Cultural Tourism and Ecotourism Empowerment in the Sustainable Tourism Development and Destination Competitiveness Enhancement
Abstract
The research aims to investigate the influence of cultural tourism and ecotourism empowerment on sustainable tourism development and tourism competitiveness as a long term perspective tourism development model. The research is conducted on the tourism in Bali Province that based on culture and natural beauty. The research uses quantitative approach with 147 respondents as sample. Data collection uses questionnaire. Respondents consist of the management of tourism travel agents, hospitality industry, restaurant, academics and government. Data are analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) through partial least square approach. The research findings demonstrate that cultural tourism and ecotourism have positive and significant influence on sustainable tourism development efforts. Cultural tourism and sustainable tourism development have positive and significant influence on destination competitiveness. Ecotourism is directly having no significant influence on destination competitiveness but it is indirectly having a significant influence on competitiveness through sustainable tourism development. Further, the research also gives direction that local community support is able to moderate the relationship between cultural tourism and ecotourism and sustainable tourism development. The research results give an indication that cultural preservation, natural environment, social environment, and local community participation are the upmost elements in sustainable tourism development model and destination competitiveness enhancement.
References
[1] Anokhina, M.Y., Golubev, A.V. and Kondrashina, O.N. 2019. Cognitive Modeling in the Management of Economic Growth of the Agriculture in Russia. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 10(1): 119-134. DOI:https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.1(33).12
[2] Ap, J. 1992. Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(4): 665-690. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
[3] Bello, F. G., Lovelock, B. and Carr, N. 2017. Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: The case of Malawi. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(2): 131-151. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1251444
[4] Blank, U. 1989. The community tourism industry imperative. Venture Publishing Inc., State College, PA. DOI:https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19901881341
[5] Boo, E. 1993. Ecotourism planning in protected areas. In: K. Lindberg, & D. Hawkins (Eds.), Ecotourism: A guide for planners andmanagers. North Bennington: The Ecotourism Society. 15-54. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19941800466
[6] Brandon, K .1993. Basic steps toward encouraging local participation in nature tourism projects. In: Lindberg K, Hawkins D (eds) Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers. The Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, 134–151. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19941800472
[7] Cater, E. and Goodall B. 1992. Must Tourism Destroy its Resource Base? In Environmental Issues in the 1990s, A. M. Mannion and S. R. Bowlby, eds., 309-323. Chichester: Wiley.
[8] Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1993. Ecotourism as a worldwide phenomenon. In: Lindberg K, Hawkins D (eds) Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers. The Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, 12–14. http://www.fao.org/library/library-home/en/
[9] Chiu, H.Y., Chan, C.S., and Marafa, L.M. 2016. Local perception and preferences in nature tourism in Hong Kong. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20: 87-97. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.07.007
[10] Christopoulou, O.G. and Tsachalidis, E. 2004. Conservation policies for protected areas (wetland) in Greece: a survey of Local Residents. Water Air Soil Pollut Focus, 4: 445–457. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:WAFO.0000044817.88422.64
[11] Cottrell and Vaske 2006. A Framework for Monitoring and Modeling Sustainable Tourism. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 4(4). https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20073146772
[12] Crouch, G.I., and Ritchie, J.R.B. 1999. Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44: 137-152. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3
[13] MacCannell, D. 1976. The tourist. A new theory of the leisure class. (New York: Schoken Books.
[14] Dwyer, L. and Chulwon, K. 2003. Destination Competitiveness: Determinants andindicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5): 369 414. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962
[15] Fennell, D.A. 2014. Ecotourism. Fourth Editition Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203382110
[16] Fong, S. F. and Lo, M.C. 2015. Community involvement and sustainable rural tourism development: perspectives from the local communities. European Journal of Tourism Research, 11: 125-146.
[17] Formica, S. 2000. Tourism attractiveness as a function of supply and demand interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
[18] Garau-Vadell, J.B., Gutierrez-Taño, D., and Diaz, R. 2018. Economic crisis and residents’ perception of the impacts of tourism in mass tourism destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 7: 68-75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.008
[19] Goeldner, C. R. and Ritchie, J.R.B. 2006. Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. 10th ed. Hoboken, nj: Wiley. Availble at: http://repository.ntt.edu.vn/jspui/handle/298300331/1587
[20] Gooroochum, N. and Suygiyarto, G. 2011. Measuring Competitiveness in Travel and Tourism Industry.
[21] Gunn, C. A. 1994. Tourism Planning 3rd Ed. New York: Taylor and Francis.
[22] Gursoy D., Jurowski C., and Uysal M. 2002. Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1): 79-105. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00028-7
[23] Gursoya, D., Boğan, E., Dedeoğluc, B.B. and Çalışkan, C. 2019. Social responsibility initiatives and its impact on residents' sentiments to community and support for additional tourism development. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 39: 117- 128. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.03.005
[24] Hair, J. F., et al. 2006. Multivariate data analysis 6th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey. humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87: 49 - 74.
[25] Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2):139-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
[26] Haley W.E. et al. 2004. Well-being, Appraisal, and Coping in African-American and Caucasian Dementia Caregivers: Findings from the REACH Study. Aging and Mental Health, 8: 316-329. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860410001728998
[27] Hamid, Y. 2013. An investigation into the cultural and religious determinants of national competitiveness. Competitiveness Review: International Business Journal, 23(1): 23-40.
[28] Hanafiah, M.H.M., Jamaluddin R.M. and Zulkifly, M.I. 2013. Local Community Attitude and Support towards Tourism Development in Tioman Island Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105: 792 – 800.
[29] Imbaya, B.O., Nthiga, R.W., Sitati, N.W. and Lenaiyasa, P. 2019. Capacity building for inclusive growth in community-based tourism initiatives in Kenya. Tourism Management Perspectives, 30: 11-18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.01.003
[30] Inskeep, E. 1994. National and Regional Tourism Planning. New York, NY: Routledge.
[31] Kozak, M. and Baloglu, S. 2010. Managing and marketing tourist destinations: Strategies to gain a competitive edge. Routledge. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203842300
[32] Lee, T.H. and Jan, F.H. 2019. Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70: 368-380. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
[33] Lesly, F. 1997. The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Tourism. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
[34] Liu, C.Y., Li, J.S. and Pechacek, P. 2013. Current trends of ecotourism I China’s nature reserves: a review of the Chinese literature. Tourism Manage Perspect, 1: 16–24.
[35] Mbaiwa, J. 2005. The socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change: 163–185. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005
[36] McKercher, B. 2003. Sustainable Tourism Development – Guiding Principles For Planning and Management. Presentation to the National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Development. Bishkek, Kyrgistan, November 5-9, 6-7.
[37] McKercher, P., Ho, P.S.Y. and Cros, D.H. 2005. Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management: evidence from Hong Kong”, Tourism Management, 26(4): 539–548.
[38] Minciu, R. 2004. The Economics of the Tourism, Uranus Publishing house, Bucharest. (in Romanian)
[39] Mitchell, J. and Ashley, C. 2010. Tourism and poverty reduction: Pathways to prosperity. London: Earthscan.
[40] Nunes, S., Estevão, C. and Filipe, M.N. 2015. Determinants of Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A SEM Approach, in (ed.) Marketing Places and Spaces (Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Volume 10) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 121 – 139.
[41] Perdue, 1990. Resident Support for Tourism Development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17 (4): 586-99.
[42] Richards, G. 1997. Cultural tourism in Europe Wallingford CAB International. UK.
[43] Ritchie, and Crouch, G.I. 2003. The competitive destination: a sustainable tourism perspective. Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing.
[44] Ross, S., and Wall, G. 1999. Evaluating ecotourism: the case of North Sulawasi, Indonesia. Tourism Management, 20(6): 673–682.
[45] Silberberg, T. 1995. Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites. Tourism Management, 16(5): 361 – 365.
[46] Simmons, D.G.1994. Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Manage, 15: 98–108.
[47] Smith, M. 2003. Issues in cultural tourism studies. London: Routledge.
[48] Su, M.M., Geoffrey, W. and Zhong, M. 2014.Assessing Ecotourism from a Multi-stakeholder Perspective: Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve, China. Environmental Management, 54: 1190–1207.
[49] Tomaselli, K. 2012. Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity. Brill: Leiden.
[50] Tosun, C. 2000. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management, 21(6): 613-633. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1
[51] Tsaur, SH., Lin YC., and Lin JH. 2006. Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource, community and tourism. Tourism Management, 27(4): 640–653.
[52] Wall, G. 1997. Is Ecotourism sustainable? Environ Manage, 21 (4): 483–491.
[53] Wardana, I.M., Utama, I.W.M. and Astawa, I.P. 2018. Model of Local Population Perception in Supporting Coastal Tourism Development and Planning in Bali. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 23(3): 873–880. DOI:https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.23321-335
[54] Weaver, D.B. 2001. The encyclopedia of ecotourism. CAB International, Wallingford
[55] Xu JY, Lu¨ YH, Chen LD, and Liu Y. 2009. Contribution of tourism development to protected area management: local stakeholder perspectives. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol., 16(1): 30–36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500902757189
[56] Zadel, Z. 2012. Tourism & Hospitality Management, Conference Proceedings: The Importance of Developing Cultural Tourism in Creating Competitive Advantages of Croatian Tourism, 205-214.
[57] Zeppel, H. 2006. Ecotourism: sustainable development and management. CABI, Wallingford.
[2] Ap, J. 1992. Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(4): 665-690. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
[3] Bello, F. G., Lovelock, B. and Carr, N. 2017. Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: The case of Malawi. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(2): 131-151. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1251444
[4] Blank, U. 1989. The community tourism industry imperative. Venture Publishing Inc., State College, PA. DOI:https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19901881341
[5] Boo, E. 1993. Ecotourism planning in protected areas. In: K. Lindberg, & D. Hawkins (Eds.), Ecotourism: A guide for planners andmanagers. North Bennington: The Ecotourism Society. 15-54. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19941800466
[6] Brandon, K .1993. Basic steps toward encouraging local participation in nature tourism projects. In: Lindberg K, Hawkins D (eds) Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers. The Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, 134–151. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19941800472
[7] Cater, E. and Goodall B. 1992. Must Tourism Destroy its Resource Base? In Environmental Issues in the 1990s, A. M. Mannion and S. R. Bowlby, eds., 309-323. Chichester: Wiley.
[8] Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1993. Ecotourism as a worldwide phenomenon. In: Lindberg K, Hawkins D (eds) Ecotourism: a guide for planners and managers. The Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, 12–14. http://www.fao.org/library/library-home/en/
[9] Chiu, H.Y., Chan, C.S., and Marafa, L.M. 2016. Local perception and preferences in nature tourism in Hong Kong. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20: 87-97. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.07.007
[10] Christopoulou, O.G. and Tsachalidis, E. 2004. Conservation policies for protected areas (wetland) in Greece: a survey of Local Residents. Water Air Soil Pollut Focus, 4: 445–457. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:WAFO.0000044817.88422.64
[11] Cottrell and Vaske 2006. A Framework for Monitoring and Modeling Sustainable Tourism. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 4(4). https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20073146772
[12] Crouch, G.I., and Ritchie, J.R.B. 1999. Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44: 137-152. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3
[13] MacCannell, D. 1976. The tourist. A new theory of the leisure class. (New York: Schoken Books.
[14] Dwyer, L. and Chulwon, K. 2003. Destination Competitiveness: Determinants andindicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5): 369 414. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500308667962
[15] Fennell, D.A. 2014. Ecotourism. Fourth Editition Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203382110
[16] Fong, S. F. and Lo, M.C. 2015. Community involvement and sustainable rural tourism development: perspectives from the local communities. European Journal of Tourism Research, 11: 125-146.
[17] Formica, S. 2000. Tourism attractiveness as a function of supply and demand interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
[18] Garau-Vadell, J.B., Gutierrez-Taño, D., and Diaz, R. 2018. Economic crisis and residents’ perception of the impacts of tourism in mass tourism destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 7: 68-75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.008
[19] Goeldner, C. R. and Ritchie, J.R.B. 2006. Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. 10th ed. Hoboken, nj: Wiley. Availble at: http://repository.ntt.edu.vn/jspui/handle/298300331/1587
[20] Gooroochum, N. and Suygiyarto, G. 2011. Measuring Competitiveness in Travel and Tourism Industry.
[21] Gunn, C. A. 1994. Tourism Planning 3rd Ed. New York: Taylor and Francis.
[22] Gursoy D., Jurowski C., and Uysal M. 2002. Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1): 79-105. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00028-7
[23] Gursoya, D., Boğan, E., Dedeoğluc, B.B. and Çalışkan, C. 2019. Social responsibility initiatives and its impact on residents' sentiments to community and support for additional tourism development. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 39: 117- 128. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.03.005
[24] Hair, J. F., et al. 2006. Multivariate data analysis 6th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey. humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87: 49 - 74.
[25] Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2):139-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
[26] Haley W.E. et al. 2004. Well-being, Appraisal, and Coping in African-American and Caucasian Dementia Caregivers: Findings from the REACH Study. Aging and Mental Health, 8: 316-329. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860410001728998
[27] Hamid, Y. 2013. An investigation into the cultural and religious determinants of national competitiveness. Competitiveness Review: International Business Journal, 23(1): 23-40.
[28] Hanafiah, M.H.M., Jamaluddin R.M. and Zulkifly, M.I. 2013. Local Community Attitude and Support towards Tourism Development in Tioman Island Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105: 792 – 800.
[29] Imbaya, B.O., Nthiga, R.W., Sitati, N.W. and Lenaiyasa, P. 2019. Capacity building for inclusive growth in community-based tourism initiatives in Kenya. Tourism Management Perspectives, 30: 11-18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.01.003
[30] Inskeep, E. 1994. National and Regional Tourism Planning. New York, NY: Routledge.
[31] Kozak, M. and Baloglu, S. 2010. Managing and marketing tourist destinations: Strategies to gain a competitive edge. Routledge. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203842300
[32] Lee, T.H. and Jan, F.H. 2019. Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70: 368-380. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
[33] Lesly, F. 1997. The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Tourism. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
[34] Liu, C.Y., Li, J.S. and Pechacek, P. 2013. Current trends of ecotourism I China’s nature reserves: a review of the Chinese literature. Tourism Manage Perspect, 1: 16–24.
[35] Mbaiwa, J. 2005. The socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change: 163–185. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005
[36] McKercher, B. 2003. Sustainable Tourism Development – Guiding Principles For Planning and Management. Presentation to the National Seminar on Sustainable Tourism Development. Bishkek, Kyrgistan, November 5-9, 6-7.
[37] McKercher, P., Ho, P.S.Y. and Cros, D.H. 2005. Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management: evidence from Hong Kong”, Tourism Management, 26(4): 539–548.
[38] Minciu, R. 2004. The Economics of the Tourism, Uranus Publishing house, Bucharest. (in Romanian)
[39] Mitchell, J. and Ashley, C. 2010. Tourism and poverty reduction: Pathways to prosperity. London: Earthscan.
[40] Nunes, S., Estevão, C. and Filipe, M.N. 2015. Determinants of Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A SEM Approach, in (ed.) Marketing Places and Spaces (Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Volume 10) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 121 – 139.
[41] Perdue, 1990. Resident Support for Tourism Development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17 (4): 586-99.
[42] Richards, G. 1997. Cultural tourism in Europe Wallingford CAB International. UK.
[43] Ritchie, and Crouch, G.I. 2003. The competitive destination: a sustainable tourism perspective. Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing.
[44] Ross, S., and Wall, G. 1999. Evaluating ecotourism: the case of North Sulawasi, Indonesia. Tourism Management, 20(6): 673–682.
[45] Silberberg, T. 1995. Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites. Tourism Management, 16(5): 361 – 365.
[46] Simmons, D.G.1994. Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Manage, 15: 98–108.
[47] Smith, M. 2003. Issues in cultural tourism studies. London: Routledge.
[48] Su, M.M., Geoffrey, W. and Zhong, M. 2014.Assessing Ecotourism from a Multi-stakeholder Perspective: Xingkai Lake National Nature Reserve, China. Environmental Management, 54: 1190–1207.
[49] Tomaselli, K. 2012. Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity. Brill: Leiden.
[50] Tosun, C. 2000. Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management, 21(6): 613-633. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1
[51] Tsaur, SH., Lin YC., and Lin JH. 2006. Evaluating ecotourism sustainability from the integrated perspective of resource, community and tourism. Tourism Management, 27(4): 640–653.
[52] Wall, G. 1997. Is Ecotourism sustainable? Environ Manage, 21 (4): 483–491.
[53] Wardana, I.M., Utama, I.W.M. and Astawa, I.P. 2018. Model of Local Population Perception in Supporting Coastal Tourism Development and Planning in Bali. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 23(3): 873–880. DOI:https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.23321-335
[54] Weaver, D.B. 2001. The encyclopedia of ecotourism. CAB International, Wallingford
[55] Xu JY, Lu¨ YH, Chen LD, and Liu Y. 2009. Contribution of tourism development to protected area management: local stakeholder perspectives. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol., 16(1): 30–36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500902757189
[56] Zadel, Z. 2012. Tourism & Hospitality Management, Conference Proceedings: The Importance of Developing Cultural Tourism in Creating Competitive Advantages of Croatian Tourism, 205-214.
[57] Zeppel, H. 2006. Ecotourism: sustainable development and management. CABI, Wallingford.
Published
2019-10-02
How to Cite
WARDANA, I Made et al.
Cultural Tourism and Ecotourism Empowerment in the Sustainable Tourism Development and Destination Competitiveness Enhancement.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 4, p. 753-762, oct. 2019.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/3882>. Date accessed: 23 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.4(36).06.
Section
Article
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.