Turism Economy and Governance. The Case of the Municipality of San Rafael in Colombia
Abstract
This article explores tourism from the standpoint of circular economy and governance concepts targeting the municipality of San Rafael in the Colombian region of Antioquia. The methodological approach is qualitative with a purposive search of primary and secondary sources. Furthermore, the analysis is based on contrasting and comparing postulations of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Colombian normativity. The study’s conclusion points out the importance of reframing the municipality’s tourism model towards a sustainability culture. To this end, the implementation of the circular economy approach and new models of governance prove to be not only an imperative, but a necessity.
References
[1] Administration of the Municipality of San Rafael. 2012. Development Plan of San Rafael on Sustainable and Community based Tourism 2012-2020. Municipality of San Rafael.
[2] Ansell, C. and Gash, A. 2007. Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18: 543-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
[3] Beaumont, N. and Dredge, D. 2010. Local tourism governance: A comparison of three network approaches. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18 (1): 7-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903215139
[4] Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. 2011. Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19 (4-5): 411-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.580586
[5] Bramwell, B. and Rawding, L. 1994. Tourism marketing organizations in industrial cities: Organizations, objectives and urban governance. Tourism Management, 15: 425-434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)90063
[6] Colombian Republic Congress. 1993. General Environmental Law of Colombia. Available at: https://www.oas.org/dsd/fida/laws/legislation/colombia/colombia_99-93.pdf.
[7] Colombian Republic Congress. 2010. National Policy on Sustainable Production and Consumption. Available at: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/component/content/article/154-environmental-and-sectoral-and-urban-and-urban-7#pol%C3%adores.
[8] Colombian Republic Congress. 2014. National Policy on Green Business. Available at: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/NegociosVerdesysostenible/pdf/plan_de_negocios_verdes/Plan_Nacional_de_Negocios_Verdes.pdf.
[9] Colombian Republic Presidency. 1991. Political Constitution of Colombia. Available at: http://es.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/constitucion-politica.
[10] Conpes. “CONPES 3918: Implementation of the SDGs of 2018”. https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/3918.pdf
[11] Conpes. 2016. CONPES 3874. National Policy for Integral Management of Solid Waste. Bogota, D.C.: National Planning Department. P. 73.
[12] Conpes. 2017. CONPES 3886. Political Guidelines and National Payment Schedule for Environmental Services for Peacebuilding. Available at: https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/3886.pdf.
[13] Conpes. 2017. CONPES 3934: Green Growth Policy. Available at: https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/3934.pdf.
[14] Conpes. 2018. CONPES 3934. National Policy on Green Growth. Bogota, D.C: National Plannning Department. P. 114.
[15] Cornelissen, S. 2005. The global tourism system: Governance, development and lessons from South Africa. Ashgate Publishing.
[16] Dinica, V. 2009. Governance for sustainable tourism: A comparison of international and Dutch visions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17 (5): 583-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580902855836
[17] Dredge, D. and Jenkins, J.M. 2007. Tourism planning and policy. John Wiley & Sons.
[18] Dredge, D. and Pforr, C. 2008. Policy networks and tourism governance. In N. Scott, R. Baggio, & C. Cooper (Eds.), “Network analysis and tourism: From theory to practice” (pp. 58-78). Channel View Publications.
[19] Ellen McArthur Foundation. 2017. Principles of the Circular Economy. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/es/economia-circular/principios.
[20] Erkus Öztürk, H. and Eraydin, A. 2010. Environmental governance for sustainable tourism development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region. Tourism Management, 31 (1): 113-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.002
[21] Estapé-Triax, S. 2003. Conceptual bases of the new model of Catalan public administration. Obtained at the 8th International Congress of the CLAD on the Reform of the State and the Public Administration. Available at: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CLAD/clad0047359.pdf.
[22] EU Switch to Green Flagship Initiative. 2018. Circular Economy Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Available at: https://www.switchtogreen.eu/?p=846.
[23] Farinós, J. 2008. Territorial governance for sustainable development: status of the issue and agenda. Bulletin of the Association of Spanish Geographers, 46: 11-32.
[24] Garfield, L. “The simple way this Japanese town has become zero-waste”. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/zero-waste-town-kamikatsu-japan-2017-7
[25] Gerlak, A., Heikkila, T. and Lubell, M. 2012. The Promise and Performance of Collaborative Governance. In M. Kraft, & S. Kamieniecki, The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy. Oxford University Press.
[26] Giraldo Sanchez, C. E. 2019. Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. Personal interview conducted by J. Kiradjieva.
[27] Girard, L. F. and Nocca, F. 2017. From linear to circular tourism. Aestimum, 70: 51-74. DOI: 10.13128/Aestimum-21081
[28] Global Sustainable Turism Council. 2019. General Description of the GSTC Criteria. Available at: https://www.gstcouncil.org/criterios-gstc/?lang=es.
[29] Gómez, H. J. 2018. Green Growth Mission. Progress and results. Colombia, National Planning Department.
[30] Gómez, L. 2019. Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. Personal interview conducted by J. Kiradjieva.
[31] Göymen, K. 2000. Tourism and governance in Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4): 1025-1048. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00127-9
[32] Greenwood, J. 1993. Business interest groups in tourism governance. Tourism Management, 14: 335-348.
[33] Hall, C, M. 2012. Governance and responsible tourism. Responsible Tourism. Concepts, Theory and Practice”. CABI, Wallingford, 107-118.
[34] Hall, C.M. 1994. Tourism and politics: Policy, power and place. John Wiley & Sons.
[35] Hall, C.M. 1997. Geography, marketing and the selling of places. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 6(3-4): 61-84.
[36] Hall, C.M. 1999. Rethinking collaboration and partnership: A public policy perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7: 274-289.
[37] Hall, C.M. 2005. Tourism: Rethinking the Social Science of Mobility. Prentice-Hall.
[38] Hall, C.M. 2007a. Tourism, governance and the (my-) location of power. In A. Church & T. Coles (Eds.), Tourism, power and space (pp. 247-269). Routledge.
[39] Hall, C.M. 2007b. Pro-poor tourism: Do "tourism cost-benefit primarily the countries of the South?” Current Issues in Tourism, 10: 111-118.
[40] Hall, C.M. 2008a. Tourism planning: Policies, processes and relationships (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall.
[41] Hall, C.M. 2008b. Regulating the international trade in tourism services. In T. Coles & C.M. Hall (Eds.), International business and tourism: Global issues, contemporary (pp. 33-54). Routledge.
[42] Hall, C.M. 2009. Archetypal approaches to implementation and their implications for tourism policy. Tourism Recreation Research, 34: 235-245.
[43] Hall, C.M. 2010a. Tourism and the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5 (4): 267-284.
[44] Hall, C.M. 2010b. Tourism and biodiversity: More significant than climate change? Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5 (4): 253-266.
[45] Hall, C.M. 2010c. Changing paradigms and global change: From sustainable to steady-state tourism. Tourism Recreation Research 35 (2): 131-145.
[46] Hall, C.M. 2011a. Biosecurity, tourism and mobility: Institutional arrangements for managing invasions. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3 (3). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2011.576868
[47] Hall, C.M. 2011b. Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first-and second order to third-order change? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19 (4-5): 649-671.
[48] Hall, C.M. and Jenkins, J.M. 1995. Tourism and public policy. Routledge.
[49] Inostroza, G. and Cánoves, G. 2014. Sustainable tourism and hydropower projects: Contradictions in the Chilean Patagonia. Tourist notebooks, 34: 115-138.
[50] Jenkins, C.J. 1980. Tourism policies in developing countries: A critique. International Journal of Tourism Management 1: 22-29.
[51] Jenkins, C.J. and Henry, B.M. 1982. Government involvement in tourism in developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research 9: 499-521.
[52] Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. and Hekkert, M. 2017. Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 127: 221-232.
[53] Kooiman, J. 2003. Governing governance. Sage.
[54] Macy, J. 2019. Zero Waste. SF Environment. Available at: https://sfenvironment.org/zero-waste-in-SF-is-recycling-composting-and-reuse (
[55] Maya, H. L. (16th April 2019). Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. (J. Kiradjieva, Interviewer).
[56] Miranda, B. 2018. What is behind the spectacular boom in tourism that Colombia is experiencing. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-42982719#orb-banner
[57] Painting for change. Santa Catarina Palopó, Guatemala, 2018. Available at: https://pintandoelcambio.com/es/proyecto/
[58] Patel, T. 2019. First Zero Waste Store. The Better India. Available at: https://www.thebetterindia.com/184767/maharashtra-pune-zero-waste-organic-store-adrish-green-products/
[59] Pierre, J. 2000. Debating governance: Authenticity, Steering and Democracy. Oxford University Press.
[60] Pierre, J. and Peters, B. G. 2005. Governing complex societies: Trajectories and scenarios. Palgrave McMillan.
[61] Sandeman’s New Europe Tours. 2018. Available at: https://www.neweuropetours.eu
[62] Santa, A. (May 8, 2019). Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. (J. Kiradjieva, Interviewer).
[63] Simon, J. M. 2015. The Story of Contarina: Case Study #4. Zero Waste Europe. Available at: https://zerowasteeurope.eu/downloads/case-study-4-the-story-of-contarina/
[64] Stoker, G. 1998. Governance as theory. International Social Science Journal, 50 (155): 17-28.
[65] Tourist Information Center. “National statistics”. 2019. Available at: http://www.citur.gov.co/estadisticas/df_bp_expor_turis/all/20
[66] Tyler, D. and Dinan, C. 2001. The role of interested groups in England's emerging tourism policy network. Current Issues in Tourism, 4: 210-252.
[67] Wesley, A. and Pforr, C. 2010. The governance of coastal tourism: Unravelling the layers of complexity at Smiths Beach, Western Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18: 773-792.
[68] World Tourism Organization. 2017. Chengdu Declaration: Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals. UNWTO.
[69] World Tourism Organization. 2018. 2017 Annual Report. UNWTO.
[70] World Tourism Organization. 2018. UNTWO 2017 Annual Report. UNWTO.
[71] World Tourism Organization. World Tourism Organization. 2018. Available at: http://media.unwto.org/es/content/entender-el-turismo-glosario-basico
[72] Yüksel, F., Bramwell, B. and Yüksel, A. 2005. Centralized and a tourism governance in Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research 32: 859-886.
[73] Zero Waste Europe. 2012. Zero Waste Cities Masterplan. Available at: https://zerowastecities.eu/masterplan/
[2] Ansell, C. and Gash, A. 2007. Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18: 543-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
[3] Beaumont, N. and Dredge, D. 2010. Local tourism governance: A comparison of three network approaches. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18 (1): 7-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903215139
[4] Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. 2011. Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19 (4-5): 411-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.580586
[5] Bramwell, B. and Rawding, L. 1994. Tourism marketing organizations in industrial cities: Organizations, objectives and urban governance. Tourism Management, 15: 425-434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)90063
[6] Colombian Republic Congress. 1993. General Environmental Law of Colombia. Available at: https://www.oas.org/dsd/fida/laws/legislation/colombia/colombia_99-93.pdf.
[7] Colombian Republic Congress. 2010. National Policy on Sustainable Production and Consumption. Available at: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/component/content/article/154-environmental-and-sectoral-and-urban-and-urban-7#pol%C3%adores.
[8] Colombian Republic Congress. 2014. National Policy on Green Business. Available at: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/NegociosVerdesysostenible/pdf/plan_de_negocios_verdes/Plan_Nacional_de_Negocios_Verdes.pdf.
[9] Colombian Republic Presidency. 1991. Political Constitution of Colombia. Available at: http://es.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/constitucion-politica.
[10] Conpes. “CONPES 3918: Implementation of the SDGs of 2018”. https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/3918.pdf
[11] Conpes. 2016. CONPES 3874. National Policy for Integral Management of Solid Waste. Bogota, D.C.: National Planning Department. P. 73.
[12] Conpes. 2017. CONPES 3886. Political Guidelines and National Payment Schedule for Environmental Services for Peacebuilding. Available at: https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/3886.pdf.
[13] Conpes. 2017. CONPES 3934: Green Growth Policy. Available at: https://colaboracion.dnp.gov.co/CDT/Conpes/Económicos/3934.pdf.
[14] Conpes. 2018. CONPES 3934. National Policy on Green Growth. Bogota, D.C: National Plannning Department. P. 114.
[15] Cornelissen, S. 2005. The global tourism system: Governance, development and lessons from South Africa. Ashgate Publishing.
[16] Dinica, V. 2009. Governance for sustainable tourism: A comparison of international and Dutch visions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17 (5): 583-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580902855836
[17] Dredge, D. and Jenkins, J.M. 2007. Tourism planning and policy. John Wiley & Sons.
[18] Dredge, D. and Pforr, C. 2008. Policy networks and tourism governance. In N. Scott, R. Baggio, & C. Cooper (Eds.), “Network analysis and tourism: From theory to practice” (pp. 58-78). Channel View Publications.
[19] Ellen McArthur Foundation. 2017. Principles of the Circular Economy. Available at: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/es/economia-circular/principios.
[20] Erkus Öztürk, H. and Eraydin, A. 2010. Environmental governance for sustainable tourism development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region. Tourism Management, 31 (1): 113-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.002
[21] Estapé-Triax, S. 2003. Conceptual bases of the new model of Catalan public administration. Obtained at the 8th International Congress of the CLAD on the Reform of the State and the Public Administration. Available at: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CLAD/clad0047359.pdf.
[22] EU Switch to Green Flagship Initiative. 2018. Circular Economy Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Available at: https://www.switchtogreen.eu/?p=846.
[23] Farinós, J. 2008. Territorial governance for sustainable development: status of the issue and agenda. Bulletin of the Association of Spanish Geographers, 46: 11-32.
[24] Garfield, L. “The simple way this Japanese town has become zero-waste”. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/zero-waste-town-kamikatsu-japan-2017-7
[25] Gerlak, A., Heikkila, T. and Lubell, M. 2012. The Promise and Performance of Collaborative Governance. In M. Kraft, & S. Kamieniecki, The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy. Oxford University Press.
[26] Giraldo Sanchez, C. E. 2019. Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. Personal interview conducted by J. Kiradjieva.
[27] Girard, L. F. and Nocca, F. 2017. From linear to circular tourism. Aestimum, 70: 51-74. DOI: 10.13128/Aestimum-21081
[28] Global Sustainable Turism Council. 2019. General Description of the GSTC Criteria. Available at: https://www.gstcouncil.org/criterios-gstc/?lang=es.
[29] Gómez, H. J. 2018. Green Growth Mission. Progress and results. Colombia, National Planning Department.
[30] Gómez, L. 2019. Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. Personal interview conducted by J. Kiradjieva.
[31] Göymen, K. 2000. Tourism and governance in Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4): 1025-1048. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00127-9
[32] Greenwood, J. 1993. Business interest groups in tourism governance. Tourism Management, 14: 335-348.
[33] Hall, C, M. 2012. Governance and responsible tourism. Responsible Tourism. Concepts, Theory and Practice”. CABI, Wallingford, 107-118.
[34] Hall, C.M. 1994. Tourism and politics: Policy, power and place. John Wiley & Sons.
[35] Hall, C.M. 1997. Geography, marketing and the selling of places. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 6(3-4): 61-84.
[36] Hall, C.M. 1999. Rethinking collaboration and partnership: A public policy perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7: 274-289.
[37] Hall, C.M. 2005. Tourism: Rethinking the Social Science of Mobility. Prentice-Hall.
[38] Hall, C.M. 2007a. Tourism, governance and the (my-) location of power. In A. Church & T. Coles (Eds.), Tourism, power and space (pp. 247-269). Routledge.
[39] Hall, C.M. 2007b. Pro-poor tourism: Do "tourism cost-benefit primarily the countries of the South?” Current Issues in Tourism, 10: 111-118.
[40] Hall, C.M. 2008a. Tourism planning: Policies, processes and relationships (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall.
[41] Hall, C.M. 2008b. Regulating the international trade in tourism services. In T. Coles & C.M. Hall (Eds.), International business and tourism: Global issues, contemporary (pp. 33-54). Routledge.
[42] Hall, C.M. 2009. Archetypal approaches to implementation and their implications for tourism policy. Tourism Recreation Research, 34: 235-245.
[43] Hall, C.M. 2010a. Tourism and the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5 (4): 267-284.
[44] Hall, C.M. 2010b. Tourism and biodiversity: More significant than climate change? Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5 (4): 253-266.
[45] Hall, C.M. 2010c. Changing paradigms and global change: From sustainable to steady-state tourism. Tourism Recreation Research 35 (2): 131-145.
[46] Hall, C.M. 2011a. Biosecurity, tourism and mobility: Institutional arrangements for managing invasions. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3 (3). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2011.576868
[47] Hall, C.M. 2011b. Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first-and second order to third-order change? Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19 (4-5): 649-671.
[48] Hall, C.M. and Jenkins, J.M. 1995. Tourism and public policy. Routledge.
[49] Inostroza, G. and Cánoves, G. 2014. Sustainable tourism and hydropower projects: Contradictions in the Chilean Patagonia. Tourist notebooks, 34: 115-138.
[50] Jenkins, C.J. 1980. Tourism policies in developing countries: A critique. International Journal of Tourism Management 1: 22-29.
[51] Jenkins, C.J. and Henry, B.M. 1982. Government involvement in tourism in developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research 9: 499-521.
[52] Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. and Hekkert, M. 2017. Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 127: 221-232.
[53] Kooiman, J. 2003. Governing governance. Sage.
[54] Macy, J. 2019. Zero Waste. SF Environment. Available at: https://sfenvironment.org/zero-waste-in-SF-is-recycling-composting-and-reuse (
[55] Maya, H. L. (16th April 2019). Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. (J. Kiradjieva, Interviewer).
[56] Miranda, B. 2018. What is behind the spectacular boom in tourism that Colombia is experiencing. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-42982719#orb-banner
[57] Painting for change. Santa Catarina Palopó, Guatemala, 2018. Available at: https://pintandoelcambio.com/es/proyecto/
[58] Patel, T. 2019. First Zero Waste Store. The Better India. Available at: https://www.thebetterindia.com/184767/maharashtra-pune-zero-waste-organic-store-adrish-green-products/
[59] Pierre, J. 2000. Debating governance: Authenticity, Steering and Democracy. Oxford University Press.
[60] Pierre, J. and Peters, B. G. 2005. Governing complex societies: Trajectories and scenarios. Palgrave McMillan.
[61] Sandeman’s New Europe Tours. 2018. Available at: https://www.neweuropetours.eu
[62] Santa, A. (May 8, 2019). Sustainable Tourism in San Rafael, Antioquia. (J. Kiradjieva, Interviewer).
[63] Simon, J. M. 2015. The Story of Contarina: Case Study #4. Zero Waste Europe. Available at: https://zerowasteeurope.eu/downloads/case-study-4-the-story-of-contarina/
[64] Stoker, G. 1998. Governance as theory. International Social Science Journal, 50 (155): 17-28.
[65] Tourist Information Center. “National statistics”. 2019. Available at: http://www.citur.gov.co/estadisticas/df_bp_expor_turis/all/20
[66] Tyler, D. and Dinan, C. 2001. The role of interested groups in England's emerging tourism policy network. Current Issues in Tourism, 4: 210-252.
[67] Wesley, A. and Pforr, C. 2010. The governance of coastal tourism: Unravelling the layers of complexity at Smiths Beach, Western Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18: 773-792.
[68] World Tourism Organization. 2017. Chengdu Declaration: Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals. UNWTO.
[69] World Tourism Organization. 2018. 2017 Annual Report. UNWTO.
[70] World Tourism Organization. 2018. UNTWO 2017 Annual Report. UNWTO.
[71] World Tourism Organization. World Tourism Organization. 2018. Available at: http://media.unwto.org/es/content/entender-el-turismo-glosario-basico
[72] Yüksel, F., Bramwell, B. and Yüksel, A. 2005. Centralized and a tourism governance in Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research 32: 859-886.
[73] Zero Waste Europe. 2012. Zero Waste Cities Masterplan. Available at: https://zerowastecities.eu/masterplan/
Published
2021-01-05
How to Cite
KIRADJIEVA, Julia; ÁLVAREZ, Liliana LOTERO; BOTERO MONTOYA, Luis Horacio.
Turism Economy and Governance. The Case of the Municipality of San Rafael in Colombia.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 8, p. 1994-2005, jan. 2021.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5803>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.