The Perceptions of Residents and Businesses towards the Sustainable Development of Tourism
Abstract
Among the economic benefits of tourism development, the negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts caused during tourism activities should be taken into account and carefully managed. In achieving sustainability in the development of tourism, residents, and businesses - tourism service providers should have the right to identify and express concerns and determine the pace and degree of development. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the importance of negative and positive economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism, based on the perceptions of residents and businesses on the scale of importance, which is a possible action to boost tourism development sustainably. This quantitative study, based on a random sample, was conducted in Kosovo’s territory, using a questionnaire addressed to 338 residents and 221 businesses. The questionnaire results were analysed using the RII test - Relative importance index and the Mann-Whitney test. This study intended to bridge the gap by measuring residents and businesses’ perceptions on sustainable tourism development and their suggestions to promote it.
References
[1] Akis, S., Peristianis, N. and Warner, J. 1996. Residents' attitudes to tourism development: the case of Cyprus. Tourism Management, 17(7): 481-494.
[2] Andereck, K.L. and McGehee, N. 2008. The Attitudes of community residents towards tourism. Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability, CAB International, 236 -259.
[3] Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K.M., Knopf, R.C. and Vogt, C.A. 2005. Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4): 1056–1076.
[4] Andriotis, K. 2005. Community groups perceptions and preferences to tourism development: Evidence from Crete. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 29 (1): 67 -90.
[5] Bersales, J. 2005. “Contested Space: Tourism, Power and Social Relations” in Sustainable Tourism, Challenges for the Philippines.
[6] Binns, T. and Nel, E. 2002. Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa. The geographical journal, 168(3): 235-247.
[7] Bouguessa, H. 1996. The council of Europe's activities: Concilliation of economic, cultural, social, scientific and environmental interests. Maribor, Slovenia.
[8] Bramwell, B. 2015. Theoretical activity in sustainable tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 54: 204-218.
[9] Brown, G. and Giles, R. 1994. Resident responses to the social impact of tourism. Chichester: Wiley.
[10] Comerio, N. and Strozzi, F. 2018. Tourism and its economic impact: A literature review using bibliometric tools. Tourism Economics 25(1): 109–131.
[11] Diedrich, A. and Garcı´a-Buades, E. 2008. Local perceptions of tourism as indicators of destination decline. Tourism Management, 1-10.
[12] Dincer, F. I. and Ertugral, S. M. 2003. Economic Impact of Heritage Tourism Hotels in Istanbul. The Journal of Tourism Studies,14 (2): 34-57.
[13] Edgell, D. 2006. Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future.
[14] Hateftabar, F. and Chapuis, J.M. 2020. How resident perception of economic crisis influences their perception of tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 43: 157–168.
[15] Fun, F., Chiun, M., Songan, P. and Nair, V. 2014. The Impact of Local Communities’ Involvement and Relationship Quality on Sustainable Rural Tourism in Rural Area, Sarawak. The Moderating Impact of Self-efficacy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144: 60-65.
[16] Hall, C. M. 1998. Historical antecedents of sustainable development and ecotourism: new labels on old bottles. In C. M. Hall & A. Lew (Eds.), Sustainable tourism. A geographical perspective (pp. 13-24). Essex, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.
[17] Haralambopoulos, N. and Pizam, A. 1996. Perceived impacts of tourism: The case of Samos. Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 503–526.
[18] Harrill, R. 2004. Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implication for tourism planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 18 (3): 251−266.
[19] Hunter, C. 1995. Conclusions. In C. Hunter & H. Green (Eds.), Tourism and the environment: A sustainable relationship? (pp. 169-182). London: Routledge.
[20] Hunter, C. 1995. On the need to re-conceptualise sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3(3): 155-166.
[21] Huybers, T. and Bennett, J. 2002. Environmental Management and the Competitiveness of Nature - Based Tourism Destinations. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK.
[22] Inkeep, E. 1991. Tourism planning: An integrated and sustainable development approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
[23] Jaafar, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M. and Safura, I. 2017. Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2): 123–134.
[24] Jackson, G. and Morpeth, N. 2000. Local Agenda 21: Reclaiming community ownership or stalled process? In G. Richards and D. Hall edited Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. 119-134, London: Routledge.
[25] Jackson, L.A. 2006. Ameliorating the negative impacts of tourism: a Carribean Perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(7): 574-582.
[26] Jurowski, C. and Gursoy, D. 2004. Distance effects on residents´ attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (2): 296 -304.
[27] Kim, K., Uysal, M. and Sirgy, J. 2013. How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents. Journal of Tourism Management, 36: 527-540.
[28] Ko, D.-W. and Stewart, W. P. 2002. A structural equation model of resident's attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5): 521-530.
[29] Kuvan, Y. and Akan, P. 2005. Residents attitudes toward general and forest -related impacts of tourism: The case of Belek, Antalya. Tourism Management, 26 (5): 691 – 706.
[30] Lankford, S. V. and Howard, D. R. 1994. Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(1): 121-139.
[31] Lee, T.H. 2013. Influence Analysis of Community Resident Support for Sustainable Tourism Development. Tourism Management, 34: 37–46.
[32] Lekaota, L. 2015. The importance of rural communities participation in the management of tourism management: A case study from Lesotho. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5): 453-462.
[33] Leslie, D., Harrison, T. and Logan, D. M. 2000. The community and tourism development: A case of a community based tourist attraction. Environment Paper Series, 3(3): 74-89.
[34] Likert, R. 1932. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22 140, 55.
[35] Liu, Z. 2003. Sustainable tourism development: a critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11 (6): 459-475.
[36] Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. 1982. Tourism: economic, physical and social impacts. Longman: Harlow, UK.
[37] Maxim, C. 2016. Sustainable tourism implementation in urban areas: a case study of London. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(7): 971-989.
[38] McIntyre, G., Hetherington, A. and Inskeep, E. 1993. Sustainable tourism development: Guide for local planners. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.
[39] McKercher, B. 1993. Some fundamental truths about tourism: Understanding tourism’s social and environmental impacts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1 (1): 6-16
[40] Mclntosh, R. and Goeldner, C.R. 1984. Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. 4th ed. Grid, Columbus.
[41] Melanie K. S. 2009. Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. Routledge
[42] Middleton, V.T.C. and Hawkins, R. 1998. Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford, UK: Butterworth Heinemann.
[43] Morrison, A. 2002. Small Hospitality Businesses: Enduring or Endangered? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 9(1): 1- 11.
[44] Okech, R. 2006. The Role of Local Communities in the Management of Cultural Landscapes. Paper presented at the ATLAS Africa 2006 Conference, Kenya.
[45] Pigram, J .P. 1995. Resource Constraints on Tourism: Water Resources and Sustainability. In R. W. Butler and D. Pearce (eds) Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes. London: Roudedge
[46] Pizam, A. 1978. Tourism impacts: the social costs to the destination community as perceived by its residents Journal of Travel Research, 16: 8-12.
[47] Pizam, A. and Milman, A. 1984. Social Impacts of Tourism. UNEP Industry and Environment, 7(1): 11-14.
[48] Richards, G. and Hall, D. 2000. Tourism and sustainable community development. London: Routledge.
[49] Ritchie, J. 1993. Crafting a destination vision: putting the concept of resident-responsive tourism into practice. Tourism Management, 14(5): 379–389.
[50] Riza I. Çavolli 1997. Regional Geography of Kosovo. Pg.319.
[51] Thibal, S. 1996. Introduction: The concept of sustainable development applied to tourism. Paper presented at the Colloquy organised by the Council of Europe (Directorate of Environment and Local Authorities) and the Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Physical Planning. Sustainable tourism development: concilliation of economic, cultural, social, scientific and environmental interests., Maribor, Slovenia
[52] Tosun, C. 2000. Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process in Developing Countries. Tourism Management, 21: 613-633.
[53] Tosun, C. 1998. Roots of unsustainable tourism development at the local level: the case of Urgup in Turkey. Tourism Management, 19(6): 595-610.
[54] Vesenjak, P. (1996, 12-14 September). The development of sustainable tourism in Slovenia. Paper presented at the Colloquy organised by the Council of Europe (Directorate of Environment and Local Authorities) and the Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Physical Planning. Sustainable tourism development: Conciliation of economic, cultural, social, scientific and environmental interests: proceedings, Maribor, Slovenia.
[55] Woodley A. 1993. „Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Community Perspective" In Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing. Edited by Nelson J., Butler R., and Wall G., Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo.
[56] Younis, F. and Chaudhary, M. A. 2017. Sustainable Development: Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainability in Asian Economies. Forman Journal of Economic Studies, 15(2019): 87-114.
[57] Zhai, T. T. and Chang, Y. C. 2019. Standing of environmental public-interest litigants in China: Evolution, obstacles and solutions. Journal of Environmental Law, 30: 369–397. DOI:10.1093/jel/eqy011
[58] Democracy for Development Institute. “Zhvillimi i turizmit përmes politikave dhe legjislacionit efikas”. No. 10. Prishtina, 2017 .
[59] Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS). Publication of the results of Hotel Statistics 2019. Prishina. 2019.
[60] Ministry of Culture, Youth & Sport (MCYS), “National Strategy for Cultural Heritage, 2017-2027”, Prishtina, 2016.
[61] Ministry of environment and spatial planning (MESP) “Tourism development and tourism spatial planning program“. Prishtina, 2014.
[62] Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) and Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection “Values of Nature Legacy of Kosovo", Prishtina, 2005.
[63] World Tourism Organization (WTO) ’’Making tourism more sustainable’’, 2005.
[2] Andereck, K.L. and McGehee, N. 2008. The Attitudes of community residents towards tourism. Tourism, Recreation and Sustainability, CAB International, 236 -259.
[3] Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K.M., Knopf, R.C. and Vogt, C.A. 2005. Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4): 1056–1076.
[4] Andriotis, K. 2005. Community groups perceptions and preferences to tourism development: Evidence from Crete. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 29 (1): 67 -90.
[5] Bersales, J. 2005. “Contested Space: Tourism, Power and Social Relations” in Sustainable Tourism, Challenges for the Philippines.
[6] Binns, T. and Nel, E. 2002. Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa. The geographical journal, 168(3): 235-247.
[7] Bouguessa, H. 1996. The council of Europe's activities: Concilliation of economic, cultural, social, scientific and environmental interests. Maribor, Slovenia.
[8] Bramwell, B. 2015. Theoretical activity in sustainable tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 54: 204-218.
[9] Brown, G. and Giles, R. 1994. Resident responses to the social impact of tourism. Chichester: Wiley.
[10] Comerio, N. and Strozzi, F. 2018. Tourism and its economic impact: A literature review using bibliometric tools. Tourism Economics 25(1): 109–131.
[11] Diedrich, A. and Garcı´a-Buades, E. 2008. Local perceptions of tourism as indicators of destination decline. Tourism Management, 1-10.
[12] Dincer, F. I. and Ertugral, S. M. 2003. Economic Impact of Heritage Tourism Hotels in Istanbul. The Journal of Tourism Studies,14 (2): 34-57.
[13] Edgell, D. 2006. Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future.
[14] Hateftabar, F. and Chapuis, J.M. 2020. How resident perception of economic crisis influences their perception of tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 43: 157–168.
[15] Fun, F., Chiun, M., Songan, P. and Nair, V. 2014. The Impact of Local Communities’ Involvement and Relationship Quality on Sustainable Rural Tourism in Rural Area, Sarawak. The Moderating Impact of Self-efficacy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144: 60-65.
[16] Hall, C. M. 1998. Historical antecedents of sustainable development and ecotourism: new labels on old bottles. In C. M. Hall & A. Lew (Eds.), Sustainable tourism. A geographical perspective (pp. 13-24). Essex, UK: Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.
[17] Haralambopoulos, N. and Pizam, A. 1996. Perceived impacts of tourism: The case of Samos. Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 503–526.
[18] Harrill, R. 2004. Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implication for tourism planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 18 (3): 251−266.
[19] Hunter, C. 1995. Conclusions. In C. Hunter & H. Green (Eds.), Tourism and the environment: A sustainable relationship? (pp. 169-182). London: Routledge.
[20] Hunter, C. 1995. On the need to re-conceptualise sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3(3): 155-166.
[21] Huybers, T. and Bennett, J. 2002. Environmental Management and the Competitiveness of Nature - Based Tourism Destinations. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK.
[22] Inkeep, E. 1991. Tourism planning: An integrated and sustainable development approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
[23] Jaafar, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M. and Safura, I. 2017. Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2): 123–134.
[24] Jackson, G. and Morpeth, N. 2000. Local Agenda 21: Reclaiming community ownership or stalled process? In G. Richards and D. Hall edited Tourism and Sustainable Community Development. 119-134, London: Routledge.
[25] Jackson, L.A. 2006. Ameliorating the negative impacts of tourism: a Carribean Perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(7): 574-582.
[26] Jurowski, C. and Gursoy, D. 2004. Distance effects on residents´ attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (2): 296 -304.
[27] Kim, K., Uysal, M. and Sirgy, J. 2013. How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents. Journal of Tourism Management, 36: 527-540.
[28] Ko, D.-W. and Stewart, W. P. 2002. A structural equation model of resident's attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5): 521-530.
[29] Kuvan, Y. and Akan, P. 2005. Residents attitudes toward general and forest -related impacts of tourism: The case of Belek, Antalya. Tourism Management, 26 (5): 691 – 706.
[30] Lankford, S. V. and Howard, D. R. 1994. Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(1): 121-139.
[31] Lee, T.H. 2013. Influence Analysis of Community Resident Support for Sustainable Tourism Development. Tourism Management, 34: 37–46.
[32] Lekaota, L. 2015. The importance of rural communities participation in the management of tourism management: A case study from Lesotho. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5): 453-462.
[33] Leslie, D., Harrison, T. and Logan, D. M. 2000. The community and tourism development: A case of a community based tourist attraction. Environment Paper Series, 3(3): 74-89.
[34] Likert, R. 1932. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22 140, 55.
[35] Liu, Z. 2003. Sustainable tourism development: a critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11 (6): 459-475.
[36] Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. 1982. Tourism: economic, physical and social impacts. Longman: Harlow, UK.
[37] Maxim, C. 2016. Sustainable tourism implementation in urban areas: a case study of London. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(7): 971-989.
[38] McIntyre, G., Hetherington, A. and Inskeep, E. 1993. Sustainable tourism development: Guide for local planners. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.
[39] McKercher, B. 1993. Some fundamental truths about tourism: Understanding tourism’s social and environmental impacts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1 (1): 6-16
[40] Mclntosh, R. and Goeldner, C.R. 1984. Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. 4th ed. Grid, Columbus.
[41] Melanie K. S. 2009. Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. Routledge
[42] Middleton, V.T.C. and Hawkins, R. 1998. Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford, UK: Butterworth Heinemann.
[43] Morrison, A. 2002. Small Hospitality Businesses: Enduring or Endangered? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 9(1): 1- 11.
[44] Okech, R. 2006. The Role of Local Communities in the Management of Cultural Landscapes. Paper presented at the ATLAS Africa 2006 Conference, Kenya.
[45] Pigram, J .P. 1995. Resource Constraints on Tourism: Water Resources and Sustainability. In R. W. Butler and D. Pearce (eds) Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes. London: Roudedge
[46] Pizam, A. 1978. Tourism impacts: the social costs to the destination community as perceived by its residents Journal of Travel Research, 16: 8-12.
[47] Pizam, A. and Milman, A. 1984. Social Impacts of Tourism. UNEP Industry and Environment, 7(1): 11-14.
[48] Richards, G. and Hall, D. 2000. Tourism and sustainable community development. London: Routledge.
[49] Ritchie, J. 1993. Crafting a destination vision: putting the concept of resident-responsive tourism into practice. Tourism Management, 14(5): 379–389.
[50] Riza I. Çavolli 1997. Regional Geography of Kosovo. Pg.319.
[51] Thibal, S. 1996. Introduction: The concept of sustainable development applied to tourism. Paper presented at the Colloquy organised by the Council of Europe (Directorate of Environment and Local Authorities) and the Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Physical Planning. Sustainable tourism development: concilliation of economic, cultural, social, scientific and environmental interests., Maribor, Slovenia
[52] Tosun, C. 2000. Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process in Developing Countries. Tourism Management, 21: 613-633.
[53] Tosun, C. 1998. Roots of unsustainable tourism development at the local level: the case of Urgup in Turkey. Tourism Management, 19(6): 595-610.
[54] Vesenjak, P. (1996, 12-14 September). The development of sustainable tourism in Slovenia. Paper presented at the Colloquy organised by the Council of Europe (Directorate of Environment and Local Authorities) and the Slovenian Ministry of the Environment and Physical Planning. Sustainable tourism development: Conciliation of economic, cultural, social, scientific and environmental interests: proceedings, Maribor, Slovenia.
[55] Woodley A. 1993. „Tourism and Sustainable Development: The Community Perspective" In Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing. Edited by Nelson J., Butler R., and Wall G., Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo.
[56] Younis, F. and Chaudhary, M. A. 2017. Sustainable Development: Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainability in Asian Economies. Forman Journal of Economic Studies, 15(2019): 87-114.
[57] Zhai, T. T. and Chang, Y. C. 2019. Standing of environmental public-interest litigants in China: Evolution, obstacles and solutions. Journal of Environmental Law, 30: 369–397. DOI:10.1093/jel/eqy011
[58] Democracy for Development Institute. “Zhvillimi i turizmit përmes politikave dhe legjislacionit efikas”. No. 10. Prishtina, 2017 .
[59] Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS). Publication of the results of Hotel Statistics 2019. Prishina. 2019.
[60] Ministry of Culture, Youth & Sport (MCYS), “National Strategy for Cultural Heritage, 2017-2027”, Prishtina, 2016.
[61] Ministry of environment and spatial planning (MESP) “Tourism development and tourism spatial planning program“. Prishtina, 2014.
[62] Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) and Kosovo Institute for Nature Protection “Values of Nature Legacy of Kosovo", Prishtina, 2005.
[63] World Tourism Organization (WTO) ’’Making tourism more sustainable’’, 2005.
Published
2021-02-21
How to Cite
DAUTI, Merita Begolli et al.
The Perceptions of Residents and Businesses towards the Sustainable Development of Tourism.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 1, p. 121 -133, feb. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5886>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v12.1(49).10.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.