SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MATCH 2011 EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI AND FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT IN JAPAN
Abstract
On March 11, 2011 the strongest recorded in Japan earthquake occurred which triggered a powerful tsunami and caused a nuclear accident in the Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Plant Station. The triple 2011 disaster has had immense impacts on people life, health and property, social infrastructure and economy, agri-food chains, natural and institutional environment, etc. in North-eastern Japan and beyond Due to the scale of the disasters and the number of affected agents, the effects’ multiplicities, spillovers, and long time horizon, the constant evolution of the nuclear crisis, the lack of “full” information and models of analysis, etc. the overall impacts of the 2011 disasters is far from being completely evaluated. Besides most information and publications are in Japanese. The goal of this paper is to assess the socio-economic and environmental impact of Match 2011 earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan. Firstly, a short description of the three events is presented. Next, the overall impacts on population, health and displacement assessed. Third, the effects of economy are evaluated. After that, diverse impacts on agri-food chains are presented. Finally, the impact on natural environment is assessed. A wide range of official governmental, farmers, industry and international organisations, and Tokyo Electric Power Company data as well as information from publications in media, research and experts reports, etc. have been extensively used.References
[1] Abe, S. (2014). Press Conference by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the Upcoming Third Anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake, March 10, 2014
[2] AlBadri, D. and Gijs, Berends (eds.). (2013): After the Great East Japan Earthquake: Political and Policy Change in PostFukushima Japan. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
[3] Aoki, M. (2012). Cesium contamination in food appears to be on wane, The Japan Times, September 25, 2012.
[4] Akiyama, N., H. Sato, K. Naito, Y. Naoi, T. Katsuta (2012). The Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Crisis Management - Lessons for Japan-U.S. Alliance Cooperation, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
[5] Akimoto, S. (2014). Morphological abnormalities in gall-forming aphids in a radiation-contaminated area near Fukushima Daiichi: selective impact of fallout?, Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd., DOI: 10.1002/ece3.949
[6] Bachev, H., Ito, F. (2013). Impacts of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster on Japanese Agriculture and Food Chains, P. Gorawala and S.i Mandhatri (editors), Agricultural Research Updates, 6: 1-75.
[7] Biggs, S., Sheldrick, A. (2011). Tsunami Slams Japan After Record Earthquake, Killing Hundreds, March 11, 2011, Bloomberg.com.
[8] Bird, W. (2012). As Fukushima Cleanup Begins, Long-term Impacts are Weighed, Biodiversity Energy Forests Policy & Politics Policy & Politics Pollution & Health Asia, January 9, 2012.
[9] Bird, W. (2013). After Fukushima: Japan's new model for farms, The Christian Science Monitor, March 11, 2013.
[10] Busby, C. (2012). Comparing Fukushima releases with Chernobyl,http://www.llrc.org/fukushima/ subtopic/fukuchernobylcomparison2012.pdf
[11] Bullones, C.L. (2013). Fish with 2,500 times legal limit for radiation caught near Fukushima plant, The Japan Daily Press, January 21, 2013.
[12] Burch, K. (2012). Consumer perceptions and behaviors related to radionuclide contaminated food: an exploratory study from Kansai, Japan, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
[13] Brumfiel, G. (2013). Fukushima: Fallout of fear, Nature, January 16 http://www.nature.com/news/ fukushima-fallout-of-fear-1.12194
[14] Buesseler, K. (2014). Fukushima and Ocean Radioactivity, Oceanography, 25 (1): 93-105.
[15] Chino, M., H.Nakayama, H.Nagai. H.Terada, G.Katata, Yamazawa, H. (2011). Preliminary estimation of released amount of 131I and 137Cs accidentally discharged from the Fukushima Daichi nuclear power plant into the atmosphere, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 48(1): 129-134.
[16] Chang, K. (2011). Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth's Spin, The New York Times, 13 March 2011.
[17] Daniell, J.E., Wenzel, F., Vervaeck, A. (2011).The Socio-economic effects of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-14270.
[18] Fackler, M. (2014). Defying Japan, Rancher Saves Fukushima’s Radioactive Cows, The New York Times, January 11, 2014.
[19] Fisher, N., K. BeaugelinSeiller, T. Hinton, Z. Baumann, D. Madigan, GarnierLaplace, J. (2013). Evaluation of radiation doses and associated risk from the Fukushima nuclear accident to marine biota and human consumers of seafood, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(26): 10670–10675.
[20] Fujita, M., H. Nobuaki, J. Sagara, Adam, B. (2012).The economics of disaster risk, risk management, and risk financing. Economic Impacts, Knowledge Note 6-3, IBRD-World Bank.
[21] Futahira, S. (2013). Nuclear power plant accident and recovery of fishery, presentation at the JA Conference in Fukushima, May 18, 2013.
[22] Fukumoto, M. (2013). Distribution of Artificial Radionuclides in Animals Left in the Evacuation Zone of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[23] Furutani, T., Uehara, K., Murai, J. (2012): A Study on Community Based Reconstruction from Nuclear Power Plant Disaster A Case Study of Minamisoma Ota Area in Fukushima, Journal of Disaster Research, 7(7): 432438.
[24] Fuyuki, K. (2013): Agricultural Recovery Efforts in Tsunami-Damaged Areas: Case Studies, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[25] Hamada, N., Ogino, H. (2013). Earthquake Food safety regulations: what we learned from the Fukushima nuclear accident, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 111: 83–99.
[26] Hiyama, A., C. Nohara, S. Kinjo, W. Taira, S. Gima, A. Tanahara and J. Otaki (2012): The biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the pale grass blue butterfly, Scientific Reports 2, Article number: 570 doi:10.1038/srep00570.
[27] Hasegawa, R. (2013). Disaster Evacuation from Japan’s 2011 Tsunami Disaster and the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, IDDRI Study No5.
[28] Hori, C. (2012). Farm Land Policy and Agriculture Recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake, Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
[29] Johnson, R. (2011). Japan’s 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Food and Agriculture Implications, Congressional Research Service.
[30] Goldman, J. (2011). Impact of the Japan earthquake and tsunami on animals and environment, Scientific American, March 22, 2011.
[31] Gilhooly, R. (2013). Renewable village offers lifeline to Fukushima farmers, New Scientist 2950, December 31, 2013.
[32] Gundersen, A., Caldicott, H. (2012). The Ongoing Damage and Danger at Fukushima, Fairewinds Energy Education. Web. 6 Nov. 2012.
[33] Ishikawa, T. (2014). Japan farmland unproductive 3 years on, The Yomiuri Shimbun/Asia News Network, March 2, 2014
[34] Inajima T., Nakayama, M. (2011). Radiation Readings in Fukushima Reactor Rise to Highest Since Crisis Began, April 27, 2011.
[35] Inoue, K. (2014): Fukushima takes new approach to ease fears of radiation in food, The Asahi Shimbun, February 25, 2014.
[36] Ishii, K. (2013). Les situations actuelles d’Odaka, 2013.4.12, manuscript provided by the author.
[37] Ishii, K., Morlans, S. (2013).La Reprise des Activites Agricoles dans les Regions Contaminees après L’Accident de Fukushima, Géographie et cultures, 86: 65-82.
[38] Kachi, H. (2014). Short Supply Drives Fukushima Beef Prices Up, WSJ Japan Real Time Blog, January 17, 2014.
[39] Kamiya S. (2011). Debris removal, recycling daunting, piecemeal labor, The Japan Times, June 30, 2011.
[40] Kageyama, Y. (2012). Japan farmers plant, pray for radiation-free rice, The Associate Press, May 28, 2012.
[41] Kakuchi, S. (2013). Fukushima Fallout Hits Farmers, Inter Press Service, July 30, 2013
[42] Kaltofen, M. (2011). Radiation Exposure to the Population of Japan after the Earthquake, APHA, https://apha.confex.com/apha/139am/webprogram/Paper254015.html
[43] Kawaguchi, Y. (2014). What Investors Have Learned from the Major Earthquake Psychological Changes from the Viewpoint of Stock Prices and Housing Prices, The Japan News, March 6, 2014.
[44] Kim, V. (2011). Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates, The Los Angelis Times, March 21, 2011.
[45] Kirikawa, T. (2014). Progress on Treatment of Disaster Debris from Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan Environment Quarterly, Volume 5, March 2014.
[46] Koch, P. (2013). A Study of the Perception of Ecosystems and Ecosystem-Based Services Relating to Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[47] Koizumi, N. (2011). Remarks from the chairperson of Food Safety Commission of Japan About the assessment of the effect of food on health of radioactive nuclides in foods, Food Safety Commission of Japan.
[48] Kontar, Y., Santiago-Fandino, V., and T. Takahashi (Eds.) (2014). Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned Environmental and Societal Significance, Springer.
[49] Koyama, R. (2013a). The Influence and Damage caused by the Nuclear Disaster on Fukushima’s Agriculture, Nuclear Disaster on Fukushima’s Agriculture, 商学論集第81 巻第4 (in Japanese).
[50] Koyama, R. (2013b). Towards Effective Countermeasures Against “Reputation Damage”, Institute of International Studies and Training, November 29.
[51] Lisa, A. (2014). Fujitsu Converts Fukushima Microchip Factory into a Radiation-Free Lettuce Farm, Inhabitat, May 19, 2014.
[52] Liou, Y., H. Sha, T. Chen, T.Wang, Y. Li, Y. Lai, Chiang, M., Lu, L. (2012).Assessment of disaster losses in rice paddy fields and yield after tsunami induced by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 20(6): 618-623.
[53] Manoliu, C. (2014). Recovery and Resilience: Japanese Communities After The 3/11 Earthquake: An Actor Oriented Perspective, An STS Forum on Fukushima Interdisciplinary conversations about Fukushima & the NE Japan Disaster.
[54] Matanle, P. (2012). The Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Meltdown. An Assessment One Year On, The Japan Society of the UK Lecture Geographical Association Annual Conference, University of Manchester, April 14, 2012
[55] McCurry, J. (2013). Plummeting morale at Fukushima Daiichi as nuclear cleanup takes its toll, The Guardian, October 15, 2013.
[56] McNeill, J. (2011). Quake, Tsunami Environmental Impact May be Minimal, Scholar Says, Georgetown University, March 22, 2011.
[57] Miyashita, K. (2014). Minimizing the Contamination of Agricultural Environment toward Food Safety – With primary focus on the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center publications
[58] Mizunom T., Kubo, H. (2013). Overview of Active Cesium Contamination of Freshwater Fish in Fukushima and Eastern Japan, Fukushima Update, Scientific Reports 3.
[59] Mori, N., Takahashi, T., Yasuda, T., Yanagisawa, H. (2011): Survey of 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami inundation and run-up, Geophysical Research Letters, 38.
[60] Morino Y., Ohara, T.,Nishizava, M. (2011). Atmospheric behavior, deposition, and budget of radioactive materials from the Fukushima Daichi nuclear plant in March 2011, Geophysical Research Letters 38.
[61] Møller, A., A. Hagiwara, S. Matsui, S. Kasahara, K. Kawatsu, I. Nishiumi, H. Suzuki, K. Ueda, T. Mousseau (2012). Abundance of birds in Fukushima as judged from Chernobyl, Environmental Pollution, 164: 36–39.
[62] Moqsud, M., Omine, K. (2013). Bioremediation of Agricultural Land Damaged by Tsunami http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56595
[63] Murayama, T. (2012). Social impacts induced by radiation risk in Fukushima, 'IAIA12 Conference Proceedings', Energy Future The Role of Impact Assessment, 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 27 May- 1 June 2012, Porto, Portugal.
[64] Nagashima, S. (2013). Works done by JA Fukushima for restoration, after 2 years from the disaster, presentation at the JA Conference in Fukushima, May 18.
[65] Nakanishi, T. K. Tanoi (editors) (2013).Agricultural Implications of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Springer.
[66] Nemoto, T. (2014). For Accelerating the Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake, Presentation of the Minister for Reconstruction, February 2014
[67] Nomura, T., Hokugo, T. (2013). Situation of Compensation In Japan Based on the presentation at the NEA Workshop on “Nuclear damages, liability issues and compensation schemes”, OECD NEA
[68] Oacchioli, D. (2014). Health Risks, Oceanus, WHOI, 20-23.
[69] Ogata, K., Pushpalal, D. (2013).Japanese Literature Survey of Ecosystem Services in Disaster Risk Reduction, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[70] Oka, T. (2012). Application of cost-benefit analysis to the regulation of foodstuffs contaminated with radioactive substances, Japanese Journal of Health Physics, 47(3): 181-188.
[71] Okuyama, S. (2014). Three Years After the Nuclear Accident, The Japan News, April 22, 2014.
[72] Osawa, J. (2011). Radiation Detected in Tea Leaves in Japan, Wall Street Journal. 11 May.
[73] Ranghieri, F. and M. Ishiwatari (editors) (2014).Learning from Megadisasters. Lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake, Word Bank, Washington DC.
[74] Rosen, A. (2013). Critical Analysis of the WHO’s health risk assessment of the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe
[75] Yoshida, R. (2012). 869 Tohoku tsunami parallels stun, Japan Times, 11 March 2012.
[76] Parvaz, D. (2014). Can Japan revive its nuclear ghost towns? Aljazeera, March 6, 2014.
[77] Pushpalal, D., J. Rhyner, and V. Hossini (2013). The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[78] Pushpalal, D. (2013). A Journey through the Lands of the Great East Japan Earthquake, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[79] Pushpalal, D., Z.Yan, T.Thi, Y.Scherbak and M.Kohama (2013). Tears of Namie: An appraisal of Human Security of Township of Nanmie, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[80] Saito, M. (2011). Radiation found in seaweed near crippled Japan plant, Reuthers, May 13.
[81] Sekizawa J. (2013). Appropriate Risk Governance on Radionuclide Contamination in Food in Japan, in S. Ikeda and Y. Maeda (editors), Emerging Issues Learned from the 3.11 Disaster as Multiple Events of Earthquake, Tsunami and Fukushima Nuclear Accident, The Society for Risk Analysis Japan, 31-35.
[82] Slodkowski, A. (2011). Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after quake, Reuters, June 15, 2011.
[83] Strand, P., T. Aono, J. E. Brown, J. Garnier-Laplace, A. Hosseini, T. Sazykina, F. Steenhuisen, Batlle, J. (2014). Assessment of Fukushima-Derived Radiation Doses and Effects on Wildlife in Japan, Environment Science Technology Letters, 1 (3): 198–203.
[84] Suppasri, A. and E. Mas (2013). Field Guide of tsunami damage and reconstruction site visit in Miyagi prefecture, International Research Institute of Disaster Science
[85] Takada, A. and Y. Song (2012). Fukushima Farmers Face Decades of Tainted Crops as Fears Linger, Bloombeg, March 19, 2012.
[86] Takabe, I., Inui, T. (2013). The Estimation of Great Earthquake Impacts on Japanese Labor Market, Agricultural Sector and GDP, Proceedings 59th ISI World Statistics Congress, 25-30 August 2013, Hong Kong, 722-728.
[87] Takeuchi, T., Fujioka, E. (2013). The agony of Fukushima farmers, in Stories & Facts from Fukushima, Vol.1, JANIC.
[88] Thompsonm, J., Matsutani, M. (2013). Japanese fast-food chain Yoshinoya to sell Fukushima produce, Financial Times, October 1, 2013.
[89] Tsumine D., T.Tsubono, M.Aoyama, Hirose, K. (2012).Distribution of oceanic Cs 137 from Fukushima Daichi nuclear plant simulated numerically by a regional ocean model, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 111, 100-108.
[90] UFJ (2011). The Economic Impacts of the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake: A Supply-Side Analysis, UFJ,Economic Review, 6(3).
[91] Ujiie, K. (2011). An analysis of willingness to accept for radioactive contamination on agricultural products http://www.u.tsukuba.ac.jp/~ujiie.kiyokazu.gf/files/CP_JT.pdf
[92] Ujiie, K. (2012). Japanese Consumer Evaluation of Radioactive Contamination on Food: Rationality and Emotion, ppt presentation provided by the author.
[93] Umeda, S. (2013). Japan: Responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center.
[94] Urabe J., T. Suzuki, T. Nishita, Makino, W. (2013). Immediate Ecological Impacts of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami on Intertidal Flat Communities, PLOS/One
[95] Vervaeck, A., Daniell, J. (2012). One Year Summary of Losses in the Japanese Earthquake/Tsunami of March 11th 2011, Eartquake-report.com
[96] Waldenberger, F., Eilker, J. (2014).The Economic Impact of the Tohoku Earthquake, L’Ecole des Haute Etudes
[97] Watanabe, A. (2011). Agricultural Impact of the Nuclear Accidents in Fukushima: The Case of Ibaraki Prefecture, in Disaster, Infrastructure and Society Learning from the 2011 Earthquake in Japan, (1): 291-298.
[98] Watanabe, N. (2013). Current State of Losses from the Nuclear Accident and Support Measures by JA-Affiliated Organizations:, Norinchikin Research Institute.
[99] Watts, J. (2011). Japan tsunami: A shortage of petrol and food but many bodies to bury, The Guardian, March 15, 2011.
[100] Watts, J. (2011). After Japan's quake and tsunami, freezing weather threatens relief efforts, The Guardian, March 16, 2011.
[101] Wines, M. (2011). Japan Nuclear Crisis Erodes Farmers’ Livelihoods, The New york Times, March 29, 2011.
[102] Yomiuri Shimbun (2011-2014): different issues (http://www.yomiuri.co.jp)
[103] Yasunaria, T., Stohlb, A., Hayanoc, R., Burkhartb, J., Eckhardtb, S., Yasunarie, T. (2011). Cesium-137 deposition and contamination of Japanese soils due to the Fukushima nuclear accident, PNAS, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/11/11/1112058108
[104] Yonekura, H. (2013). Resettlement after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in Tohoku, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
*** Arirang News (2011): Highly Radioactive Substances Detected in Tokyo, May 15, 2011.
*** Asiaone News (2013): Solar sharing' spreading among Fukushima farmers, Asiaone News, June 26, 2013.
*** BBC News (2011): Anti-nuclear protests take place in Japan, March 25, 2011.
*** Biodiversity Center of Japan (2013): Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the Natural Environment in Tohoku Coastal Regions, Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the Environment
*** Britannica (2014): Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, Britannica, Academic Edition.
*** Channel News Asia (2013): Beta Burns on Fukushima cattle ignored by Japanese officials, Channel News Asia, August 2013.
*** City of Sendai (2014). Fresh breeze of Change in Agriculture Starts Here, City of Sendai, March 2014.
*** Cyberpunk World (2014). Japan is building a futuristic farm in Fukushima, January 8, 2014.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, March 11, 2011.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Quake shifted Japan by over two meters, Deutsche Welle, March 14, 2011.
*** Foodwatch (2011). Calculated Fatalities from Radiation. Officially Permissible Limits for Radioactively Contaminated Food in the European Union and Japan, German Society for Radiation Protection, Berlin.
*** Fukushima Minpo News (2014). different issues http://www.fukushimaminponews.com/
*** JA-ZENCHU (2011). Recovery and Reconstruction by Rower of Cooperation, Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives.
*** JAIF (2011-2012). different issues (http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/)
*** JANIC (2013). Stories & Facts from Fukushima, Vol.1, March 25, 2013.
*** JETRO (2013). Renewable Energy/Secondary Battery, November 2013.
*** JICA (2013). The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters - JICA’s Support for Reconstruction, Final Report, Japan International Cooperation Agency.
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings on the impact of the earthquake on food industry, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings of the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake has given to farm management, August 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2014). Consumer Survey results on changes in purchasing behavior of consumers after Earthquake, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** JFS (2011). Sunflower Project to Clean Up Radioactive Soil in Fukushima, Japan for Sustainability, August 31, 2011.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2014). Information on the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2013). Earthquakes and Tsunamis, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (2011). Subsidence investigation due to the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean earthquake, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, April 2011.
*** Government of Japan (2012). Road to Recovery, March 2012.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 24, 2011.
*** Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (2012). Summary of the Fukushima accident's impact on the environment in Japan, one year after the accident, IRSN, February 28, 2012.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Japan Earthquake Update, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 19, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident, International Atomic Energy Agency, April 26, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). IAEA international fact finding expert mission of the Fukushima dai-ichi npp accident following the great east Japan earthquake and tsunami. June 2011.
*** International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2012). The Great East Japan Earthquake. Learning from Megadisasters, Knowledge Notes, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington DC.
*** Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society (2011). How Did the Great East Japan Earthquake Affect Ecosystems and Biodiversity? Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society.
*** BBC News (2011). Anti-nuclear protests take place in Japan, March 25, 2011.
*** Biodiversity Center of Japan (2013). Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the Natural Environment in Tohoku Coastal Regions, Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the Environment.
*** Britannica (2014). Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, Britannica, Academic Edition.
*** Channel News Asia (2013). Beta Burns on Fukushima cattle ignored by Japanese officials, Channel News Asia, August 2013.
*** City of Sendai (2014). Fresh breeze of Change in Agriculture Starts Here, City of Sendai, March 2014.
*** Cyberpunk World (2014). Japan is building a futuristic farm in Fukushima, January 8, 2014.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, March 11, 2011.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Quake shifted Japan by over two meters, Deutsche Welle, March 14, 2011.
*** Foodwatch (2011). Calculated Fatalities from Radiation. Officially Permissible Limits for Radioactively Contaminated Food in the European Union and Japan, German Society for Radiation Protection, Berlin
*** Fukushima Minpo News (2014). different issues http://www.fukushimaminponews.com/)
*** JA-ZENCHU (2011). Recovery and Reconstruction by Rower of Cooperation, Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives.
*** JAIF (2011-2012). different issues (http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/)
*** JANIC (2013). Stories & Facts from Fukushima, Vol.1, March 25, 2013.
*** JETRO (2013). Renewable Energy/Secondary Battery, November 2013.
*** JICA (2013). The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters - JICA’s Support for Reconstruction, Final Report, Japan International Cooperation Agency.
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings on the impact of the earthquake on food industry, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings of the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake has given to farm management, August 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2014). Consumer Survey results on changes in purchasing behavior of consumers after Earthquake, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** JFS (2011). Sunflower Project to Clean Up Radioactive Soil in Fukushima, Japan for Sustainability, August 31, 2011.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2014). Information on the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2013). Earthquakes and Tsunamis, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (2011). Subsidence investigation due to the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean earthquake, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, April 2011.
*** Government of Japan (2012): Road to Recovery, March 2012.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011): Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 24, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011): Japan Earthquake Update, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 19, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident, International Atomic Energy Agency, April 26, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). IAEA international fact finding expert mission of the Fukushima dai-ichi npp accident following the great east Japan earthquake and tsunami. June 2011.
*** International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2012). The Great East Japan Earthquake. Learning from Megadisasters, Knowledge Notes, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington DC.
*** Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society (2011). How Did the Great East Japan Earthquake Affect Ecosystems and Biodiversity? Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society
*** Iwate Prefecture (2011). Iwate Prefecture Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Reconstruction Plan, August 2011.
*** Kyodo News (2011). Spinach with radiation 27 times higher than limit found in Japan, March 21.
*** Landline (2013). Nuclear Farming, May 25, 2013.
*** LDP (2014). 267,000 remain evacuees as earthquake-tsunami disasters’ 3rd anniversary approaches, March 10, 2014.
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2011). Response to Emergency Radionuclides in Foods after the Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2010-2014). Statistical yearbook of MAFF.
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2013). Agricultural output of tsunami damaged municipalities, December 25, 2013 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2013). Business conditions of agricultural and fisheries management bodies in tsunami affected areas, July 26, 3013 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014). Business conditions of agricultural and fisheries management bodies in tsunami affected areas for 2013 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014). Business resumption status of agricultural management entities in disaster prefectures, February 1, 2014 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014). Reconstruction master plan overview of the agriculture and rural, June 26, 2014 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Environment (2012). The National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2012-2020, Ministry of Environment.
*** Ministry of Environment (2012). Estimated total amount of debris washed out by the Great East Japan Earthquake, Ministry of Environment.
*** Ministry of Environment (2014). Progress on Off-site Cleanup Efforts in Japan, Ministry of Environment, February and October, 2014.
*** Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2012). Report of Survey on Health and Nutrition of National Public, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
*** Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2013). Survey of Dietary Intake of Radionuclides (September to October 2012), Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Press Release June 21, 2013.
*** Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2014). Levels of Radioactive Contaminants in Foods Tested in Respective Prefectures, December 5, 2014 report.
*** Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2011). Readings at Monitoring Post out of 20 km Zone of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, March 20, 2011.
*** Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2011). Results of the Survey on the Distribution of Radioactive Substances by MEXT (Survey on the Movement of Radioactive Substances in River Water and Well Water), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
*** Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2012). Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake,http://www.mext.go.jp/
*** National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2011). Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami: Looking Back from Space, Earth Observatory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 14, 2011.
*** National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2012). Effects of the Tohoku Tsunami on the Kitakami River, Earth Observatory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 11, 2012.
*** National Institute for Research Advancement (2013). Status of Recovery and Current Problems in Three Disaster-hit Prefectures What the Data Tells Us Indexes for Recovery and Reconstruction following the Great East Japan Earthquake, National Institute for Research Advancement.
*** NHK World (2011-2014). different issues http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/news/
*** NISA (2011). Seismic Damage Information, the 110th Release, 23 April, Nuclear and Industrial Safely Agency of Japan.
*** Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (2011). NISA News Release, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, April 12, 2011.
*** Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (2011). Accident of Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the evaluation on the state of the reactor core of Unit 3, Unit 2 Unit 1, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, July 6, 2011 (in Japanese).
*** Nuclear Regulation Authority (2012). Readings of soil monitoring (All Results for May 2011), Nuclear Regulation Authority, September 2012.
*** Nuclear Regulation Authority (2014). Monitoring information of environmental radioactivity level, Nuclear Regulation Authority
*** Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2013). OECD Economic Surveys Japan, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
*** Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and NEA (2012). Japan’s Compensation System for Nuclear Damage As Related to the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident, OECD and NEA.
*** Reconstruction Agency (2014). Efforts and the current state of reconstruction, 26 August 2014 (in Japanese).
*** Reuters (2011). Japan to spend at least $13 billion for decontamination, October 20, 2011.
*** Resilient ITS (2014). Made in New Japan, Government of Japan, http://mnj.gov-online.go.jp/its.html
*** http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Atomenergie/Fukushima/WHO_Fukushima_Report2013_Criticism _en.pdf
*** Science Council of Japan (2011). Emergency Recommendation Regarding the Systematic Inspection against Rumors on Foods and Farming Stemming from the Nuclear Disaster September 6, 2011, Science Council of Japan.
*** TEPCO (2012). Estimation of the released amount of radioactive materials into the atmosphere as a result of the accident in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, Estimation made as of May 2012, Tokyo Electric Power Company.
*** TEPCO (2012). Result of estimation of the released amount of radioactive materials into the ocean (in the vicinity of a port) as a result of the accident in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, Estimation made as of May 2012, Tokyo Electric Power Company.
*** TEPCO (2014). Press Release, Tokyo Electric Power Company, February 24, 2014.
*** TEPCO (2014). Report on the Investigation and Study of Unconfirmed/Unclear Matters In the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Progress Report No.2, TEPCO, August 6, 2014.
*** The Asahi Shimbun (2011-2014). different issues http://www.asahi.com/english/
*** The Japan Daily Press (2011-2014). different issueshttp://japandailypress.com/
*** The Japan News (2011-2014). different issues http://the-japan-news.com/
*** The Japan Times (2011-2014).different issues http://www.japantimes.co.jp/
*** The Mainichi Daily News (2011-2014).different issues http://mainichi.jp/english/
*** The National Diet of Japan (2012). The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, Executive summary, The National Diet of Japan.
*** The New York Times (2011). Japan Nuclear Crisis Erodes Farmers’ Livelihoods, March 29, 2011.
*** The New York Times (2012). Levels of Radioactive Materials Rise Near Japanese Plant, April 16.
*** The Telegraph (2011).Fukushima caesium leaks 'equal 168 Hiroshimas, August 25, 2011.
*** United Nations Environment Programme (2012). Managing post-disaster debris: the Japan experience Report of the International Expert Mission to Japan – 2, UNEP, June 2012.
*** United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2014): UNSCEAR 2013 Report, Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, New York
*** US Geological Survey (2014),Magnitude 9.0 – Near the East Coast of Hohshu, Japan, US Geological Survey.
*** World Health Organization (2011). Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 6, World Health Organization, March 15, 2011.
*** World Health Organization (2011). Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 9, World Health Organization, March 18, 2011.
*** World Health Organization (2012). Preliminary dose estimation from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, World Health Organization, Genève.
*** World Health Organization (2013). Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation, World Health Organization, Genève.
*** World Wide Fund (2013). Japan Report on the Nature and Livelihood Recovery Project. A prelim assessment of ecological and social-economic changes in selected areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011, World Wide Fund
[2] AlBadri, D. and Gijs, Berends (eds.). (2013): After the Great East Japan Earthquake: Political and Policy Change in PostFukushima Japan. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
[3] Aoki, M. (2012). Cesium contamination in food appears to be on wane, The Japan Times, September 25, 2012.
[4] Akiyama, N., H. Sato, K. Naito, Y. Naoi, T. Katsuta (2012). The Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Crisis Management - Lessons for Japan-U.S. Alliance Cooperation, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
[5] Akimoto, S. (2014). Morphological abnormalities in gall-forming aphids in a radiation-contaminated area near Fukushima Daiichi: selective impact of fallout?, Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd., DOI: 10.1002/ece3.949
[6] Bachev, H., Ito, F. (2013). Impacts of Fukushima Nuclear Disaster on Japanese Agriculture and Food Chains, P. Gorawala and S.i Mandhatri (editors), Agricultural Research Updates, 6: 1-75.
[7] Biggs, S., Sheldrick, A. (2011). Tsunami Slams Japan After Record Earthquake, Killing Hundreds, March 11, 2011, Bloomberg.com.
[8] Bird, W. (2012). As Fukushima Cleanup Begins, Long-term Impacts are Weighed, Biodiversity Energy Forests Policy & Politics Policy & Politics Pollution & Health Asia, January 9, 2012.
[9] Bird, W. (2013). After Fukushima: Japan's new model for farms, The Christian Science Monitor, March 11, 2013.
[10] Busby, C. (2012). Comparing Fukushima releases with Chernobyl,http://www.llrc.org/fukushima/ subtopic/fukuchernobylcomparison2012.pdf
[11] Bullones, C.L. (2013). Fish with 2,500 times legal limit for radiation caught near Fukushima plant, The Japan Daily Press, January 21, 2013.
[12] Burch, K. (2012). Consumer perceptions and behaviors related to radionuclide contaminated food: an exploratory study from Kansai, Japan, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
[13] Brumfiel, G. (2013). Fukushima: Fallout of fear, Nature, January 16 http://www.nature.com/news/ fukushima-fallout-of-fear-1.12194
[14] Buesseler, K. (2014). Fukushima and Ocean Radioactivity, Oceanography, 25 (1): 93-105.
[15] Chino, M., H.Nakayama, H.Nagai. H.Terada, G.Katata, Yamazawa, H. (2011). Preliminary estimation of released amount of 131I and 137Cs accidentally discharged from the Fukushima Daichi nuclear power plant into the atmosphere, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 48(1): 129-134.
[16] Chang, K. (2011). Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth's Spin, The New York Times, 13 March 2011.
[17] Daniell, J.E., Wenzel, F., Vervaeck, A. (2011).The Socio-economic effects of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 13, EGU2011-14270.
[18] Fackler, M. (2014). Defying Japan, Rancher Saves Fukushima’s Radioactive Cows, The New York Times, January 11, 2014.
[19] Fisher, N., K. BeaugelinSeiller, T. Hinton, Z. Baumann, D. Madigan, GarnierLaplace, J. (2013). Evaluation of radiation doses and associated risk from the Fukushima nuclear accident to marine biota and human consumers of seafood, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(26): 10670–10675.
[20] Fujita, M., H. Nobuaki, J. Sagara, Adam, B. (2012).The economics of disaster risk, risk management, and risk financing. Economic Impacts, Knowledge Note 6-3, IBRD-World Bank.
[21] Futahira, S. (2013). Nuclear power plant accident and recovery of fishery, presentation at the JA Conference in Fukushima, May 18, 2013.
[22] Fukumoto, M. (2013). Distribution of Artificial Radionuclides in Animals Left in the Evacuation Zone of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[23] Furutani, T., Uehara, K., Murai, J. (2012): A Study on Community Based Reconstruction from Nuclear Power Plant Disaster A Case Study of Minamisoma Ota Area in Fukushima, Journal of Disaster Research, 7(7): 432438.
[24] Fuyuki, K. (2013): Agricultural Recovery Efforts in Tsunami-Damaged Areas: Case Studies, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[25] Hamada, N., Ogino, H. (2013). Earthquake Food safety regulations: what we learned from the Fukushima nuclear accident, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 111: 83–99.
[26] Hiyama, A., C. Nohara, S. Kinjo, W. Taira, S. Gima, A. Tanahara and J. Otaki (2012): The biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the pale grass blue butterfly, Scientific Reports 2, Article number: 570 doi:10.1038/srep00570.
[27] Hasegawa, R. (2013). Disaster Evacuation from Japan’s 2011 Tsunami Disaster and the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, IDDRI Study No5.
[28] Hori, C. (2012). Farm Land Policy and Agriculture Recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake, Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
[29] Johnson, R. (2011). Japan’s 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: Food and Agriculture Implications, Congressional Research Service.
[30] Goldman, J. (2011). Impact of the Japan earthquake and tsunami on animals and environment, Scientific American, March 22, 2011.
[31] Gilhooly, R. (2013). Renewable village offers lifeline to Fukushima farmers, New Scientist 2950, December 31, 2013.
[32] Gundersen, A., Caldicott, H. (2012). The Ongoing Damage and Danger at Fukushima, Fairewinds Energy Education. Web. 6 Nov. 2012.
[33] Ishikawa, T. (2014). Japan farmland unproductive 3 years on, The Yomiuri Shimbun/Asia News Network, March 2, 2014
[34] Inajima T., Nakayama, M. (2011). Radiation Readings in Fukushima Reactor Rise to Highest Since Crisis Began, April 27, 2011.
[35] Inoue, K. (2014): Fukushima takes new approach to ease fears of radiation in food, The Asahi Shimbun, February 25, 2014.
[36] Ishii, K. (2013). Les situations actuelles d’Odaka, 2013.4.12, manuscript provided by the author.
[37] Ishii, K., Morlans, S. (2013).La Reprise des Activites Agricoles dans les Regions Contaminees après L’Accident de Fukushima, Géographie et cultures, 86: 65-82.
[38] Kachi, H. (2014). Short Supply Drives Fukushima Beef Prices Up, WSJ Japan Real Time Blog, January 17, 2014.
[39] Kamiya S. (2011). Debris removal, recycling daunting, piecemeal labor, The Japan Times, June 30, 2011.
[40] Kageyama, Y. (2012). Japan farmers plant, pray for radiation-free rice, The Associate Press, May 28, 2012.
[41] Kakuchi, S. (2013). Fukushima Fallout Hits Farmers, Inter Press Service, July 30, 2013
[42] Kaltofen, M. (2011). Radiation Exposure to the Population of Japan after the Earthquake, APHA, https://apha.confex.com/apha/139am/webprogram/Paper254015.html
[43] Kawaguchi, Y. (2014). What Investors Have Learned from the Major Earthquake Psychological Changes from the Viewpoint of Stock Prices and Housing Prices, The Japan News, March 6, 2014.
[44] Kim, V. (2011). Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates, The Los Angelis Times, March 21, 2011.
[45] Kirikawa, T. (2014). Progress on Treatment of Disaster Debris from Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan Environment Quarterly, Volume 5, March 2014.
[46] Koch, P. (2013). A Study of the Perception of Ecosystems and Ecosystem-Based Services Relating to Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[47] Koizumi, N. (2011). Remarks from the chairperson of Food Safety Commission of Japan About the assessment of the effect of food on health of radioactive nuclides in foods, Food Safety Commission of Japan.
[48] Kontar, Y., Santiago-Fandino, V., and T. Takahashi (Eds.) (2014). Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned Environmental and Societal Significance, Springer.
[49] Koyama, R. (2013a). The Influence and Damage caused by the Nuclear Disaster on Fukushima’s Agriculture, Nuclear Disaster on Fukushima’s Agriculture, 商学論集第81 巻第4 (in Japanese).
[50] Koyama, R. (2013b). Towards Effective Countermeasures Against “Reputation Damage”, Institute of International Studies and Training, November 29.
[51] Lisa, A. (2014). Fujitsu Converts Fukushima Microchip Factory into a Radiation-Free Lettuce Farm, Inhabitat, May 19, 2014.
[52] Liou, Y., H. Sha, T. Chen, T.Wang, Y. Li, Y. Lai, Chiang, M., Lu, L. (2012).Assessment of disaster losses in rice paddy fields and yield after tsunami induced by the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 20(6): 618-623.
[53] Manoliu, C. (2014). Recovery and Resilience: Japanese Communities After The 3/11 Earthquake: An Actor Oriented Perspective, An STS Forum on Fukushima Interdisciplinary conversations about Fukushima & the NE Japan Disaster.
[54] Matanle, P. (2012). The Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Meltdown. An Assessment One Year On, The Japan Society of the UK Lecture Geographical Association Annual Conference, University of Manchester, April 14, 2012
[55] McCurry, J. (2013). Plummeting morale at Fukushima Daiichi as nuclear cleanup takes its toll, The Guardian, October 15, 2013.
[56] McNeill, J. (2011). Quake, Tsunami Environmental Impact May be Minimal, Scholar Says, Georgetown University, March 22, 2011.
[57] Miyashita, K. (2014). Minimizing the Contamination of Agricultural Environment toward Food Safety – With primary focus on the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Food and Fertilizer Technology Center publications
[58] Mizunom T., Kubo, H. (2013). Overview of Active Cesium Contamination of Freshwater Fish in Fukushima and Eastern Japan, Fukushima Update, Scientific Reports 3.
[59] Mori, N., Takahashi, T., Yasuda, T., Yanagisawa, H. (2011): Survey of 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami inundation and run-up, Geophysical Research Letters, 38.
[60] Morino Y., Ohara, T.,Nishizava, M. (2011). Atmospheric behavior, deposition, and budget of radioactive materials from the Fukushima Daichi nuclear plant in March 2011, Geophysical Research Letters 38.
[61] Møller, A., A. Hagiwara, S. Matsui, S. Kasahara, K. Kawatsu, I. Nishiumi, H. Suzuki, K. Ueda, T. Mousseau (2012). Abundance of birds in Fukushima as judged from Chernobyl, Environmental Pollution, 164: 36–39.
[62] Moqsud, M., Omine, K. (2013). Bioremediation of Agricultural Land Damaged by Tsunami http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56595
[63] Murayama, T. (2012). Social impacts induced by radiation risk in Fukushima, 'IAIA12 Conference Proceedings', Energy Future The Role of Impact Assessment, 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, 27 May- 1 June 2012, Porto, Portugal.
[64] Nagashima, S. (2013). Works done by JA Fukushima for restoration, after 2 years from the disaster, presentation at the JA Conference in Fukushima, May 18.
[65] Nakanishi, T. K. Tanoi (editors) (2013).Agricultural Implications of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Springer.
[66] Nemoto, T. (2014). For Accelerating the Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake, Presentation of the Minister for Reconstruction, February 2014
[67] Nomura, T., Hokugo, T. (2013). Situation of Compensation In Japan Based on the presentation at the NEA Workshop on “Nuclear damages, liability issues and compensation schemes”, OECD NEA
[68] Oacchioli, D. (2014). Health Risks, Oceanus, WHOI, 20-23.
[69] Ogata, K., Pushpalal, D. (2013).Japanese Literature Survey of Ecosystem Services in Disaster Risk Reduction, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[70] Oka, T. (2012). Application of cost-benefit analysis to the regulation of foodstuffs contaminated with radioactive substances, Japanese Journal of Health Physics, 47(3): 181-188.
[71] Okuyama, S. (2014). Three Years After the Nuclear Accident, The Japan News, April 22, 2014.
[72] Osawa, J. (2011). Radiation Detected in Tea Leaves in Japan, Wall Street Journal. 11 May.
[73] Ranghieri, F. and M. Ishiwatari (editors) (2014).Learning from Megadisasters. Lessons from the Great East Japan Earthquake, Word Bank, Washington DC.
[74] Rosen, A. (2013). Critical Analysis of the WHO’s health risk assessment of the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe
[75] Yoshida, R. (2012). 869 Tohoku tsunami parallels stun, Japan Times, 11 March 2012.
[76] Parvaz, D. (2014). Can Japan revive its nuclear ghost towns? Aljazeera, March 6, 2014.
[77] Pushpalal, D., J. Rhyner, and V. Hossini (2013). The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[78] Pushpalal, D. (2013). A Journey through the Lands of the Great East Japan Earthquake, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[79] Pushpalal, D., Z.Yan, T.Thi, Y.Scherbak and M.Kohama (2013). Tears of Namie: An appraisal of Human Security of Township of Nanmie, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
[80] Saito, M. (2011). Radiation found in seaweed near crippled Japan plant, Reuthers, May 13.
[81] Sekizawa J. (2013). Appropriate Risk Governance on Radionuclide Contamination in Food in Japan, in S. Ikeda and Y. Maeda (editors), Emerging Issues Learned from the 3.11 Disaster as Multiple Events of Earthquake, Tsunami and Fukushima Nuclear Accident, The Society for Risk Analysis Japan, 31-35.
[82] Slodkowski, A. (2011). Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after quake, Reuters, June 15, 2011.
[83] Strand, P., T. Aono, J. E. Brown, J. Garnier-Laplace, A. Hosseini, T. Sazykina, F. Steenhuisen, Batlle, J. (2014). Assessment of Fukushima-Derived Radiation Doses and Effects on Wildlife in Japan, Environment Science Technology Letters, 1 (3): 198–203.
[84] Suppasri, A. and E. Mas (2013). Field Guide of tsunami damage and reconstruction site visit in Miyagi prefecture, International Research Institute of Disaster Science
[85] Takada, A. and Y. Song (2012). Fukushima Farmers Face Decades of Tainted Crops as Fears Linger, Bloombeg, March 19, 2012.
[86] Takabe, I., Inui, T. (2013). The Estimation of Great Earthquake Impacts on Japanese Labor Market, Agricultural Sector and GDP, Proceedings 59th ISI World Statistics Congress, 25-30 August 2013, Hong Kong, 722-728.
[87] Takeuchi, T., Fujioka, E. (2013). The agony of Fukushima farmers, in Stories & Facts from Fukushima, Vol.1, JANIC.
[88] Thompsonm, J., Matsutani, M. (2013). Japanese fast-food chain Yoshinoya to sell Fukushima produce, Financial Times, October 1, 2013.
[89] Tsumine D., T.Tsubono, M.Aoyama, Hirose, K. (2012).Distribution of oceanic Cs 137 from Fukushima Daichi nuclear plant simulated numerically by a regional ocean model, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 111, 100-108.
[90] UFJ (2011). The Economic Impacts of the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake: A Supply-Side Analysis, UFJ,Economic Review, 6(3).
[91] Ujiie, K. (2011). An analysis of willingness to accept for radioactive contamination on agricultural products http://www.u.tsukuba.ac.jp/~ujiie.kiyokazu.gf/files/CP_JT.pdf
[92] Ujiie, K. (2012). Japanese Consumer Evaluation of Radioactive Contamination on Food: Rationality and Emotion, ppt presentation provided by the author.
[93] Umeda, S. (2013). Japan: Responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center.
[94] Urabe J., T. Suzuki, T. Nishita, Makino, W. (2013). Immediate Ecological Impacts of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami on Intertidal Flat Communities, PLOS/One
[95] Vervaeck, A., Daniell, J. (2012). One Year Summary of Losses in the Japanese Earthquake/Tsunami of March 11th 2011, Eartquake-report.com
[96] Waldenberger, F., Eilker, J. (2014).The Economic Impact of the Tohoku Earthquake, L’Ecole des Haute Etudes
[97] Watanabe, A. (2011). Agricultural Impact of the Nuclear Accidents in Fukushima: The Case of Ibaraki Prefecture, in Disaster, Infrastructure and Society Learning from the 2011 Earthquake in Japan, (1): 291-298.
[98] Watanabe, N. (2013). Current State of Losses from the Nuclear Accident and Support Measures by JA-Affiliated Organizations:, Norinchikin Research Institute.
[99] Watts, J. (2011). Japan tsunami: A shortage of petrol and food but many bodies to bury, The Guardian, March 15, 2011.
[100] Watts, J. (2011). After Japan's quake and tsunami, freezing weather threatens relief efforts, The Guardian, March 16, 2011.
[101] Wines, M. (2011). Japan Nuclear Crisis Erodes Farmers’ Livelihoods, The New york Times, March 29, 2011.
[102] Yomiuri Shimbun (2011-2014): different issues (http://www.yomiuri.co.jp)
[103] Yasunaria, T., Stohlb, A., Hayanoc, R., Burkhartb, J., Eckhardtb, S., Yasunarie, T. (2011). Cesium-137 deposition and contamination of Japanese soils due to the Fukushima nuclear accident, PNAS, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/11/11/1112058108
[104] Yonekura, H. (2013). Resettlement after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami in Tohoku, in The Great East Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011 – Lessons Learned and Research Questions, Conference proceedings, UNU-EHS, Bonn.
*** Arirang News (2011): Highly Radioactive Substances Detected in Tokyo, May 15, 2011.
*** Asiaone News (2013): Solar sharing' spreading among Fukushima farmers, Asiaone News, June 26, 2013.
*** BBC News (2011): Anti-nuclear protests take place in Japan, March 25, 2011.
*** Biodiversity Center of Japan (2013): Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the Natural Environment in Tohoku Coastal Regions, Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the Environment
*** Britannica (2014): Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, Britannica, Academic Edition.
*** Channel News Asia (2013): Beta Burns on Fukushima cattle ignored by Japanese officials, Channel News Asia, August 2013.
*** City of Sendai (2014). Fresh breeze of Change in Agriculture Starts Here, City of Sendai, March 2014.
*** Cyberpunk World (2014). Japan is building a futuristic farm in Fukushima, January 8, 2014.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, March 11, 2011.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Quake shifted Japan by over two meters, Deutsche Welle, March 14, 2011.
*** Foodwatch (2011). Calculated Fatalities from Radiation. Officially Permissible Limits for Radioactively Contaminated Food in the European Union and Japan, German Society for Radiation Protection, Berlin.
*** Fukushima Minpo News (2014). different issues http://www.fukushimaminponews.com/
*** JA-ZENCHU (2011). Recovery and Reconstruction by Rower of Cooperation, Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives.
*** JAIF (2011-2012). different issues (http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/)
*** JANIC (2013). Stories & Facts from Fukushima, Vol.1, March 25, 2013.
*** JETRO (2013). Renewable Energy/Secondary Battery, November 2013.
*** JICA (2013). The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters - JICA’s Support for Reconstruction, Final Report, Japan International Cooperation Agency.
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings on the impact of the earthquake on food industry, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings of the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake has given to farm management, August 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2014). Consumer Survey results on changes in purchasing behavior of consumers after Earthquake, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** JFS (2011). Sunflower Project to Clean Up Radioactive Soil in Fukushima, Japan for Sustainability, August 31, 2011.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2014). Information on the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2013). Earthquakes and Tsunamis, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (2011). Subsidence investigation due to the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean earthquake, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, April 2011.
*** Government of Japan (2012). Road to Recovery, March 2012.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 24, 2011.
*** Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (2012). Summary of the Fukushima accident's impact on the environment in Japan, one year after the accident, IRSN, February 28, 2012.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Japan Earthquake Update, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 19, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident, International Atomic Energy Agency, April 26, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). IAEA international fact finding expert mission of the Fukushima dai-ichi npp accident following the great east Japan earthquake and tsunami. June 2011.
*** International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2012). The Great East Japan Earthquake. Learning from Megadisasters, Knowledge Notes, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington DC.
*** Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society (2011). How Did the Great East Japan Earthquake Affect Ecosystems and Biodiversity? Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society.
*** BBC News (2011). Anti-nuclear protests take place in Japan, March 25, 2011.
*** Biodiversity Center of Japan (2013). Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the Natural Environment in Tohoku Coastal Regions, Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the Environment.
*** Britannica (2014). Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, Britannica, Academic Edition.
*** Channel News Asia (2013). Beta Burns on Fukushima cattle ignored by Japanese officials, Channel News Asia, August 2013.
*** City of Sendai (2014). Fresh breeze of Change in Agriculture Starts Here, City of Sendai, March 2014.
*** Cyberpunk World (2014). Japan is building a futuristic farm in Fukushima, January 8, 2014.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, March 11, 2011.
*** Deutsche Welle (2011). Quake shifted Japan by over two meters, Deutsche Welle, March 14, 2011.
*** Foodwatch (2011). Calculated Fatalities from Radiation. Officially Permissible Limits for Radioactively Contaminated Food in the European Union and Japan, German Society for Radiation Protection, Berlin
*** Fukushima Minpo News (2014). different issues http://www.fukushimaminponews.com/)
*** JA-ZENCHU (2011). Recovery and Reconstruction by Rower of Cooperation, Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives.
*** JAIF (2011-2012). different issues (http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/)
*** JANIC (2013). Stories & Facts from Fukushima, Vol.1, March 25, 2013.
*** JETRO (2013). Renewable Energy/Secondary Battery, November 2013.
*** JICA (2013). The Study of Reconstruction Processes from Large-scale Disasters - JICA’s Support for Reconstruction, Final Report, Japan International Cooperation Agency.
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings on the impact of the earthquake on food industry, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2013). Findings of the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake has given to farm management, August 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** Japan Finance Corporation (2011-2014). Consumer Survey results on changes in purchasing behavior of consumers after Earthquake, July 2011 survey (in Japanese).
*** JFS (2011). Sunflower Project to Clean Up Radioactive Soil in Fukushima, Japan for Sustainability, August 31, 2011.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2014). Information on the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Japan Meteorological Agency (2013). Earthquakes and Tsunamis, Japan Meteorological Agency.
*** Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (2011). Subsidence investigation due to the 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean earthquake, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, April 2011.
*** Government of Japan (2012): Road to Recovery, March 2012.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011): Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 24, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011): Japan Earthquake Update, International Atomic Energy Agency, March 19, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). Briefing on Fukushima Nuclear Accident, International Atomic Energy Agency, April 26, 2011.
*** International Atomic Energy Agency (2011). IAEA international fact finding expert mission of the Fukushima dai-ichi npp accident following the great east Japan earthquake and tsunami. June 2011.
*** International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2012). The Great East Japan Earthquake. Learning from Megadisasters, Knowledge Notes, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington DC.
*** Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society (2011). How Did the Great East Japan Earthquake Affect Ecosystems and Biodiversity? Institute for Studies in Happiness, Economy and Society
*** Iwate Prefecture (2011). Iwate Prefecture Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Reconstruction Plan, August 2011.
*** Kyodo News (2011). Spinach with radiation 27 times higher than limit found in Japan, March 21.
*** Landline (2013). Nuclear Farming, May 25, 2013.
*** LDP (2014). 267,000 remain evacuees as earthquake-tsunami disasters’ 3rd anniversary approaches, March 10, 2014.
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2011). Response to Emergency Radionuclides in Foods after the Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2010-2014). Statistical yearbook of MAFF.
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2013). Agricultural output of tsunami damaged municipalities, December 25, 2013 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2013). Business conditions of agricultural and fisheries management bodies in tsunami affected areas, July 26, 3013 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014). Business conditions of agricultural and fisheries management bodies in tsunami affected areas for 2013 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014). Business resumption status of agricultural management entities in disaster prefectures, February 1, 2014 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2014). Reconstruction master plan overview of the agriculture and rural, June 26, 2014 (in Japanese).
*** Ministry of Environment (2012). The National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2012-2020, Ministry of Environment.
*** Ministry of Environment (2012). Estimated total amount of debris washed out by the Great East Japan Earthquake, Ministry of Environment.
*** Ministry of Environment (2014). Progress on Off-site Cleanup Efforts in Japan, Ministry of Environment, February and October, 2014.
*** Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2012). Report of Survey on Health and Nutrition of National Public, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
*** Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2013). Survey of Dietary Intake of Radionuclides (September to October 2012), Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Press Release June 21, 2013.
*** Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2014). Levels of Radioactive Contaminants in Foods Tested in Respective Prefectures, December 5, 2014 report.
*** Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2011). Readings at Monitoring Post out of 20 km Zone of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, March 20, 2011.
*** Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2011). Results of the Survey on the Distribution of Radioactive Substances by MEXT (Survey on the Movement of Radioactive Substances in River Water and Well Water), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
*** Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2012). Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake,http://www.mext.go.jp/
*** National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2011). Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami: Looking Back from Space, Earth Observatory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 14, 2011.
*** National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2012). Effects of the Tohoku Tsunami on the Kitakami River, Earth Observatory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 11, 2012.
*** National Institute for Research Advancement (2013). Status of Recovery and Current Problems in Three Disaster-hit Prefectures What the Data Tells Us Indexes for Recovery and Reconstruction following the Great East Japan Earthquake, National Institute for Research Advancement.
*** NHK World (2011-2014). different issues http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/news/
*** NISA (2011). Seismic Damage Information, the 110th Release, 23 April, Nuclear and Industrial Safely Agency of Japan.
*** Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (2011). NISA News Release, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, April 12, 2011.
*** Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (2011). Accident of Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the evaluation on the state of the reactor core of Unit 3, Unit 2 Unit 1, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, July 6, 2011 (in Japanese).
*** Nuclear Regulation Authority (2012). Readings of soil monitoring (All Results for May 2011), Nuclear Regulation Authority, September 2012.
*** Nuclear Regulation Authority (2014). Monitoring information of environmental radioactivity level, Nuclear Regulation Authority
*** Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2013). OECD Economic Surveys Japan, The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.
*** Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and NEA (2012). Japan’s Compensation System for Nuclear Damage As Related to the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident, OECD and NEA.
*** Reconstruction Agency (2014). Efforts and the current state of reconstruction, 26 August 2014 (in Japanese).
*** Reuters (2011). Japan to spend at least $13 billion for decontamination, October 20, 2011.
*** Resilient ITS (2014). Made in New Japan, Government of Japan, http://mnj.gov-online.go.jp/its.html
*** http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Atomenergie/Fukushima/WHO_Fukushima_Report2013_Criticism _en.pdf
*** Science Council of Japan (2011). Emergency Recommendation Regarding the Systematic Inspection against Rumors on Foods and Farming Stemming from the Nuclear Disaster September 6, 2011, Science Council of Japan.
*** TEPCO (2012). Estimation of the released amount of radioactive materials into the atmosphere as a result of the accident in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, Estimation made as of May 2012, Tokyo Electric Power Company.
*** TEPCO (2012). Result of estimation of the released amount of radioactive materials into the ocean (in the vicinity of a port) as a result of the accident in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, Estimation made as of May 2012, Tokyo Electric Power Company.
*** TEPCO (2014). Press Release, Tokyo Electric Power Company, February 24, 2014.
*** TEPCO (2014). Report on the Investigation and Study of Unconfirmed/Unclear Matters In the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Progress Report No.2, TEPCO, August 6, 2014.
*** The Asahi Shimbun (2011-2014). different issues http://www.asahi.com/english/
*** The Japan Daily Press (2011-2014). different issueshttp://japandailypress.com/
*** The Japan News (2011-2014). different issues http://the-japan-news.com/
*** The Japan Times (2011-2014).different issues http://www.japantimes.co.jp/
*** The Mainichi Daily News (2011-2014).different issues http://mainichi.jp/english/
*** The National Diet of Japan (2012). The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, Executive summary, The National Diet of Japan.
*** The New York Times (2011). Japan Nuclear Crisis Erodes Farmers’ Livelihoods, March 29, 2011.
*** The New York Times (2012). Levels of Radioactive Materials Rise Near Japanese Plant, April 16.
*** The Telegraph (2011).Fukushima caesium leaks 'equal 168 Hiroshimas, August 25, 2011.
*** United Nations Environment Programme (2012). Managing post-disaster debris: the Japan experience Report of the International Expert Mission to Japan – 2, UNEP, June 2012.
*** United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2014): UNSCEAR 2013 Report, Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, New York
*** US Geological Survey (2014),Magnitude 9.0 – Near the East Coast of Hohshu, Japan, US Geological Survey.
*** World Health Organization (2011). Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 6, World Health Organization, March 15, 2011.
*** World Health Organization (2011). Japan earthquake and tsunami Situation Report No. 9, World Health Organization, March 18, 2011.
*** World Health Organization (2012). Preliminary dose estimation from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, World Health Organization, Genève.
*** World Health Organization (2013). Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation, World Health Organization, Genève.
*** World Wide Fund (2013). Japan Report on the Nature and Livelihood Recovery Project. A prelim assessment of ecological and social-economic changes in selected areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011, World Wide Fund
Published
2016-11-15
How to Cite
BACHEV, Hrabrin.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MATCH 2011 EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI AND FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT IN JAPAN.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 127-222, nov. 2016.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/403>. Date accessed: 04 nov. 2024.
Section
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism
Keywords
social; economic; agri-food chain; environmental impact; Great East Japan Earthquake; March 11; 2011 earthquake and tsunami; Fukushima nuclear accident; disaster risk managment; Japan
Copyright© 2024 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2024. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.