Evaluation of Touristic Risks While Visiting Ukraine and the Risk Perception by Travelers
Abstract
International tourist arrivals increase every year. Ukraine has always been a popular country for spending a vacation. However, many foreign tourists have very bad expectations about the trip to Ukraine. The reason is the military conflict in the East of the country. This article aims to explain whether Ukraine is a risky destination for tourists. For this purpose the determination, estimation and prediction of the risks for tourists in the summer of 2018 was conducted. This study shows that the risk is the main motivation of traveller’s destination choice. The methodology to assess risks for foreign tourists who visit Ukraine is proposed in the article. To confirm the tourist threats evaluation model, an investigation was conducted, which included gathering information about potential touristic risks. The list of probably dangerous and mid-level dangerous touristic risks was determined in the summer n of 2019 in Ukraine. The fact that trips to the territory of Ukraine are safe was established.
References
[1] Amara, D. 2012. Tourists’ risk aversion and willingness to take risks: the case of tourists visiting Egypt after 25th January revolution. Proceedings of the 6th World Conference for Graduate Research in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure.22. Fethiye: Routledge.
[2] Anuar, A. N. A., Bookhari, S. N. and Aziz, N. A. 2012. The effectiveness of Safe City Programme as safety basic in tourism industry: Case Study in Putrajaya. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42: 477-485. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.213
[3] Anuar, A.N.A., Ahmad, H., Jusoh, H. and Hussain, M.Y. 2012. The essential elements underlying formation of tourist friendly destination concept: Analysis in micro level. Asian Social Science, 8: 59-70. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n13p59
[4] Baker, D. 2015. Tourism and the Health Effects of Infectious Diseases: Are There Potential Risks? International Journal of Safety & Security in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(1): 41-59. Available at: http://www.palermo.edu/Archivos_content/2015/economicas/journal-tourism/edicion12/03_Tourism_and_Infectous_Disease.pdf
[5] Baum, A., et al. 1997. Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine. Edited by Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[6] Bera, A. 2009. Characteristics and Categories of Risk in the Small Enterprises. Współczesna Ekonomia. Contemporary Economics, 3(4): 123-129.
[7] Casidy, R. and Wymer, W. 2016. A risk worth taking: Perceived risk as moderator of satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness-to-pay premium price. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 32: 189-197. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.06.014
[8] Chew, E.Y.T. and Jahari, S.A. 2014. Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40: 382–393.
[9] Chiao, L.Y. and Vikneswaran, N. 2014. Risk perception study in tourism: are we really measuring perceived risk? Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144: 322–327. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281404230X
[10] Chiu, S. P. 2008. Tourism and crime. Police Science. Bimonthly, 39 (1): 67-81.
[11] Dioko, A.N. and Rich H. 2019. Killed while traveling – Trends in tourism-related mortality, injuries, and leading causes of tourist deaths from published English news reports, 2000–2017 (1H). Tourism Management, 70: 103-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.002
[12] Firoiu, D. and Croitoru, A.G. 2015. Global Challenges And Trends In The Tourism Industry; Romania, Where To? Constatin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu Annals Economy, (6): 37-42.
[13] Garg, A. 2015. Travel risks vs tourist decision making: A tourist perspective. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 8(1): 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21863/ijhts/2015.8.1.004
[14] Garg, A. and Kumar, J. 2017. The Impact of Risk Perception and Factors on Tourists’ Decision Making for Choosing the Destination Uttarakhand/India. Original Scientific Paper, 2(2): 144-160. DOI:https://doi.org/10.26465/ojtmr.2017229490
[15] Guanghua Han and Yihong Liu. 2018. Does Information Pattern Affect Risk Perception of Food Safety? A National Survey in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(9): 1935. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091935
[16] Guo, J.J. et al. 2010. A review of quantitative risk-benefit methodologies for assessing drug safety and efficacy: report of the ISPOR risk-benefit management working group. Value Health J Int Soc Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res., 13(5): 657– 66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00725
[17] Hansson, S. O. and Aven, T. 2014. Is risk analysis scientific? Risk Analysis, 34(7): 1173–1183.
[18] Hasan, M. K., Ismail, A. R. and Islam, M. F. 2017. Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: A critical review of literature. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1): 1412874. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1412874
[19] Jansen-Verbeke, M. 2016. An explorative Note on Tourism Development along Former War Front Lines. Almatourism-Journal of tourism culture and territorial development, 7(5): 1-25. Available at: https://almatourism.unibo.it/article/view/6379
[20] Jenkin, C. 2006. Risk perception and Terrorism: Applying the psychometric paradigm. Homel. Secur. Aff., 2: 1–14. Available at: https://www.hsaj.org/articles/169
[21] Kapuscinski, G. and Richards, B. 2016. News framing effects on destination risk perception. Tourism Management, 57 (12): 234-244.
[22] Keller, M. 2002. Risikoanalyse und Risikomanagement fur kleine und mittlere IT – Dienstleistungsunternehmen, Zurich, Fach hochschu le Zurich NDSI/8 Harvard Business Manager, 11: 8-13.
[23] Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S, Haron, MS. and Ahmed, S. 2017. Role of travel motivations, perceived risks and travel constraints on destination image and visit intention in medical tourism: theoretical model. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J., 17(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.003
[24] Kulikova, E. E. 2008. Risk Management: Innovative Aspect. Moscow. Available at: http://docplayer.ru/26266699-E-a-kulikova-risk-menedzhment.html
[25] Lepp, A. and Gibson, H. 2003. Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3): 606-624
[26] Magliulo, A. 2013. A model for the sustainable competitiveness of tourism destinations. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 4(2): 7-26.
[27] Marion, K.2018. The influence of risk perception on destination choice processes. Doctoral Dissertation Summary. European Journal of Tourism Research, 18: 160-163.
[28] Mawby, R. I. 2000. Tourists’ perceptions of security: the risk-fear paradox. Tourism Economics, 6(2): 109-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000000101297514
[29] Novosad, V. P. and Seliverstov, R. G. 2007. Methodology of an expert evaluation: Tutorial. K: View at NAPA. Available at: http://heqes.kubg.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/10.pdf
[30] Ostrowska, M. and Mazur, S. 2015. Diversified Risk Management. Proceedings of the Economics and Finance, 23: 615–621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00370
[31] Park, S. H., Hsieh, C. M. and Lee C.K. 2017. Examining Chinese college students’ intention to travel to Japan using the extended theory of planned behavior: Testing destination image and the mediating role of travel constraints. J Travel Tour Mark, 34:113−31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1141154
[32] Pender, l. and Sharpley, R. 2005. The management of tourism. London: SAGE Publications. 281. Available at: http://www.mu.edu.et/iphc/images/liblary/Tourism/2_THE-MANAGEMENT-OF-TOURISM.pdf
[33] Peng, W., Zan, M. and Yi, T. 2011. Application of expert judgment method in the aircraft wiring risk assessment. Procedia Engineering, 17(1): 440-445.
[34] Rae, A. and Alexander, R. 2017. Forecasts or fortune-telling: When are expert judgements of safety risk valid? Safety Science, 99 (11): 156-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.018
[35] Romagnoli, M. 2016. The Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: (Inter) relations, Motives & Risks. Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 7(5): 125-133. Available at: https://almatourism.unibo.it/article/view/6244/6218
[36] Schmid, A. 2005. Terrorism as psychological warfare and Security. Democracy and Security, 1: 137-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17419160500322467
[37] Sjöberg, L., Moen, B. and Rundmo, T. 2004. Explaining Risk Perception. An Evaluation of the Psychometric Paradigm in Risk Perception Research. Trondheim, Norway: Rotunde publikasjoner.
[38] Sönmez, S. F. and Graefe, A. R. 1998. Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Ann. Tour. Res., 25: 112–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8
[39] Tikhomirova, A. and Matrosova, E. 2016. Peculiarities of expert estimation. Comparison methods, 88: 163–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.420
[40] Trawöger, L. 2014. Convinced, ambivalent or annoyed: Tyrolean ski tourism stakeholders and their perceptions of climate change. Tourism Management, 40: 338–351. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.010
[41] Weinstein, N. D. 1980. Unrealistic optimism about future life events. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 39(5): 806-820.
[42] Wen-Qi Ruan, 1. L., Yong-Quan, L. and Chih-Hsing, S. L. 2017. Measuring Tourism Risk Impacts on Destination Image. Sustainability. 9, 1501. Available at: www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/9/1501/pdf
[43] Williams, A. M. and Baláž, V. 2014. Tourism Risk and Uncertainty: Theoretical Reflections. Journal of Travel Research,54(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514523334
[44] Wolff, K. and Larsen, S. 2014. Can terrorism make us feel safer? Risk perceptions and worries before and after the July 22nd attacks. Annals of Tourism Research, 44: 200-209.
[45] Wu, K., Raab, C., Chang, W. and Krishen, A. 2016. Understanding Chinese tourists’ food consumption in the United States. J Bus Res. 69: 4706−13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.018
[46] Wu, K., Vassileva, J., Noorian, Z. and Zhao, Y. 2015. How do you feel when you see a list of prices? The interplay among price dispersion, perceived risk and initial trust on Chinese C2C market. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 25(07): 36-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.03.007
[47] Yaya, E. M. 2009. Terrorism and tourism: the case of Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(6): 477-497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690903105414
[48] Zbuchea, A. 2015. Framing cruise tourism. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 8(1): 9-25.
[49] International SOS and Control Risks publish (2017). [The travel risk map in 2017, Global health and security risk review]. Available at: https://www.internationalsos.com/travelriskmap2016
[50] Is It Safe to Travel to Ukraine: 2018 Edition. (2019) [online]. Available at: https://ukraineliving.com/is-it-safe-to-travel-to-ukraine-2018/
[51] ITB World Travel Trends Report 2016/2017. From ITB Berlin. Available at: http://www.itbberlin.de/media/itb/itb_dl_all/itb_presse_all/World_Travel_Trends_Report_2016_2017.pdf
[52] ITB World Travel Trends Report 2020. From ITB Berlin. Available at: https://www.itb.com/media/itbcom/itbcom_dl_en/ITB_World_Travel_Trends_Report_2020.pdf
[53] State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2020). Collective tourism establishments. Available at: https://ukrstat.org/en/operativ/operativ2013/tur/zr_e.htm
[54] Travel & Tourism Eсonomiсs Impact Ukraine (2017). World Travel & Tourism Council, London, 17, 24. Available at: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/ukraine2017.pdf
[55] UK Essays, 2015. Types Of Risks Associated With Tourism Tourism Essay. Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/types-of-risks-associated-with-tourism-tourism-essay.php?cref=1
[56] World Tourism Organization, (2017). [online] Tourism indicators. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/35713279/2017_International_Tourism_Results_the_highest_in_seven_years
[57] World Travel & Tourism Council, The Authority on World Travel & Tourism (WTTC/AWT&T) 2011, The Tohoku Pacific Earthquake and Tsunami. Impact on Travel & Tourism. December 2011 Update. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/35713279/2017_International_Tourism_Results_the_highest_in_seven_years
[2] Anuar, A. N. A., Bookhari, S. N. and Aziz, N. A. 2012. The effectiveness of Safe City Programme as safety basic in tourism industry: Case Study in Putrajaya. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42: 477-485. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.213
[3] Anuar, A.N.A., Ahmad, H., Jusoh, H. and Hussain, M.Y. 2012. The essential elements underlying formation of tourist friendly destination concept: Analysis in micro level. Asian Social Science, 8: 59-70. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n13p59
[4] Baker, D. 2015. Tourism and the Health Effects of Infectious Diseases: Are There Potential Risks? International Journal of Safety & Security in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(1): 41-59. Available at: http://www.palermo.edu/Archivos_content/2015/economicas/journal-tourism/edicion12/03_Tourism_and_Infectous_Disease.pdf
[5] Baum, A., et al. 1997. Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine. Edited by Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[6] Bera, A. 2009. Characteristics and Categories of Risk in the Small Enterprises. Współczesna Ekonomia. Contemporary Economics, 3(4): 123-129.
[7] Casidy, R. and Wymer, W. 2016. A risk worth taking: Perceived risk as moderator of satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness-to-pay premium price. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 32: 189-197. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.06.014
[8] Chew, E.Y.T. and Jahari, S.A. 2014. Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40: 382–393.
[9] Chiao, L.Y. and Vikneswaran, N. 2014. Risk perception study in tourism: are we really measuring perceived risk? Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144: 322–327. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281404230X
[10] Chiu, S. P. 2008. Tourism and crime. Police Science. Bimonthly, 39 (1): 67-81.
[11] Dioko, A.N. and Rich H. 2019. Killed while traveling – Trends in tourism-related mortality, injuries, and leading causes of tourist deaths from published English news reports, 2000–2017 (1H). Tourism Management, 70: 103-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.002
[12] Firoiu, D. and Croitoru, A.G. 2015. Global Challenges And Trends In The Tourism Industry; Romania, Where To? Constatin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu Annals Economy, (6): 37-42.
[13] Garg, A. 2015. Travel risks vs tourist decision making: A tourist perspective. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 8(1): 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21863/ijhts/2015.8.1.004
[14] Garg, A. and Kumar, J. 2017. The Impact of Risk Perception and Factors on Tourists’ Decision Making for Choosing the Destination Uttarakhand/India. Original Scientific Paper, 2(2): 144-160. DOI:https://doi.org/10.26465/ojtmr.2017229490
[15] Guanghua Han and Yihong Liu. 2018. Does Information Pattern Affect Risk Perception of Food Safety? A National Survey in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(9): 1935. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091935
[16] Guo, J.J. et al. 2010. A review of quantitative risk-benefit methodologies for assessing drug safety and efficacy: report of the ISPOR risk-benefit management working group. Value Health J Int Soc Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res., 13(5): 657– 66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00725
[17] Hansson, S. O. and Aven, T. 2014. Is risk analysis scientific? Risk Analysis, 34(7): 1173–1183.
[18] Hasan, M. K., Ismail, A. R. and Islam, M. F. 2017. Tourist risk perceptions and revisit intention: A critical review of literature. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1): 1412874. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2017.1412874
[19] Jansen-Verbeke, M. 2016. An explorative Note on Tourism Development along Former War Front Lines. Almatourism-Journal of tourism culture and territorial development, 7(5): 1-25. Available at: https://almatourism.unibo.it/article/view/6379
[20] Jenkin, C. 2006. Risk perception and Terrorism: Applying the psychometric paradigm. Homel. Secur. Aff., 2: 1–14. Available at: https://www.hsaj.org/articles/169
[21] Kapuscinski, G. and Richards, B. 2016. News framing effects on destination risk perception. Tourism Management, 57 (12): 234-244.
[22] Keller, M. 2002. Risikoanalyse und Risikomanagement fur kleine und mittlere IT – Dienstleistungsunternehmen, Zurich, Fach hochschu le Zurich NDSI/8 Harvard Business Manager, 11: 8-13.
[23] Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S, Haron, MS. and Ahmed, S. 2017. Role of travel motivations, perceived risks and travel constraints on destination image and visit intention in medical tourism: theoretical model. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J., 17(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.003
[24] Kulikova, E. E. 2008. Risk Management: Innovative Aspect. Moscow. Available at: http://docplayer.ru/26266699-E-a-kulikova-risk-menedzhment.html
[25] Lepp, A. and Gibson, H. 2003. Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3): 606-624
[26] Magliulo, A. 2013. A model for the sustainable competitiveness of tourism destinations. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 4(2): 7-26.
[27] Marion, K.2018. The influence of risk perception on destination choice processes. Doctoral Dissertation Summary. European Journal of Tourism Research, 18: 160-163.
[28] Mawby, R. I. 2000. Tourists’ perceptions of security: the risk-fear paradox. Tourism Economics, 6(2): 109-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000000101297514
[29] Novosad, V. P. and Seliverstov, R. G. 2007. Methodology of an expert evaluation: Tutorial. K: View at NAPA. Available at: http://heqes.kubg.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/10.pdf
[30] Ostrowska, M. and Mazur, S. 2015. Diversified Risk Management. Proceedings of the Economics and Finance, 23: 615–621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00370
[31] Park, S. H., Hsieh, C. M. and Lee C.K. 2017. Examining Chinese college students’ intention to travel to Japan using the extended theory of planned behavior: Testing destination image and the mediating role of travel constraints. J Travel Tour Mark, 34:113−31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1141154
[32] Pender, l. and Sharpley, R. 2005. The management of tourism. London: SAGE Publications. 281. Available at: http://www.mu.edu.et/iphc/images/liblary/Tourism/2_THE-MANAGEMENT-OF-TOURISM.pdf
[33] Peng, W., Zan, M. and Yi, T. 2011. Application of expert judgment method in the aircraft wiring risk assessment. Procedia Engineering, 17(1): 440-445.
[34] Rae, A. and Alexander, R. 2017. Forecasts or fortune-telling: When are expert judgements of safety risk valid? Safety Science, 99 (11): 156-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.018
[35] Romagnoli, M. 2016. The Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: (Inter) relations, Motives & Risks. Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 7(5): 125-133. Available at: https://almatourism.unibo.it/article/view/6244/6218
[36] Schmid, A. 2005. Terrorism as psychological warfare and Security. Democracy and Security, 1: 137-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17419160500322467
[37] Sjöberg, L., Moen, B. and Rundmo, T. 2004. Explaining Risk Perception. An Evaluation of the Psychometric Paradigm in Risk Perception Research. Trondheim, Norway: Rotunde publikasjoner.
[38] Sönmez, S. F. and Graefe, A. R. 1998. Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Ann. Tour. Res., 25: 112–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8
[39] Tikhomirova, A. and Matrosova, E. 2016. Peculiarities of expert estimation. Comparison methods, 88: 163–168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.420
[40] Trawöger, L. 2014. Convinced, ambivalent or annoyed: Tyrolean ski tourism stakeholders and their perceptions of climate change. Tourism Management, 40: 338–351. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.010
[41] Weinstein, N. D. 1980. Unrealistic optimism about future life events. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 39(5): 806-820.
[42] Wen-Qi Ruan, 1. L., Yong-Quan, L. and Chih-Hsing, S. L. 2017. Measuring Tourism Risk Impacts on Destination Image. Sustainability. 9, 1501. Available at: www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/9/1501/pdf
[43] Williams, A. M. and Baláž, V. 2014. Tourism Risk and Uncertainty: Theoretical Reflections. Journal of Travel Research,54(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514523334
[44] Wolff, K. and Larsen, S. 2014. Can terrorism make us feel safer? Risk perceptions and worries before and after the July 22nd attacks. Annals of Tourism Research, 44: 200-209.
[45] Wu, K., Raab, C., Chang, W. and Krishen, A. 2016. Understanding Chinese tourists’ food consumption in the United States. J Bus Res. 69: 4706−13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.018
[46] Wu, K., Vassileva, J., Noorian, Z. and Zhao, Y. 2015. How do you feel when you see a list of prices? The interplay among price dispersion, perceived risk and initial trust on Chinese C2C market. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 25(07): 36-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.03.007
[47] Yaya, E. M. 2009. Terrorism and tourism: the case of Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(6): 477-497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690903105414
[48] Zbuchea, A. 2015. Framing cruise tourism. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 8(1): 9-25.
[49] International SOS and Control Risks publish (2017). [The travel risk map in 2017, Global health and security risk review]. Available at: https://www.internationalsos.com/travelriskmap2016
[50] Is It Safe to Travel to Ukraine: 2018 Edition. (2019) [online]. Available at: https://ukraineliving.com/is-it-safe-to-travel-to-ukraine-2018/
[51] ITB World Travel Trends Report 2016/2017. From ITB Berlin. Available at: http://www.itbberlin.de/media/itb/itb_dl_all/itb_presse_all/World_Travel_Trends_Report_2016_2017.pdf
[52] ITB World Travel Trends Report 2020. From ITB Berlin. Available at: https://www.itb.com/media/itbcom/itbcom_dl_en/ITB_World_Travel_Trends_Report_2020.pdf
[53] State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2020). Collective tourism establishments. Available at: https://ukrstat.org/en/operativ/operativ2013/tur/zr_e.htm
[54] Travel & Tourism Eсonomiсs Impact Ukraine (2017). World Travel & Tourism Council, London, 17, 24. Available at: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/ukraine2017.pdf
[55] UK Essays, 2015. Types Of Risks Associated With Tourism Tourism Essay. Available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/tourism/types-of-risks-associated-with-tourism-tourism-essay.php?cref=1
[56] World Tourism Organization, (2017). [online] Tourism indicators. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/35713279/2017_International_Tourism_Results_the_highest_in_seven_years
[57] World Travel & Tourism Council, The Authority on World Travel & Tourism (WTTC/AWT&T) 2011, The Tohoku Pacific Earthquake and Tsunami. Impact on Travel & Tourism. December 2011 Update. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/35713279/2017_International_Tourism_Results_the_highest_in_seven_years
Published
2021-02-21
How to Cite
HORIACHKO, Kateryna.
Evaluation of Touristic Risks While Visiting Ukraine and the Risk Perception by Travelers.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 1, p. 134 - 145, feb. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5887>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.12.1(49).11.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.