Assessing the Environmental Policy of a Natural Protected Area Using Visitor Opinions. Case Study of Parnassos National Park, Greece
Abstract
Protected Areas (PAs) represent attractive destinations for visitors that seek contact with the natural environment, biodiversity, and cultural heritages. To manage PAs holistically (i.e., maintenance, protection, and sustainable development), managers must know the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of visitors. Here, questionnaire responses were used to investigate the profile, environmental perception, knowledge, and behaviour of two categories of visitors in the Parnassos National Park (Greece): summer visitors and winter visitors. Based on the questionnaires, compared to winter respondents (WR), summer respondents (SR) had a higher level of education, environmental knowledge, and environmental awareness. Most visitors (SR and WR combined) stated that they were willing to contribute financially to the protection, conservation of biodiversity, and maintenance of infrastructure in this PA. Based on our results, managers should place focus on attracting more summer visitors when shaping the future environmental policy of this PA. Examples of potential sustainable activities for summer visitors include educational trails, hiking trails, and climbing routes that incorporate the operation of ski lifts (for scenic rides up and walks down), as well as environmental activities drawing on local culture.
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[28] Latinopoulos, D. 2020. The Role of Ecotourism in the Prespa National Park in Greece. Evidence from a Travel Cost Method and Hoteliers’ Perceptions. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 8(40): 1731-1741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.8(40).03
[29] Machairas, I.,Hovardas, T. 2005. Determining visitors’ dispositions toward the designation of a Greek National Park. Environmental Management, 36(1): 73–88. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0251-7
[30] Manning, R. 2001. Programs that work. Visitor experience and resource protection: A framework for managing the carrying capacity of national parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(1): 93–108. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17662
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[32] Martinis, A., Kabassi, K., Dimitriadou, C., and Karris. G. 2018. Pupils’ environmental awareness of natural protected areas: The case of Zakynthos Island. Applied Environmental Education and Communication. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2017.1366883
[33] Matos, D. G. G., Díaz, P., Ruiz-Labourdette, D., Rodríguez, A. J., Santana, A., Schmitz, M. F., and Pineda, F. D. 2014. Environmental valuation by the local population and visitors for zoning a protected area. Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, 187: 1743-3541. DOI: https://doi.org:10.2495/ST140131
[34] Moyle, B.D., et al. 2017. Assessing preferences of potential visitors for nature-based experiences in protected areas. Tourism Management, 62: 29–41. DOI: http//:doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.010
[35] Nezis, N. 2010. Τα Ελληνικά Βoυνά (The Greek Mountains). Αθήνα: Ελληνική Ομoσπoνδία Ορειβασίας Αναρρίχησης (ΕΟΟΑ) (in Greek)
[36] Nuno, A., and St. John, F. A. V. 2015. How to ask sensitive questions in conservation: A review of specialized questioning techniques. Biological Conservation, 189: 5–15. DOI: https://doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.047
[37] Ormsby, A. 2008. Development of environmental education programs for protected areas in Madagascar. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 6(3-4): 223–232. DOI: https://doi:org:10.1080/15330150801944515
[38] Ozturk, A., Saglam, B., and Barli, O. 2010. Attitudes and perceptions of rural people towards forest protection within the scope of participatory forest management: A case study from Artvin, Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(12): 1399–1411. DOI: https://doi:org/10.5897/AJPP10.415
[39] Petrosillo, I., et al. 2007. Tourist perception of recreational environment and management in a marine protected area. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79: 29–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.02.017
[40] Petrovic, J., Tomicevic-Dubljevic, J., and Stavretovic, N. 2016. Understanding summer visitors and their attitudes to the Kopaonik National Park, Serbia. Baltic Forestry, 22(2): 315–326. http://www.balticforestry.mi.lt
[41] Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, A., Cent J., Grodzińska-Jurczak, M., and Szymańska, M. 2012. Factors influencing perception of protected areas—the case of Natura 2000 in Polish Carpathian communities. Journal for Nature Conservation, 20(5): 284–292. DOI: https://doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2012.05.005
[42] Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., Abell, R., Brooks, T. M., Gittleman, J. L., Joppa, L. N. 2014. The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution and protection. Science, 334(6187). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246752
[43] Preslmair, R. 2012. Austria, Ministry of Environment: Sustainable tourism in Austria. Conference proceeding: Ecotourism carbontour, 10-12-2012, Athens, p. 22. Retrieved from http://uest.ntua.gr/carbontour/uploads/proceedingsweb.pdf.
[44] Queiroz, R. E, Guerreiro, J, and Ventura, M. A. 2014. Demand of the tourists visiting protected areas in small oceanic islands: the Azores case-study (Portugal). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 16: 1119–1135. DOI: https://doi.org:10.1007/s10668-014-9516-y
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[46] Saterberg, T., Sellman, S., and Ebenman, B. 2013. High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks. Nature, 499: 468–470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12277
[47] Schmitz, M. F., De Aranzabal, I., and Pineda, F.D. 2007. Spatial analysis of visitor preferences in the outdoor recreational niche of Mediterranean cultural landscapes. Environmental Conservation, 34: 300–312. DOI:https://doi:org:10.1017/S0376892907004249
[48] Szell, A., and Hallett, L. 2013. Attitudes and perceptions of local residents and tourists toward the Protected Area of Retezat National Park, Romania. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(4): 18–34.
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Published
2020-06-05
How to Cite
MARTINIS, Aristotelis.
Assessing the Environmental Policy of a Natural Protected Area Using Visitor Opinions. Case Study of Parnassos National Park, Greece.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 3, p. 501-512, june 2020.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/4914>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.3(43).01.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.