Public Perception of the Main Constraints of Water Supply Shortage and the Availability of Water Supply Resources in Libya
Abstract
Water is a key driver of economic and social development. It also has a basic function in maintaining the integrity of the natural environment. Bearing in mind that water is only one of a number of vital natural resources, it is imperative that water issues are not considered in isolation. Both public and private sector managers, have to make appropriate decisions on water allocation. Water shortage, which can extensively be comprehended as the absence of access to sufficient amounts of water for human and environmental uses.
This study aims at investigating the technical, financial, environmental and social constraints that affect water supply shortages in the study area. The results and findings were based on the 359 survey questionnaires that were collected and analysed using Statistical Package Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) Software version 16.0. Statistical analysis showed that all the Environmental, Technical and Financial research items were at the high and very high levels of acceptance and only all cultural research items were at a high level of acceptance. The empirical results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicate that the water supply management model fit indicates that the factors of this work are convenient and reasonably contribute to the performance of the water supply management model in the study area. This study has a number of recommendations for achieving sustainable water management and solving water shortage problems within the Libyan cities, such as Al Marj.
References
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[2] Adekunle, A.S.and Eniola, I.T. K. 2008. Impact of industrial effluents on quality of segment of Asa river within an industrial estate in Ilorin, Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 1(1): 17-21.
[3] Aini, M.S., Fakhru'l-Razi, A. and Suan, K.S. 2001. Water crisis management: satisfaction level, effect and coping of the consumers. Water Resources Management, 15(1): 31-39.
[4] Alamin, S., Fewkes, A. and Goodhew, S. 2010. Investigating the sustainability of water management in Alwahat, Libya. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 129: 607-617.
[5] Amiraslani, F. and Dragovich, D. 2011. Combating desertification in Iran over the last 50 years: an overview of changing approaches. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(1): 1-13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envman.2010.08.012
[6] Barrett, P. 2007. Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual differences, 42(5): 815-824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018
[7] Beaumais, O., Briand, A., Millock, K. and Nauges, C. 2014. What are households willing to pay for better tap water quality? A cross-country valuation study (pp. 1-37). Documents de travail du Centre d'Economiie de la Sorbonne 2010.51 - ISSN : 1955-611X.2010.
[8] Bentler, P.M. and Bonett, D.G. 1980. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3): 588-606.
[9] Bindra, S.P., et al. 2013. Assessment of impacts on ground water resources in Libya and vulnerability to climate change. Scientific Bulletin of the" Petru Maior" University of Targu Mures, 10(2): 63-69.
[10] Bindra, S.P., et al. 2014. Sustainable integrated water resources management for energy production and food security in Libya. Procedia Technology, 12: 747-752.
[11] Delpla, I., et al. 2009. Impacts of climate change on surface water quality in relation to drinking water production. Environment International, 35(8): 1225-1233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.001
[12] Doe, H.W. 2007. Assessing the challenges of water supply in Urban Ghana: The case of North Teshie. Royal Institue of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, MSc Thesis Unpublished.
[13] El Osta, M. and Masoud, M. 2017. Groundwater Potential in the Central Part of Al Jabal Al Akhdar Area, Ne Libya. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 12(1): 245-258.
[14] El-Barasi, Y.M., Barrani, M.W., El-Amrouni, A.O. and Mohamad, N.F. 2011. Check List of Flora and Vegetation on South El Marj Zone: South El-Jabal El-Akhadar-Libya. Annals of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, 9(3): 141-146.
[15] Felbab-Brown, V. 2017. Water Theft and Water Smuggling: Growing Problem Or Tempest in a Teapot?. Brookings.
[16] Fereres, E. And Soriano, M.A. 2006. Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(2): 147-159.
[17] Garcia-Cuerva, L., Berglund, E.Z. and Binder, A.R. 2016. Public perceptions of water shortages, conservation behaviors, and support for water reuse in the US. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 113: 106-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.006
[18] Geels, F. 2005. Co-evolution of technology and society: The transition in water supply and personal hygiene in the Netherlands (1850–1930)—a case study in multi-level perspective. Technology in Society, 27(3): 363-397.
[19] Ghanbari, S., Bayad, H. and Rezayi, S. 2015. Socio–Economical Impact Assessment of Drought on the Rural Agriculture; a Case Study of Rural District in Southern Iran. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 3: 53-56.
[20] Gillette, J.L. and Kolpa, R.L. 2008. Overview of interstate hydrogen pipeline systems (No. ANL/EVS/TM/08-2). Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States).
[21] Graham, N.T. et al. 2020. Humans drive future water scarcity changes across all Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Environmental Research Letters, 15(1): 014007.
[22] Hadadin, N., Qaqish, M., Akawwi, E. and Bdour, A. 2010. Water shortage in Jordan—Sustainable solutions. Desalination, 250(1): 197-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dessl.2009.01.026
[23] Hamad, J.R.J., Hanafiah, M.M. and Yaakob, W.Z.W. 2017. Water Resources Management in Libya: Challenges and Future Prospects. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 1(2): 2-5.
[24] Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. 2006. Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. In Integrated assessment of water resources and global change (pp. 35-48). Springer, Dordrecht.
[25] Hope, R. 2014. Is community water management the community’s choice? Implications for water and development policy in Africa. Water Policy, 17(4): 664-678.
[26] Hu, L.T. and Bentler, P.M. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6: 1-55.
[27] Jun, X. and Chen, Y.D. 2001. Water problems and opportunities in the hydrological sciences in China. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46(6): 907-921.
[28] Khan, A. E., et al. 2011. Drinking water salinity and maternal health in coastal Bangladesh: implications of climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(9): 1328-1332. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002804
[29] Khan, T.A. 2011. Trace elements in the drinking water and their possible health effects in Aligarh City, India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3(07): 522-530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.37062
[30] MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W. and Sugawara, H.M. 1996. Power Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modeling, Psychological Methods, 1 (2): 130-49.
[31] Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. 2016. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science Advances, 2(2): 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
[32] Minella M., et al. 2011. A model approach to assess the long-term trends of indirect photochemistry in lake water. The case of Lake Maggiore (NW Italy). Sci. Total. Environ. 409: 3463-3471.
[33] Nobre, C.A., et al. 2016. Some characteristics and impacts of the drought and water crisis in south eastern Brazil during 2014 and 2015. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8(02): 252-262.
[34] Papapostolou, C.M., Kondili, E.M., Zafirakis, D.P., and Tzanes, G.T. 2020. Sustainable water supply systems for the islands: The integration with the energy problem. Renewable Energy, 146: 2577-2588.
[35] Pereira, L.S. 2005. Water and Agriculture: Facing Water Scarcity and Environmental Challenges. International Commission of Agricultural Engineering. E- Journal, 7:1-26.
[36] Rezaei, H., Ryan, B. and Stoianov, I. 2015. Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in water supply networks. Procedia Engineering, 119: 253-262. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.883
[37] Short, T.D. and Oldach, R. 2003. Solar powered water pumps: the past, the present—and the future? Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 125(1): 76-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1528923
[38] Sun, Y., Asante, F. and Birner, R. 2010. Opportunities and challenges of community-based rural drinking water supplies. International Food Policy Research Institute IFPRI.
[39] Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. 2007. Profile analysis: the multivariate approach to repeated measures. Using multivariate statistics, 311-374.
[40] Tir, N.A., Momeni, F. and Boboevich, G.T. 2014. Exploring the effects of water sector investment in economic development in Iran. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 131: 396-405. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.137
[41] Van Houtven, G.L., Pattanayak, S.K., Usmani, F. and Yang, J.C. 2017. What are households willing to pay for improved water access? Results from a meta-analysis. Ecological Economics, 136: 126-135. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2016/j.envman.2009.0.009
[42] Vásquez, W.F., Mozumder, P., Hernandez-Arce, J. and Berrens, R.P. 2009. Willingness to pay for safe drinking water: Evidence from Parral, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(11): 3391-3400. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.009
[43] Vörösmarty, C.J., et al. 2010. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature, 467(7315), 555.
[44] Wheida, E., & Verhoeven, R. 2007. An alternative solution of the water shortage problem in Libya. Water Resources Management, 21(6): 961-982.
[45] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2009. Groundwater Management in Libya. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome.
[46] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2012. Coping with water scarcity: An action framework for agriculture and food security, FAO WATER REPORTS, Rome, Italy.
[47] White, C. 2012. Understanding water scarcity: Definitions and measurements, GWF Discussion Paper 1217, Global Water Forum, and Canberra, Australia. Available at: http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2012/05/07/understanding-water-scarcitydefinitions-andmeasurements/
Published
2020-11-30
How to Cite
HAMAD, Jouda R. Jouda et al.
Public Perception of the Main Constraints of Water Supply Shortage and the Availability of Water Supply Resources in Libya.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 7, p. 1857-1870, nov. 2020.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5737>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.7(47).24.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.