html
[62] Tour Stat. 2019. Available at: http://turstat.com
[63] UNWTO. 2018. Overtourism? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions; UNWTO: Madrid, Spain.
[64] UNWTO. 2021. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, 19(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng
[65] World Economic Forum. 2019. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point.
[66] WTTC 2020. Economic Impact Reports. Available at: https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact
Published
2021-02-21
How to Cite
VETITNEV, Alexander Mikhailovich; CHIGAREV, Dmitriy Valerievich.
Assessment of Overtourism Manifestations by Visitors of Russian Destinations. The Case from Sochi.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 1, p. 218-232, feb. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5897>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.12.1(49).19.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.