Conceptual Framework to Improve Carbon Performance via Carbon Strategies and Carbon Accounting
Abstract
Rapid transformation from agriculture to industrialized economy in Malaysia has evidently attributed to the accelerated increase in carbon emissions. Carbon emission growth that led to climate change is a very complex spectacle and that is when carbon accounting has emerged. The emergence of carbon accounting has assisted and motivates organizations in achieving their carbon reduction objectives because the system is considered essential in combating climate change. Despite that, the accounting methodology used for climate change remains poorly understood in the current business sphere. As such, it is argued that if carbon strategy is deliberated properly by an organization, carbon accounting will effectively outlines the effects on carbon performance. Enhancing profits is the focal point, but the focus on the sustainable development of the business in the future is crucial. This paper discusses interlinks of corporate carbon strategies, carbon accounting and carbon performance of organizations in Malaysia.
References
[1] Alrazi, B., and Husin, N. M. 2016. Institutional Governance Framework for Determining Carbon-related Accounting Practices: An Exploratory Study of Electricity Generating Companies in Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 32(1). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/32/1/012063
[2] Andrew, J., and Cortese, C. 2011. Accounting for climate change and the self-regulation of carbon disclosures. Accounting Forum, 35(3): 130–138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2011.06.006
[3] Bakar, N. A., Abdullah, H., Ibrahim, F. W., and Jali, M. R. M. 2017. Green economy: Evaluation of Malaysian company environmental sustainability. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2): 139–143.
[4] Begum, R.A 2017. Tackling Climate Change and Malaysia's Emission Reduction Target. Available at: http://magazine.scientificmalaysian.com/issue-13-2017/tackling-climate-change-malaysias-emission-reduction-target/
[5] Burritt, R. L., and Tingey-Holyoak, J. 2012. Forging cleaner production: The importance of academic-practitioner links for successful sustainability embedded carbon accounting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 36: 39–47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.001
[6] Cadez, S., and Guilding, C. 2017. Examining distinct carbon cost structures and climate change abatement strategies in CO2polluting firms. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 30(5): 1041–1064. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-03-2015-2009
[7] Cadez, S., and Guilding, C. 2012. Strategy , strategic management accounting and performance: a configurational analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(3): 484–501. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571211210086
[8] Damert, M., Paul, A., and Baumgartner, R. J. 2017. Exploring the determinants and long-term performance outcomes of corporate carbon strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 160: 123–138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.206
[9] Daud, Z. M., Mohamed, N., and Abas, N. 2015. Public knowledge of climate change : Malaysia ’ s perspective. International Conference on Human Capital and Knowledge Management.
[10] Gallego-Álvarez, I., Rodríguez-Domínguez, L., and García-Sánchez, I. M. 2011. Study of some explanatory factors in the opportunities arising from climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(9–10): 912–926. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.012
[11] Gibassier, D., and Schaltegger, S. 2015. Carbon management accounting and reporting in practice. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 6(3): 340–365. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-02-2015-0014
[12] Hart, S. L., and Dowell, G. 2011. A natural-resource-based view of the firm: Fifteen years after. Journal of Management, 37(5): 1464–1479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310390219
[13] Kasbun, N. F., Teh, B. H., and Ong, T. S. 2016. Sustainability reporting and financial performance of Malaysian public listed companies. Institutions and Economies, 8(4).
[14] Lewandowski, S. 2017. Corporate Carbon and Financial Performance: The Role of Emission Reductions. Business Strategy and Environment. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1978
[15] Lohmann, L. 2009. Toward a different debate in environmental accounting: The cases of carbon and cost-benefit. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(3–4): 499–534. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2008.03.002
[16] Luo, L., and Tang, Q. 2014. Does voluntary carbon disclosure reflect underlying carbon performance? Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 10(3): 191–205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2014.08.003
[17] Luo, L., and Tang, Q. 2016. Determinants of the Quality of Corporate Carbon Management Systems: An International Study. International Journal of Accounting, 51(2): 275–305. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2016.04.007
[18] Ong, T., Teh, B., Goh, H., and Thai, S. 2015) ISO 14001 Certification and Financial Performance of Companies. Asia Pacific Management Accounting Journal, 10(2): 58–77.
[19] Ong, T. S., Heng Teh, B., Ng, S. H., and Soh, W. N. 2016. Environmental Management System and Financial Performance. Institutions and Economies, 8(2): 26–52.
[20] Ong, T. S., Magsi, H. B., and Burgess, T. F. 2019. Organisational Culture , Environmental Management Control Systems , Environmental Performance of Pakistani Manufacturing Industry. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, (1741-0401). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-05-2018-0187
[21] Perego, P., and Hartmann, F. 2009. Aligning Performance Measurement Systems With Strategy : The Case of Environmental Strategy, 45(4): 397–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2009.00297.x
[22] Phan, T. N., Baird, K., and Su, S. 2017. The use and effectiveness of environmental management accounting. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 24(4): 355–374. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2017.1354235
[23] Saka, C., and Oshika, T. 2014. Disclosure effects, carbon emissions and corporate value. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 5(1): 22–45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-09-2012-0030
[24] Schaltegger, S., and Csutora, M. 2012. Carbon accounting for sustainability and management. Status quo and challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 36: 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.024
[25] Schaltegger, S., Gibassier, D., and Zvezdov, D. 2013. Is environmental management accounting a discipline? A bibliometric literature review. Meditary Accountancy Research, 21(1): 4–31. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-12-2012-0039
[26] Tang, Q. 2017. Framework for and the Role of Carbon Accounting in Corporate Carbon Management Systems: A Holistic Approach. Ssrn, 1–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2903366
[27] Toms, S. 2010. Value, Profit and Risk: Accounting and The Resource-Based View of the Firm. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 23(5): 647–670. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/09513571011054927
[28] Wahyuni, D., and Ratnatunga, J. 2015. Carbon strategies and management practices in an uncertain carbonomic environment - Lessons learned from the coal-face. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96: 397–406. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.095
[29] Wijethilake, C., Munir, R., and Appuhami, R. 2016. Environmental Innovation Strategy and Organizational Performance: Enabling and Controlling Uses of Management Control Systems. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3259-7
[30] Wolff, E., et al. 2014. Climate Change Evidence & Causes. National Acedemy of Sciences, 36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17226/18730
[31] *** World Economic Forum. 2017. The Global Risks Report 2017 12th Edition. Insight Report.
[32]***Yale University. 2018. 2018 Environmental Performance Index. DOI:https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34995.12328
[2] Andrew, J., and Cortese, C. 2011. Accounting for climate change and the self-regulation of carbon disclosures. Accounting Forum, 35(3): 130–138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2011.06.006
[3] Bakar, N. A., Abdullah, H., Ibrahim, F. W., and Jali, M. R. M. 2017. Green economy: Evaluation of Malaysian company environmental sustainability. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(2): 139–143.
[4] Begum, R.A 2017. Tackling Climate Change and Malaysia's Emission Reduction Target. Available at: http://magazine.scientificmalaysian.com/issue-13-2017/tackling-climate-change-malaysias-emission-reduction-target/
[5] Burritt, R. L., and Tingey-Holyoak, J. 2012. Forging cleaner production: The importance of academic-practitioner links for successful sustainability embedded carbon accounting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 36: 39–47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.001
[6] Cadez, S., and Guilding, C. 2017. Examining distinct carbon cost structures and climate change abatement strategies in CO2polluting firms. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 30(5): 1041–1064. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-03-2015-2009
[7] Cadez, S., and Guilding, C. 2012. Strategy , strategic management accounting and performance: a configurational analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(3): 484–501. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571211210086
[8] Damert, M., Paul, A., and Baumgartner, R. J. 2017. Exploring the determinants and long-term performance outcomes of corporate carbon strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 160: 123–138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.206
[9] Daud, Z. M., Mohamed, N., and Abas, N. 2015. Public knowledge of climate change : Malaysia ’ s perspective. International Conference on Human Capital and Knowledge Management.
[10] Gallego-Álvarez, I., Rodríguez-Domínguez, L., and García-Sánchez, I. M. 2011. Study of some explanatory factors in the opportunities arising from climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(9–10): 912–926. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.02.012
[11] Gibassier, D., and Schaltegger, S. 2015. Carbon management accounting and reporting in practice. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 6(3): 340–365. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-02-2015-0014
[12] Hart, S. L., and Dowell, G. 2011. A natural-resource-based view of the firm: Fifteen years after. Journal of Management, 37(5): 1464–1479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310390219
[13] Kasbun, N. F., Teh, B. H., and Ong, T. S. 2016. Sustainability reporting and financial performance of Malaysian public listed companies. Institutions and Economies, 8(4).
[14] Lewandowski, S. 2017. Corporate Carbon and Financial Performance: The Role of Emission Reductions. Business Strategy and Environment. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1978
[15] Lohmann, L. 2009. Toward a different debate in environmental accounting: The cases of carbon and cost-benefit. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(3–4): 499–534. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2008.03.002
[16] Luo, L., and Tang, Q. 2014. Does voluntary carbon disclosure reflect underlying carbon performance? Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 10(3): 191–205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2014.08.003
[17] Luo, L., and Tang, Q. 2016. Determinants of the Quality of Corporate Carbon Management Systems: An International Study. International Journal of Accounting, 51(2): 275–305. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2016.04.007
[18] Ong, T., Teh, B., Goh, H., and Thai, S. 2015) ISO 14001 Certification and Financial Performance of Companies. Asia Pacific Management Accounting Journal, 10(2): 58–77.
[19] Ong, T. S., Heng Teh, B., Ng, S. H., and Soh, W. N. 2016. Environmental Management System and Financial Performance. Institutions and Economies, 8(2): 26–52.
[20] Ong, T. S., Magsi, H. B., and Burgess, T. F. 2019. Organisational Culture , Environmental Management Control Systems , Environmental Performance of Pakistani Manufacturing Industry. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, (1741-0401). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-05-2018-0187
[21] Perego, P., and Hartmann, F. 2009. Aligning Performance Measurement Systems With Strategy : The Case of Environmental Strategy, 45(4): 397–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2009.00297.x
[22] Phan, T. N., Baird, K., and Su, S. 2017. The use and effectiveness of environmental management accounting. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 24(4): 355–374. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2017.1354235
[23] Saka, C., and Oshika, T. 2014. Disclosure effects, carbon emissions and corporate value. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 5(1): 22–45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-09-2012-0030
[24] Schaltegger, S., and Csutora, M. 2012. Carbon accounting for sustainability and management. Status quo and challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 36: 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.024
[25] Schaltegger, S., Gibassier, D., and Zvezdov, D. 2013. Is environmental management accounting a discipline? A bibliometric literature review. Meditary Accountancy Research, 21(1): 4–31. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-12-2012-0039
[26] Tang, Q. 2017. Framework for and the Role of Carbon Accounting in Corporate Carbon Management Systems: A Holistic Approach. Ssrn, 1–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2903366
[27] Toms, S. 2010. Value, Profit and Risk: Accounting and The Resource-Based View of the Firm. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 23(5): 647–670. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1108/09513571011054927
[28] Wahyuni, D., and Ratnatunga, J. 2015. Carbon strategies and management practices in an uncertain carbonomic environment - Lessons learned from the coal-face. Journal of Cleaner Production, 96: 397–406. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.095
[29] Wijethilake, C., Munir, R., and Appuhami, R. 2016. Environmental Innovation Strategy and Organizational Performance: Enabling and Controlling Uses of Management Control Systems. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3259-7
[30] Wolff, E., et al. 2014. Climate Change Evidence & Causes. National Acedemy of Sciences, 36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17226/18730
[31] *** World Economic Forum. 2017. The Global Risks Report 2017 12th Edition. Insight Report.
[32]***Yale University. 2018. 2018 Environmental Performance Index. DOI:https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34995.12328
Published
2020-02-26
How to Cite
KASBUN, Nur Fatin et al.
Conceptual Framework to Improve Carbon Performance via Carbon Strategies and Carbon Accounting.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 8, p. 1918-1923, feb. 2020.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/4410>. Date accessed: 26 july 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.8(40).21.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2025 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2025. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.