Effectiveness of Ecotourism Sector-Based Economic Strengthening Models for Local Community Entrepreneurial Competencies
Abstract
The economic injustice and the imbalance of natural resources resulting from tourism exploitation requires other alternatives in its management, such as ecotourism. However, this demand can only be realized if from the beginning, the community has been prepared to be a major player in the ecotourism management. The present study aimed at discussing a model of economic empowerment based on leading ecotourism sectors towards the competency of local community entrepreneurs. This study uses a pre-trial procedure by designing a group pretest-posttest. Samples were drawn from the jewelry, cultivation, culinary and souvenir ecotourism product business groups chosen purposively. The data were collected with project-based assessment and the analyzed comparatively. The new model consists of 5 (five) main components, namely: objectives, targets, materials, procedures, and evaluations. The products consist of: community economic improvement guidelines, ecotourism product development modules (crafts, culinary, aquaculture, and souvenirs), business development and marketing modules, and project production guides. The experiment shows that the ecotourism sector-based economic development model has proven to be effective in the formation of local community entrepreneurship competencies in producing ecotourism products. The implication is that it needs support from the policies makers and the importance of the extension of sustainable economy theory in tourism sector in the Indonesian context.
References
[1] Abdul Razzaq, A.R, Tan, K. H., Mustafa, M. Z. and Bokhari, N. 2017. The secret to a successful homestay development: Lesson from Miso Walai Homestay (MWH) Kinabatangan Sabah, Malaysia. Pertanika Journals of Social Sciences & Humanities, 25 (S) April: 163-170. Available at: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JSSH%20Vol.%2025%20(S)%20Apr.%202017/17%20JSSH(S)-0435-2017-2ndProof.pdf.
[2] Ardika, I. G. 2003. Development of ecotourism in Indonesia. Available at: www.worldtourism.org/sustainable/IYE/Regional_Activites/Maldives/ardika.pdf.
[3] Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., and Razavieh, A. 2010. Introduction to research in education 8th edition, Wardswoth Cengage Learning. Canada: Nelson Education Ltd Exotic Classic.
[4] Arzaky, D., et al. 2001. Nilai-nilai agama dan kearifan lokal suku bangsa Sasak dalam pluralisme kehidupan bermasyarakat. Mataram: Bina Mandiri.
[5] Bergh, V.V.D., et al. 2006. New assessment modes within project-based education-The Stakeholderes. Studies in educational evaluation, 32(4): 345-368, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2006.10.005
[6] Bhuiyan, A.H., Siwar, C., Ismail, S.M., and Islam, R. 2011.The Role of government for ecotourism development: Focusing on east coast economic region. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4): 557-564, DOI:https://doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2011.557.564
[7] Borg, W.R. and Gall, M.D. 1983. Educational Research: An Introduction (4th ed.). New York: Longman, Inc.
[8] Boruologo, I.S. 2004. Penguatan ekonomi kaum ibu sebagai upaya memutus mata rantai kemiskinan. MIMBAR: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 23(2): 288-299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v23i2.246
[9] Central Bureau of Statistics of West Lombok Regency. 2019. Poverty Indicators 2014-2018. Available at: https://lombokbaratkab.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2019/10/16/70/indikator-kemiskinan-2014-2018.html
[10] Fiorello, A., and Bo, D. 2012. Community-based ecotourism to meet the new tourist's expectations: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality marketing & management, 21(7): 758-778. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.624293
[11] Grounlund, N.E. and Waugh, C.K. 2009. Assess- ment of student achievement (9th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
[12] Gurung, D. B., and Scholz, R. W. 2008. Community-based ecotourism in Bhutan: expert evaluation of stakeholder-based scenarios. The International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 15(5): 397-411. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3843/SusDev.15.5:1
[13] Hatta, M. F. 2004. Membangun ketahanan budaya bangsa melalui kesenian. Majalah Perencanaan Pembangungan, 9(6): 75-77.
[14] Hill, J.L., and Hill, R.A. 2011. Ecotourism in amazonian Peru: Uniting tourism, conservation and community development. Geography, 96 (2): 75-85.
[15] Horton, L. R. 2009. Buying up nature: Economic and social impacts of Costa Rica's ecotourism boom. Latin American Perspectives, 36(3): 93-107. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X09334299
[16] Lima, I. B., et al. 2016. Ecotourism community enterprises and ethno development: modelling the Kalunga empowerment possibilities in the Brazilian savannah. Brazilian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 1. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40552-016-0013-8
[17] Liu, W., et al. 2012. Drivers and socioeconomic impacts of tourism participation in protected areas. PLoS ONE, 7(4): 1-14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035420
[18] Moreno, P. S. 2005. Ecotourism along the Meso-American Caribbean Reef: the impacts of foreign investment. Human Ecology, 33(2): 217-244. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-005-2433-9.
[19] Nugroho, I., et al. 2016. Promoting the rural development through the ecotourism activities in Indonesia. American Journal of Tourism Management, 5(1): 9-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.tourism.20160501.02
[20] Ramele, R., et al. 2017. The Evolution of Homestay Tourism in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 25 (S): 301-306.
[21] Ramos, A. M., and Prideaux, B. 2014. Indigenous ecotourism in the Mayan rainforest of Palenque: empowerment issues in sustainable development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3): 461-479. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.828730
[22] Sangpikul, A., and Batra, A. 2007. Ecotourism: a perspective from Thai youths. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 6(1): 81-85. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.61.153
[23] Satyanarayana, B., et al. 2012. A socio-ecological assessment aiming at improved forest resource management and sustainable ecotourism development in the mangroves of Tanbi Wetland National Park, The Gambia, West Africa. Ambio, 41(5): 513-526. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0248-7
[24] Scheyvens, R. 2007. Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus. In M. C. Hall (Ed.), Pro-poor tourism: Who benefits? Perspectives on tourism and poverty reduction (1–8). Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications.
[25] Sobarna, A. 2003. Konsep pemberdayaan ekonomi bagi masyarakat miskin perkotaan. Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 19(3): 316-329. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v19i3.111
[26] Sthapornnanon, N., Sakulbumrungsil, R., Theeraroungchaisri, A., and Watcharadamrongkun, S. 2009. Social constructivist learning environment in an online professional practice course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73(1), 10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5688/aj730110
[27] Stone, M. T. 2015. Community-based ecotourism: A collaborative partnerships perspective. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(2-3): 166-184. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1023309
[28] Stone, M., and Wall, G. 2004. Ecotourism and community development: case studies from Hainan, China. Environmental management, 33(1): 12-24 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-3029-z
[29] Sukardi, S. 2017. Efektivitas Model Prakarya dan Kewirausahaan Berbasis Ekonomi Kreatif Berdimensi Industri Keunggulan Lokal terhadap Keinovatifan Siswa. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 36(2): 267-279. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v1i1.8381
[30] Sukardi, S., Ismail, M., and Novi Suryanti, N. M. 2014. Model Pendidikan Kewirausahaan Berbasis Keterampilan Lokalbagi Anak Putus Sekolah pada Masyarakat Marginal. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 33(3): 402-412. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v3i3.2384
[31] Sukardi, S., Wildan, Fahrurrozi, M. 2019. Vocational education: A missing link for the competitive graduates? International Education Studies, 12(11): 26-35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n11p26
[32] Trofimenko, O., and Djafarova, E. 2011. Development and opportunities for ecotourism in Russia. Tourism in South East Europe.
[33] Westlund, H. and Gawel, M. 2012. Building Social Capital for Social Entrepreneurship. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 83(1): 101 - 116.
[34] Wildan, W., Sukardi, S., and Syuaeb, M. Z. 2016. The feasibility of development of social capital-based ecotourism in West Lombok. Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 32(1): 214 - 222. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v32i1.1757
[35] Zusmelia, Z., Dasrizal, D., and Yeni, E. 2012. Model Pengembangan Enterpreneurship dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rumah Tangga di Minangkabau. MIMBAR, 28(2): 125 - 134. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v28i2.347
[2] Ardika, I. G. 2003. Development of ecotourism in Indonesia. Available at: www.worldtourism.org/sustainable/IYE/Regional_Activites/Maldives/ardika.pdf.
[3] Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., and Razavieh, A. 2010. Introduction to research in education 8th edition, Wardswoth Cengage Learning. Canada: Nelson Education Ltd Exotic Classic.
[4] Arzaky, D., et al. 2001. Nilai-nilai agama dan kearifan lokal suku bangsa Sasak dalam pluralisme kehidupan bermasyarakat. Mataram: Bina Mandiri.
[5] Bergh, V.V.D., et al. 2006. New assessment modes within project-based education-The Stakeholderes. Studies in educational evaluation, 32(4): 345-368, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2006.10.005
[6] Bhuiyan, A.H., Siwar, C., Ismail, S.M., and Islam, R. 2011.The Role of government for ecotourism development: Focusing on east coast economic region. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4): 557-564, DOI:https://doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2011.557.564
[7] Borg, W.R. and Gall, M.D. 1983. Educational Research: An Introduction (4th ed.). New York: Longman, Inc.
[8] Boruologo, I.S. 2004. Penguatan ekonomi kaum ibu sebagai upaya memutus mata rantai kemiskinan. MIMBAR: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 23(2): 288-299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v23i2.246
[9] Central Bureau of Statistics of West Lombok Regency. 2019. Poverty Indicators 2014-2018. Available at: https://lombokbaratkab.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2019/10/16/70/indikator-kemiskinan-2014-2018.html
[10] Fiorello, A., and Bo, D. 2012. Community-based ecotourism to meet the new tourist's expectations: An exploratory study. Journal of Hospitality marketing & management, 21(7): 758-778. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.624293
[11] Grounlund, N.E. and Waugh, C.K. 2009. Assess- ment of student achievement (9th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
[12] Gurung, D. B., and Scholz, R. W. 2008. Community-based ecotourism in Bhutan: expert evaluation of stakeholder-based scenarios. The International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 15(5): 397-411. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3843/SusDev.15.5:1
[13] Hatta, M. F. 2004. Membangun ketahanan budaya bangsa melalui kesenian. Majalah Perencanaan Pembangungan, 9(6): 75-77.
[14] Hill, J.L., and Hill, R.A. 2011. Ecotourism in amazonian Peru: Uniting tourism, conservation and community development. Geography, 96 (2): 75-85.
[15] Horton, L. R. 2009. Buying up nature: Economic and social impacts of Costa Rica's ecotourism boom. Latin American Perspectives, 36(3): 93-107. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X09334299
[16] Lima, I. B., et al. 2016. Ecotourism community enterprises and ethno development: modelling the Kalunga empowerment possibilities in the Brazilian savannah. Brazilian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 1. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40552-016-0013-8
[17] Liu, W., et al. 2012. Drivers and socioeconomic impacts of tourism participation in protected areas. PLoS ONE, 7(4): 1-14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035420
[18] Moreno, P. S. 2005. Ecotourism along the Meso-American Caribbean Reef: the impacts of foreign investment. Human Ecology, 33(2): 217-244. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-005-2433-9.
[19] Nugroho, I., et al. 2016. Promoting the rural development through the ecotourism activities in Indonesia. American Journal of Tourism Management, 5(1): 9-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.tourism.20160501.02
[20] Ramele, R., et al. 2017. The Evolution of Homestay Tourism in Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 25 (S): 301-306.
[21] Ramos, A. M., and Prideaux, B. 2014. Indigenous ecotourism in the Mayan rainforest of Palenque: empowerment issues in sustainable development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3): 461-479. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.828730
[22] Sangpikul, A., and Batra, A. 2007. Ecotourism: a perspective from Thai youths. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 6(1): 81-85. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.61.153
[23] Satyanarayana, B., et al. 2012. A socio-ecological assessment aiming at improved forest resource management and sustainable ecotourism development in the mangroves of Tanbi Wetland National Park, The Gambia, West Africa. Ambio, 41(5): 513-526. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0248-7
[24] Scheyvens, R. 2007. Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus. In M. C. Hall (Ed.), Pro-poor tourism: Who benefits? Perspectives on tourism and poverty reduction (1–8). Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications.
[25] Sobarna, A. 2003. Konsep pemberdayaan ekonomi bagi masyarakat miskin perkotaan. Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 19(3): 316-329. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v19i3.111
[26] Sthapornnanon, N., Sakulbumrungsil, R., Theeraroungchaisri, A., and Watcharadamrongkun, S. 2009. Social constructivist learning environment in an online professional practice course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73(1), 10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5688/aj730110
[27] Stone, M. T. 2015. Community-based ecotourism: A collaborative partnerships perspective. Journal of Ecotourism, 14(2-3): 166-184. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2015.1023309
[28] Stone, M., and Wall, G. 2004. Ecotourism and community development: case studies from Hainan, China. Environmental management, 33(1): 12-24 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-3029-z
[29] Sukardi, S. 2017. Efektivitas Model Prakarya dan Kewirausahaan Berbasis Ekonomi Kreatif Berdimensi Industri Keunggulan Lokal terhadap Keinovatifan Siswa. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 36(2): 267-279. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v1i1.8381
[30] Sukardi, S., Ismail, M., and Novi Suryanti, N. M. 2014. Model Pendidikan Kewirausahaan Berbasis Keterampilan Lokalbagi Anak Putus Sekolah pada Masyarakat Marginal. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 33(3): 402-412. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v3i3.2384
[31] Sukardi, S., Wildan, Fahrurrozi, M. 2019. Vocational education: A missing link for the competitive graduates? International Education Studies, 12(11): 26-35. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n11p26
[32] Trofimenko, O., and Djafarova, E. 2011. Development and opportunities for ecotourism in Russia. Tourism in South East Europe.
[33] Westlund, H. and Gawel, M. 2012. Building Social Capital for Social Entrepreneurship. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 83(1): 101 - 116.
[34] Wildan, W., Sukardi, S., and Syuaeb, M. Z. 2016. The feasibility of development of social capital-based ecotourism in West Lombok. Mimbar: Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan, 32(1): 214 - 222. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v32i1.1757
[35] Zusmelia, Z., Dasrizal, D., and Yeni, E. 2012. Model Pengembangan Enterpreneurship dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rumah Tangga di Minangkabau. MIMBAR, 28(2): 125 - 134. DOI:https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v28i2.347
Published
2020-05-01
How to Cite
WILDAN, WILDAN; SUKARDI, SUKARDI.
Effectiveness of Ecotourism Sector-Based Economic Strengthening Models for Local Community Entrepreneurial Competencies.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 2, p. 314-321, may 2020.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/4701>. Date accessed: 27 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.2(42).09.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.