Mega Sporting Events and Air Pollution: The Case of the Super Bowl
Abstract
In attempt to improve local economy, local officials often seek to host major sporting events. While previous studies have examined the economic costs and benefits of such events, some prospective externality costs related to changes in ambient air quality have not yet been included in those evaluations. This study focuses on the possible changes of Particulate Matter (PM10) and air quality during the Super Bowl. Particulate Matter are suspended particles which are present in the air, these particles when inhaled can lead to negative health effects. Statistical models are estimated using daily data from EPA’s Air Quality System which measures particle pollution (PM10) as well as air quality (AQI). Estimates using PM10 measurements and AQI reveal similar outcomes, although the Air Quality Index model has a better fit. Significantly higher levels of pollution are observed on Super Bowl Sunday while accounting for a variety of confounding factors. The concentration of pollution varies by distance from the stadium hosting the event, it would be beneficial for future research to have more active monitoring stations on the day of mega-events such as the Super Bowl in order to increase the ability to analyses and understand the environmental consequences of hosting the event.References
[1] Adame, J. A. et al. 2014. Weekend-Weekday Effect Assessment for O3, NOx, CO and PM 10 in Andalusia, Spain (2003–2008). Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 14: 1862-1874. DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2014.02.0026
[2] Blanchard, C. L., and Tanenbaum, S. J. 2003. Differences between weekday and weekend air pollutant levels in southern California. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(7): 816-828. DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466222
[3] Campaniello, N. 2011. Mega events in sports and crime: evidence from the 1990 Football World Cup. Journal of Sports Economics. DOI: 10.1177/1527002511415536
[4] Crosignani, P. et al. 2002. New directions: air pollution—how many victims? Atmospheric Environment, 36(29): 4705-4706. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00381-3
[5] Dominick, D. et al. 2002. An assessment of influence of meteorological factors on PM 10 and NO 2 at selected stations in Malaysia, Sustainable Environment Research, 22 (5): 305-315.
[6] Erb, K. 2015. Salaries, Ads & Security: What's the Real Cost of Super Bowl XLIX?
[7] Friedman, M. S. et al. 2001. Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviours during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(7): 897-905. DOI:10.1001/jama.285.7.897.
[8] Hallenbeck, M. 1991. Traffic Impacts during the Goodwill Games. Final Report. (No. WA-RD 232.1).
[9] Kim, K.-H. et al. 2005. The effects of wind speed on the relative relationships between different sized-fractions of airborne particles. Chemosphere, 59 (7): 929-937. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.042
[10] Lee, J.T., Son, J.Y., and Cho, Y. S. 2007. Benefits of mitigated ambient air quality due to transportation control on childhood asthma hospitalization during the 2002 Summer Asian Games in Busan, Korea, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57(8): 968-973. DOI:10.3155/1047-3289.57.8.968
[11] Lee, S. 2001. A review of economic impact study on sport events. The Sport Journal, 4(2): 307-327.
[12] Malfas, M., Houlihan, B., and Theodoraki, E. 2004. Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. ICE.
[13] Matheson, V. A. 2002. Upon further review: an examination of sporting event economic impact studies, The Sport Journal, 5(1): 1-4.
[14] Matheson, V.A., and Baade, R. A. 2006. Padding required: Assessing the economic impact of the Super Bowl. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(4): 353-374.
[15] McCartney, G. et al. 2010. The health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events: systematic review (1978-2008). BMj, 340. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2369
[16] Redelmeier, D.A., and Stewart, C. L. 2003. Driving fatalities on Super Bowl Sunday. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(4): 368-369. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200301233480423
[17] Schumacher, M. J. MB, Fracp. 2012. The University of Arizona. Air Pollution, Asthma and Allergy. Available at: http://allergy.peds.arizona.edu/southwest/airpollution.html. Accessed February 01, 2012.
[18] Speros, B. 2015. Super Bowl in Vegas? You Bet. Available at: http://www.boston.com/sports/football/ patriots/2015/01/31/super-bowl-vegas-you-bet/QKiCRhK2fR2g2rqCbjPIKO/story.html. Accessed February 2, 2015
[19] Welty, L.J., and Zeger, S.L. 2005. Are the acute effects of particulate matter on mortality in the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study the result of inadequate control for weather and season? A sensitivity analysis using flexible distributed lag models. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162(1): 80-88. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi157
*** Arizona Department of Health Services. Arizona Department of Health Services. 2015. Available at: http://www.azdhs.gov/ accessed March, 2015
*** National Association of Counties. n.d. National Association of Counties. Available at: http://www.naco.org/ Counties/Pages/Find ACounty.aspx, accessed February, 01 2012
*** Pima County Department of Environmental Quality. n.d. Available at: http://www.airinfonow.org/html/ edparticulate.html, accessed February 01, 2012
*** United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1999 The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act 1990 to 2010. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/cleanairactbenefits/1990-2010/chap1130.pdf, accessed February 3, 2015.
*** W.P. Carey School of Business MBA Sports Business Program and W.P. Carey School of Business Center for Competitiveness and Prosperity Research. 2008. Super Bowl XLII Economic Impact Study.
[2] Blanchard, C. L., and Tanenbaum, S. J. 2003. Differences between weekday and weekend air pollutant levels in southern California. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 53(7): 816-828. DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466222
[3] Campaniello, N. 2011. Mega events in sports and crime: evidence from the 1990 Football World Cup. Journal of Sports Economics. DOI: 10.1177/1527002511415536
[4] Crosignani, P. et al. 2002. New directions: air pollution—how many victims? Atmospheric Environment, 36(29): 4705-4706. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00381-3
[5] Dominick, D. et al. 2002. An assessment of influence of meteorological factors on PM 10 and NO 2 at selected stations in Malaysia, Sustainable Environment Research, 22 (5): 305-315.
[6] Erb, K. 2015. Salaries, Ads & Security: What's the Real Cost of Super Bowl XLIX?
[7] Friedman, M. S. et al. 2001. Impact of changes in transportation and commuting behaviours during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on air quality and childhood asthma. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(7): 897-905. DOI:10.1001/jama.285.7.897.
[8] Hallenbeck, M. 1991. Traffic Impacts during the Goodwill Games. Final Report. (No. WA-RD 232.1).
[9] Kim, K.-H. et al. 2005. The effects of wind speed on the relative relationships between different sized-fractions of airborne particles. Chemosphere, 59 (7): 929-937. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.042
[10] Lee, J.T., Son, J.Y., and Cho, Y. S. 2007. Benefits of mitigated ambient air quality due to transportation control on childhood asthma hospitalization during the 2002 Summer Asian Games in Busan, Korea, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57(8): 968-973. DOI:10.3155/1047-3289.57.8.968
[11] Lee, S. 2001. A review of economic impact study on sport events. The Sport Journal, 4(2): 307-327.
[12] Malfas, M., Houlihan, B., and Theodoraki, E. 2004. Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. ICE.
[13] Matheson, V. A. 2002. Upon further review: an examination of sporting event economic impact studies, The Sport Journal, 5(1): 1-4.
[14] Matheson, V.A., and Baade, R. A. 2006. Padding required: Assessing the economic impact of the Super Bowl. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(4): 353-374.
[15] McCartney, G. et al. 2010. The health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events: systematic review (1978-2008). BMj, 340. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2369
[16] Redelmeier, D.A., and Stewart, C. L. 2003. Driving fatalities on Super Bowl Sunday. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(4): 368-369. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200301233480423
[17] Schumacher, M. J. MB, Fracp. 2012. The University of Arizona. Air Pollution, Asthma and Allergy. Available at: http://allergy.peds.arizona.edu/southwest/airpollution.html. Accessed February 01, 2012.
[18] Speros, B. 2015. Super Bowl in Vegas? You Bet. Available at: http://www.boston.com/sports/football/ patriots/2015/01/31/super-bowl-vegas-you-bet/QKiCRhK2fR2g2rqCbjPIKO/story.html. Accessed February 2, 2015
[19] Welty, L.J., and Zeger, S.L. 2005. Are the acute effects of particulate matter on mortality in the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study the result of inadequate control for weather and season? A sensitivity analysis using flexible distributed lag models. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162(1): 80-88. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi157
*** Arizona Department of Health Services. Arizona Department of Health Services. 2015. Available at: http://www.azdhs.gov/ accessed March, 2015
*** National Association of Counties. n.d. National Association of Counties. Available at: http://www.naco.org/ Counties/Pages/Find ACounty.aspx, accessed February, 01 2012
*** Pima County Department of Environmental Quality. n.d. Available at: http://www.airinfonow.org/html/ edparticulate.html, accessed February 01, 2012
*** United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1999 The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act 1990 to 2010. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/cleanairactbenefits/1990-2010/chap1130.pdf, accessed February 3, 2015.
*** W.P. Carey School of Business MBA Sports Business Program and W.P. Carey School of Business Center for Competitiveness and Prosperity Research. 2008. Super Bowl XLII Economic Impact Study.
Published
2016-11-10
How to Cite
SILVA, Carlos G.; RICKETTS, Comfort F..
Mega Sporting Events and Air Pollution: The Case of the Super Bowl.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 3, p. 504-511, nov. 2016.
ISSN 2068-7729.
Available at: <https://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jemt/article/view/360>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
Section
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism
Keywords
I10; Q53; Z20; Z30
Copyright© 2023 The Author(s). Published by ASERS Publishing 2023. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of CC-BY 4.0 license.