Are Natural Resources Important Elements in The National Tourism Policy? Examples of European Countries
Abstract
Natural resources constitute an important element of tourism assets and they considerably determine the shape and the level of tourist destination attractiveness. The present article constitutes an attempt made to estimate the significance of such elements in activities undertaken within the framework of tourism policy accepted by particular European countries. Two main research methods are used in the article, namely: a) desk research: based on information collected from reports submitted by particular countries to the European Commission; b) original research with the use of a diagnostic survey method (carried out with a group of 39 European national tourism organisations). As indicated in the article, natural resources constitute a very important element in activities undertaken to create and to develop tourism in the countries analysed. The individual countries certainly appreciate the value of the above-mentioned factors, especially in the context of proper care which needs to be provided to ensure an appropriate use by tourists. The results obtained need to become an important reference point for those decision-makers who are responsible for the development of tourism. They also emphasize the on-going necessity of undertaking activities aim at the protection of natural resources, as viewed from the perspective of the growing interest in tourism.
References
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[62] Sijlbing, H.A. 2010. Does sustainable tourism offer solutions for the protection of the Amazon rainforest in Suriname? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(2): 192–200.
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[64] Van Raaij, W.F. 1986. Consumer research on tourism: Mental and behavioral constructs. Annals of Tourism Research, 13: 1–9.
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[66] Vengesayi, S. 2003. A conceptual model of tourism destination competitiveness and attractiveness, ANZMAC Conference Proceedings, Adelaide, University of South Australia, 1-3 December, 637–647.
[67] Vengesayi, S., Mavondo, F.T., Reisinger, Y. 2009. Tourism destination attractiveness: attractions, facilities, and people as predictors. Tourism Analysis, 14: 621–636.
[68] Wodejko, S. 1998. Ekonomiczne zagadnienia turystyki, Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Prawa: Warszawa.
[69] Wondirat, A., Ewnetu, B. 2019. Community participation in tourism development as a tool to foster sustainable land and resource use practices in a national park milieu. Land Use Policy, 88: 1–13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104155
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[3] Ariya, G., Wishitemi, B., and Sitati, N. 2017. Tourism Destination Attractiveness as Perceived by Tourists Visiting Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya. International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality, 3(4): 1–13.
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[7] Boivin, M. and Tanguay, G.A. 2019. Analysis of the determinants of urban tourism attractiveness: The case of Québec City and Bordeaux. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11: 67–79.
[8] Borzyszkowski, J. 2005. Polityka turystyczna państwa, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Politechniki Koszalińskiej: Koszalin. (in Polish)
[9] Cheng, T.M., Wu, H.C. and Huang, L.M. 2012. The influence of place attachment on the relationship between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior for island tourism in Penghu, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8): 1166–1187.
[10] Cracolici, M.F. and Nijkamp, P. 2009. The attractiveness and competitiveness of tourist destinations: A study of Southern Italian regions. Tourism Management, 30(3): 336–344.
[11] Crouch, G. 2011. Destination competitiveness: An analysis of determinant attributes. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1).
[12] Cugno, M., Grimmer, M. and Viassone, M. 2012. Measuring Local Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of Italy. ANZAM.
[13] Dębski, M. and Niemczak, K. 2015. The importance of the region’s tourism attractiveness in the management of a hotel’s promotional activities. International Journal of Contemporary Management Volume, 14 (4): 111–129, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4467/24498939IJCM.15.013.4492
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[15] Dwyer, L. and Kim, C. 2003. Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5): 369–414.
[16] Edgell, D., DelMastro Allen, M., Smith, G., and Swanson, J. 2008. Tourism policy and planning: yesterday, today, and tommorrow, Elsevier: Oxford.
[17] Elliott, J. 1997. Tourism, politics and public sector management. Routledge: London.
[18] Enright, M.J. and Newton, J. 2005. Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in Asia Pacific: Comprehensiveness and universality. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4): 339–350.
[19] Fayos-Solá, E. 1996. Tourism policy: a midsummer night’s dream? Tourism Management, 17(6): 405–412.
[20] Fredman, P. and Tyrväinen, L. 2010. Frontiers in nature-based tourism. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(3): 177–189. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2010.502365
[21] Garcia, F.A. 2014. A comparative study of the evolution of tourism policy in Spain and Portugal. Tourism Management Perspectives, 11: 34–50.
[22] Goeldner, C.R., Ritchie, J.R.B. 2003. Tourism, Principles, Practices, Philosophies, 9th ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New Jersey.
[23] Guo, Y., Jiang, Li., S. 2019. A Sustainable Tourism Policy Research Review, Sustainability, 11, 3187. DOI: 10.3390/su11113187
[24] Hall, C.M., Jenkins, J. 2004. Tourism and public policy. In A Companion to Tourism, Lew, A.A., Hall, C.M., Williams, A.M., Eds., Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: Oxford, UK, 525–540.
[25] Hezri, A.A. 2004. Sustainability indicator system and policy processes in Malaysia: a framework for utilisation and learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 73: 357–371.
[26] Hu, Y., Ritchie, J.R.B. 1993. Measuring destination attractiveness: A contextual approach. Journal of Travel Research, 32(2): 25–34.
[27] Klarin, T. 2014. Croatian fiscal policy and sustainable tourism development, An Enterprise Odyssey. International Conference Proceedings, University of Zagreb, Zagreb.
[28] Klufova, R. 2016. Destination attractiveness of the South Bohemian region from the viewpoint of spatial data analysis. Deturope, 8(1): 92–111.
[29] Knezevic, R. 2008. Contents and Assessment of Basic Tourism Resources. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14(1): 79–94.
[30] Koens, K., Postma, A. and Papp, B. 2018. Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context. Sustainability, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
[31] Kučerová, J. and Makovník, T. 2009. Regional tourism policy in Slovakia. E+M Ekonomie a Management, 1: 6–13.
[32] Kurek, W. 2007. Turystyka, PWN: Warszawa.
[33] Lai, W.-H., Vinh, N.Q. 2013. An Apllication of AHP Approach to Investigate Tourism Promotional Effectiveness. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 19(1): 1–22.
[34] Lane, B. 2009. Rural tourism: An Overview. In Robinson, M and Jamal, T (Eds), The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies, Sage Publications: London, 354–370.
[35] Łapko, A. 2015. Turystyka żeglarska. BEL Studio: Warszawa.
[36] Leask, A. 2010. Progress in visitor attraction research: Towards more effective management. Tourism Management, 2: 155–166.
[37] Lee, C., Chen, P., Huang, H. 2014. Attributes of Destination Attractiveness in Taiwanese Bicycle Tourism: The Perspective of Active Experienced Bicycle Tourists. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 15(3): 275–279.
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[39] Lew, A.A. 1987. A framework of tourist attraction research. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(4): 553–575.
[40] Lin, C.H., Morais, B., Kerstetter, D.L. and Hou, J.S. 2007. Examining the role of cognitive and affective image in predicting choice across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4): 183–194.
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[42] Marczak, M. 2018. Zarządzanie marką obszaru recepcji turystycznej przez narodowe organizacje turystyczne. CeDeWu. (in Polish)
[43] Margaryan, L. 2016. Nature as a commercial setting: The case of nature-based tourism providers in Sweden. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–19. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1232378.
[44] Mathews, H.G 1975. International Tourism and Political Science Research. Annals of Tourism Research, 2: 195–203.
[45] Mayo, E., Jarvis, L. 1981. Psychology of leisure travel. CABI Publishing: Boston.
[46] Mazur, E. 2002. Geografia turystyczna. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego: Szczecin.
[47] Mc-Intyre, G., Hetherington, A. and Inskeep, E. 1993. Sustainable tourism development: guide for local planners. Madrid: UNWTO.
[48] Meng, X., Siriwardana, M. and Pham, T. 2013. A CGE assessment of Singapore's tourism policies. Tourism Management, 34: 25–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.006
[49] Metodijeski, D. and Temelkov, Z. 2014. Tourism policy of Balkan countries: Review of national tourism development strategies. UTMS Journal of Economics, 5(2): 231–239.
[50] Middleton, V.T.C. 2001. Marketing in Travel and Tourism, (3 ed.); Butterworth-Heinemann: London.
[51] Mill, R.C., Morrison, A.M. 1985. The Tourism System: An Introductory Text, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
[52] Oklevik, O., et al. 2019. Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: a case study of activities in Fjord Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12): 1804-1824.
[53] Page, S., Connell, J. 2009. Tourism. A Modern Synthesis, Cengage Learning EMEA: London.
[54] Pallavicini, J.A.C. 2017. Factors Influencing Tourism Destinations Attractiveness the Case of Malaga. Master Thesis, MSc. European Spatial Planning, Environmental Policy and Regional Development Radboud University, Nijmegen – Blekinge Technical School, Karlskrona.
[55] Panasiuk, A. 2019. Tourism management by public administration institutions. Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces, 51(2): 364–376.
[56] Ramukumba, T. 2019. Analysing tourism stakeholder’s perceptions of the attractiveness and competitiveness of the Garden Route as a tourist destination. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8(1).
[57] Ritchie, B.J., Crouch, G.I. 2005. The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. CABI Publishing: Wallingford.
[58] Ritchie, J.R.B., Crouch, G.I. 2003. The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. CABI Pub NY: New York.
[59] Scott, N. 2011. Tourism Policy: A Strategic Review. Goodfellow Publishers: Oxford.
[60] Sheppard, V.A., Fennell, D.A. 2019. Progress in tourism public sector policy: Toward an ethic for non-human animals, Tourism Management, 73: 134-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.017
[61] Shuraiki, T. 2012. Tourism policy. Polityka Gospodarcza, 5-6: 274–283.
[62] Sijlbing, H.A. 2010. Does sustainable tourism offer solutions for the protection of the Amazon rainforest in Suriname? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(2): 192–200.
[63] Tardivo, G., Viassone, M. 2009. How attractive are Italian regions for foreign investment? Methodological approach. Journal of Financial Management and Analysis, 22(1): 48–60.
[64] Van Raaij, W.F. 1986. Consumer research on tourism: Mental and behavioral constructs. Annals of Tourism Research, 13: 1–9.
[65] Vejsiu, I. and Stafasani, M. 2017. Biodiversity effect in ecotourism, The Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, special issue, 271–276.
[66] Vengesayi, S. 2003. A conceptual model of tourism destination competitiveness and attractiveness, ANZMAC Conference Proceedings, Adelaide, University of South Australia, 1-3 December, 637–647.
[67] Vengesayi, S., Mavondo, F.T., Reisinger, Y. 2009. Tourism destination attractiveness: attractions, facilities, and people as predictors. Tourism Analysis, 14: 621–636.
[68] Wodejko, S. 1998. Ekonomiczne zagadnienia turystyki, Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Prawa: Warszawa.
[69] Wondirat, A., Ewnetu, B. 2019. Community participation in tourism development as a tool to foster sustainable land and resource use practices in a national park milieu. Land Use Policy, 88: 1–13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104155
[70] Council Decision of 22 December 1986 establishing a consultation and cooperation procedure in the field of tourism (86/664/EEC).
[71] Members states’ annual tourism reporting, European Commission, 2016–2018.
Published
2020-08-30
How to Cite
MARCZAK, Mirosław; BORZYSZKOWSKI, Jacek.
Are Natural Resources Important Elements in The National Tourism Policy? Examples of European Countries.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 5, p. 1200-1214, aug. 2020.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/5476>. Date accessed: 05 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.5(45).17.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.