Pandemics, Health Behavior and Tourism
Abstract
The current paper examines if respondents that take strict prevention measures against COVID-19, with higher monthly incomes and that have spent their summer vacations in Albania last year are significantly more likely to plan their summer vacations to Albania this summer relative to those that are neglecting prevention measures, have lower incomes and have not chosen Albania as their destination for summer vacations last year. The study employs a survey of 500 random respondents. A multivariate analysis indicated that scores of planning summer vacations were significantly associated with the present strict prevention behavior measures against COVID-19 indicating the existence of sufficient motivation for future behavior intentions. In contrasts, monthly income is not a predictor for planning summer vacations. Finally, the correlation is positive between respondent’s previous experience to touristic destinations in Albania last year and planning summer vacations this year. Hence, it is recommended a thoughtful examination of respondents’ health behaviors, needs, wants and collaboration in shaping the better future of public health that is a shared one.
References
[1] Afshardoost, M., and Eshaghi, M.S. 2020. Destination image and tourist behavioral intentions: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 81: 104-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104154
[2] Assaker, G. and Hallak, R. 2013. Moderating effects of Tourists’ Novelty-seeking tendencies on destination image, Visitor Satisfaction, and short- and long- terms revisits intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 52 (5): 600-613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478497
[3] Baker, D. and Crompton, J. 2000. Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3): 785–804.
[4] Barnes, J.S., Mattsson, J. and Sorensen, F. 2016. Remembered experiences and revisit intentions: A longitudinal study of safari park visitors. Tourism Management, 57: 286-294. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.014
[5] Beerli, A., Martin, J.D. 2004. Factors Influencing Destination Image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31: 657-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
[6] Castro, C. B., Armario, E. M., Ruiz, D. M. 2007. The influence of market heterogeneity on the relationship between a destination's image and tourists' future behavior. Tourism Management, 28(1): 175–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.013
[7] Chon, K. S. 1991. Tourism destination image modification process, marketing implication. Tourism Management, 12(1): 68–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(91)90030-W
[8] Cohen, M.J. 2020. Does the COVID-19 outbreak mark the onset of a sustainable consumption transition? Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1): 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1740472
[9] Crompton, J. 1979. Motivations for pleasure vacations. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4): 408-424.
[10] Djeri, L., Armenski, T., Jovanovic, T., Dragin, A. 2014. How income influences the choice of tourism destination? Acta Oeconomica, 64: 219-237. DOI: 10.1556/AOecon.64.2014.2.5
[11] Geng-QingCHi, C., Qu, H. 2008. Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: an integrated approach, Tourism Management, 29(4): 624-636, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
[12] Gössling, S. Scott, D. Hall, M.C. 2020. Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
[13] Hall, M.C., Scott, D., Gössling, S. 2020. Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
[14] Kristensen, K., Martensen, A., Gronholdt, L. 2000. Customer satisfaction measurement at post Denmark: Results of application of the European customer satisfaction index methodology. Total Quality Management, 11(7): 1007–1015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09544120050135533
[15] Lami, I., Lami, S. 2015. Design of wave energy distribution for the harbour and coast protection” in Chapter 9 in “Sustainable Development of Sea-Corridors and Coastal waters”, The TEN ECOPORT project in South East Europe” Stylios, C. et al., Springer, 85-95
[16] Meleddu, M., Paci, R., Pulina, M. 2015. Repeated behaviour and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 50: 159-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.032
[17] Milano, C., Novelli, M., and Cheer, J.M. 2019. Overtourism and Tourismphobia: A Journey through Four Decades of Tourism Development, Planning and Local Concerns. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 353-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1599604
[18] Nicolau, J., Más, F. 2007. The effect of the interaction between income and prices on tourist choice. Empresa global y mercados locales, 1
[19] Rittichainuwat, B.N., Qu, H., Brown, T. J. 2001. Thailand's international travel image: Mostly favorable. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(2): 82–95.
[20] Saksiriruthai, S., Pholphirul, P. 2018. More wages, more income, more leisure? Evidence from Thailand’s time use survey. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(8): 968-982. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1478758
[21] Schlesinger, W., Cervera-Taulet, A., Cabanero, C.P. 2020. Exploring the links between destination attributes, quality of services experience and loyalty in emerging Mediterranean destinations. Tourism Management Perspective, 35, 100699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100699
[22] Tosun, C., Dedeoglu, B.B., Fyall, A. 2015. Destination service quality, affective image and revisit intention: The moderating role of past experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4): 222-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.08.002
[23] Ukaj, F. 2010. Marketing concept as a tool for development of tourism in Kosovo. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 1(1): 57-62. https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/113
[24] Ukaj, F. 2014. Development of a Tourist Destination Based on Marketing Activities. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(2): 141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n2p141
[25] Wang, C. Y., Hsu, M. K. 2010. The relationships of destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: An integrated model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8): 829–843. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.527249
[26] Wee-Kheng, Tan., Cheng En Wu 2015. An investigation of the relationship among destination familiarity, destination image and future visit intentions. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(3): 214-226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.008
[27] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDCa), (2020). Contact tracing: Public health management of persons, including healthcare workers, having had contact with COVID-19 cases in the European Union. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19-contact-tracing-public-health-management
[28] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDCb), (2020). Using face masks in the community. Reducing COVID-19 transmission from potentially asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic people through the use of face masks. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/using-face-masks-community-reducing-covid-19-transmission
[29] European Commission (EC) (2020). Communication from the Commission Towards a phased and coordinated approach for restoring freedom of movement and lifting internal border controls. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication_freemovement.pdf
[30] European Commission (EC) (2020). Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions Tourism And Transport In 2020 and Beyond. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-commission-tourism-transport-2020-and-beyond_en.pdf
[31] European Commission (EC) (2020). EU Guidance for the progressive resumption of tourism services and for health protocols in hospitality establishments – COVID-19. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XC0515%2803%29
[32] European Commission (EC) (2020). Joint European Roadmap towards lifting COVID-19 containment measures. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication_a_european_roadmap_to_lifting_coronavirus_containment_measures_0.pdf
[33] Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (2018). Sectorial Strategy of Transport & Action plan 2016 – 2020: First monitoring report. Available at: www.infrastruktura.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Monitoring-Report-of-Transport-strategy-andaction-Plan-2016-2020.pdf
[34] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020). Tourism Policy Responses to the coronavirus (COVID-19). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/tourism-policy-responses-to-the-coronavirus-covid-19-6466aa20/
[35] World Health Organization 2020. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks
[36] World Tourism Organization 1980. Manila Declaration on World Tourism, UNWTO Declarations. UNWTO. 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1980.01.01
[2] Assaker, G. and Hallak, R. 2013. Moderating effects of Tourists’ Novelty-seeking tendencies on destination image, Visitor Satisfaction, and short- and long- terms revisits intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 52 (5): 600-613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478497
[3] Baker, D. and Crompton, J. 2000. Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3): 785–804.
[4] Barnes, J.S., Mattsson, J. and Sorensen, F. 2016. Remembered experiences and revisit intentions: A longitudinal study of safari park visitors. Tourism Management, 57: 286-294. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.014
[5] Beerli, A., Martin, J.D. 2004. Factors Influencing Destination Image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31: 657-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
[6] Castro, C. B., Armario, E. M., Ruiz, D. M. 2007. The influence of market heterogeneity on the relationship between a destination's image and tourists' future behavior. Tourism Management, 28(1): 175–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.11.013
[7] Chon, K. S. 1991. Tourism destination image modification process, marketing implication. Tourism Management, 12(1): 68–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(91)90030-W
[8] Cohen, M.J. 2020. Does the COVID-19 outbreak mark the onset of a sustainable consumption transition? Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1): 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1740472
[9] Crompton, J. 1979. Motivations for pleasure vacations. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4): 408-424.
[10] Djeri, L., Armenski, T., Jovanovic, T., Dragin, A. 2014. How income influences the choice of tourism destination? Acta Oeconomica, 64: 219-237. DOI: 10.1556/AOecon.64.2014.2.5
[11] Geng-QingCHi, C., Qu, H. 2008. Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: an integrated approach, Tourism Management, 29(4): 624-636, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
[12] Gössling, S. Scott, D. Hall, M.C. 2020. Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
[13] Hall, M.C., Scott, D., Gössling, S. 2020. Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
[14] Kristensen, K., Martensen, A., Gronholdt, L. 2000. Customer satisfaction measurement at post Denmark: Results of application of the European customer satisfaction index methodology. Total Quality Management, 11(7): 1007–1015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09544120050135533
[15] Lami, I., Lami, S. 2015. Design of wave energy distribution for the harbour and coast protection” in Chapter 9 in “Sustainable Development of Sea-Corridors and Coastal waters”, The TEN ECOPORT project in South East Europe” Stylios, C. et al., Springer, 85-95
[16] Meleddu, M., Paci, R., Pulina, M. 2015. Repeated behaviour and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 50: 159-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.032
[17] Milano, C., Novelli, M., and Cheer, J.M. 2019. Overtourism and Tourismphobia: A Journey through Four Decades of Tourism Development, Planning and Local Concerns. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4): 353-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1599604
[18] Nicolau, J., Más, F. 2007. The effect of the interaction between income and prices on tourist choice. Empresa global y mercados locales, 1
[19] Rittichainuwat, B.N., Qu, H., Brown, T. J. 2001. Thailand's international travel image: Mostly favorable. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(2): 82–95.
[20] Saksiriruthai, S., Pholphirul, P. 2018. More wages, more income, more leisure? Evidence from Thailand’s time use survey. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(8): 968-982. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2018.1478758
[21] Schlesinger, W., Cervera-Taulet, A., Cabanero, C.P. 2020. Exploring the links between destination attributes, quality of services experience and loyalty in emerging Mediterranean destinations. Tourism Management Perspective, 35, 100699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100699
[22] Tosun, C., Dedeoglu, B.B., Fyall, A. 2015. Destination service quality, affective image and revisit intention: The moderating role of past experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4): 222-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.08.002
[23] Ukaj, F. 2010. Marketing concept as a tool for development of tourism in Kosovo. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 1(1): 57-62. https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/113
[24] Ukaj, F. 2014. Development of a Tourist Destination Based on Marketing Activities. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(2): 141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n2p141
[25] Wang, C. Y., Hsu, M. K. 2010. The relationships of destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: An integrated model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8): 829–843. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.527249
[26] Wee-Kheng, Tan., Cheng En Wu 2015. An investigation of the relationship among destination familiarity, destination image and future visit intentions. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(3): 214-226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.008
[27] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDCa), (2020). Contact tracing: Public health management of persons, including healthcare workers, having had contact with COVID-19 cases in the European Union. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19-contact-tracing-public-health-management
[28] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDCb), (2020). Using face masks in the community. Reducing COVID-19 transmission from potentially asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic people through the use of face masks. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/using-face-masks-community-reducing-covid-19-transmission
[29] European Commission (EC) (2020). Communication from the Commission Towards a phased and coordinated approach for restoring freedom of movement and lifting internal border controls. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication_freemovement.pdf
[30] European Commission (EC) (2020). Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions Tourism And Transport In 2020 and Beyond. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-commission-tourism-transport-2020-and-beyond_en.pdf
[31] European Commission (EC) (2020). EU Guidance for the progressive resumption of tourism services and for health protocols in hospitality establishments – COVID-19. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XC0515%2803%29
[32] European Commission (EC) (2020). Joint European Roadmap towards lifting COVID-19 containment measures. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication_a_european_roadmap_to_lifting_coronavirus_containment_measures_0.pdf
[33] Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy (2018). Sectorial Strategy of Transport & Action plan 2016 – 2020: First monitoring report. Available at: www.infrastruktura.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Monitoring-Report-of-Transport-strategy-andaction-Plan-2016-2020.pdf
[34] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2020). Tourism Policy Responses to the coronavirus (COVID-19). Available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/tourism-policy-responses-to-the-coronavirus-covid-19-6466aa20/
[35] World Health Organization 2020. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks
[36] World Tourism Organization 1980. Manila Declaration on World Tourism, UNWTO Declarations. UNWTO. 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1980.01.01
Published
2020-08-30
How to Cite
PODVORICA, Ganimete; RRUSTEMI, Visar.
Pandemics, Health Behavior and Tourism.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 5, p. 1240-1250, aug. 2020.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5480>. Date accessed: 24 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.5(45).21.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.